Ethno-racial differences in anxiety and depression impairment among emerging adults in higher education.

Background: Despite having higher exposure to stressors, many ethno-racial groups report similar or lower prevalence of clinical depression and anxiety compared to their White counterparts, despite experiencing greater psychosocial risk factors for poor mental health outcomes, thus presenting an epidemiological paradox. Ethno-racial differences in impairment, a diagnostic criterion, may in part explain this paradox. Methods: We analyzed data from the Healthy Minds Study (2020-2021) and using survey-weighted linear mixed effects models, we tested whether there were ethno-racial differences in impairment across multiple ethno-racial groups at various levels of severity for anxiety and depression. Results: Black students reported lower mean impairment scores relative to White students at moderate and severe anxiety. Hispanic/Latine students only reported lower impairment relative to White students at severe anxiety. Asian students reported relatively lower mean impairment than White students at mild anxiety, and this difference continued to grow as anxiety severity increased. Similar trends were observed for depression. Black and Hispanic/Latino students reported lower mean impairment scores at moderate to severe depression. Asian students reported lower mean impairment scores beginning at mild depression to severe depression. Conclusion: Self-reported anxiety and depression related impairment varies by ethno-racial group, with Black, Hispanic/Latinx, and Asian students reporting lower impairment compared to White students at higher levels of symptom severity. These findings open the possibility that racial differences in the impairment criterion of clinical diagnoses may explain some of the racial paradox.

Poverty and birth cohort effects of experiencing the 2007-2009 Great Recession during adolescence on major depressive episodes and mental health treatment of young adults in the United States.

PURPOSE: Household economic adversity during adolescence is hypothesized to be a risk factor for poor mental health later in life. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a quasi-experimental analysis of an economic shock, the Great Recession of 2007-2009. We tested if going through adolescence during the Great Recession was associated with increased risk of major depressive episodes (MDE) and mental health treatment in young adulthood with potential moderation by household poverty to explore differences by economic adversity. METHODS: We analyzed data on young adults age 18-29 years from the 2005-2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N = 145,394). We compared participants who were adolescents during the recession to those followed-up prior to the recession. Regression analysis tested effect modification by household poverty status. RESULTS: Adolescent exposure to the Great Recession was associated with higher likelihood of MDE during young adulthood (aOR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.23, 1.37); there was no relationship with mental health treatment. Effects on MDE were stronger among those in households with higher incomes compared to those living in poverty. CONCLUSION: Findings support the hypothesis that exposure to the Great Recession during adolescence may have increased risk for MDE, but raise questions about whether the mechanism of this association is economic distress.

Financial Interventions to Improve Screening in Primary Care: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Although health screenings offer timely detection of health conditions and enable early intervention, adoption is often poor. How might financial interventions create the necessary incentives and resources to improve screening in primary care settings? This systematic review aimed to answer this question. METHODS: Peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2023 were identified and categorized by the level of intervention (practice or individual) and type of intervention, specifically alternative payment models (APMs), fee-for-service (FFS), capitation, and capital investments. Outcomes included frequency of screening, performance/quality of care (e.g., patient satisfaction, health outcomes), and workflow changes (e.g., visit length, staffing). RESULTS: Of 51 included studies, a majority focused on practice-level interventions (n=32), used APMs (n=41) that involved payments for achieving key performance indicators (KPIs; n=31) and were of low or very low strength of evidence based on GRADE criteria (n=42). Studies often included screenings for cancer (n=32), diabetes care (n=18), and behavioral health (n=15). KPI payments to both practices and individual providers corresponded with increased screening rates, whereas capitation and provider-level FFS models yielded mixed results. A large majority of studies assessed changes in screening rates (n=48) with less focus on quality of care (n=11) or workflow changes (n=4). DISCUSSION: Financial mechanisms can enhance screening rates with evidence strongest for KPI payments to both practices and individual providers. Future research should explore the relationship between financial interventions and quality of care, in terms of both clinical processes and patient outcomes, as well as the role of these interventions in shaping care delivery.

Are disparities in mental health care for Medicaid beneficiaries lower in managed care?

BACKGROUND: There are large and persistent racial and ethnic disparities in the use of mental health care in the United States. Medicaid managed care plans have the potential to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in use of mental health care through monitoring of need and active management of use of services across the populations they cover. This study compares racial and ethnic disparities among Medicaid beneficiaries in managed care with those not in managed care. METHODS: We compared Medicaid beneficiaries enrolled health maintenance organizations (HMOs) with those in fee-for-service (FFS) using data from the 2007-2015 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (N = 26,113). We specified two-part propensity score adjusted models to estimate differences in mental health related emergency department visits, hospital stays, prescription fills, and outpatient visits overall and by race/ethnicity. RESULTS: HMO enrollment was associated with lower odds of having a mental health prescription (OR = 0.86, 95 % CI 0.78-0.96) or outpatient visit (OR = 0.82 95 % CI 0.73-0.92). These differences were similar across racial and ethnic groups or larger among Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic beneficiaries than among Non-Hispanic White beneficiaries. CONCLUSIONS: Medicaid managed care has not improved the inequitable allocation of mental health care across racial and ethnic groups. Explicit attention to monitoring of racial and ethnic differences in use of mental health care in Medicaid managed care is warranted. IMPLICATIONS: Improvement in racial and ethnic disparities in mental health care in Medicaid manage care is unlikely to occur without targeted accountability mechanisms, such as required reporting or other contracting requirements.

Availability of Mental Telehealth Services in the US.

Importance: Telehealth utilization for mental health care remains much higher than it was before the COVID-19 pandemic; however, availability may vary across facilities, geographic areas, and by patients' demographic characteristics and mental health conditions. Objective: To quantify availability, wait times, and service features of telehealth for major depressive disorder, general anxiety disorder, and schizophrenia throughout the US, as well as facility-, client-, and county-level characteristics associated with telehealth availability. Design, Settings, and Participants: Cross-sectional analysis of a secret shopper survey of mental health treatment facilities (MHTFs) throughout all US states except Hawaii from December 2022 and March 2023. A nationally representative sample of 1938 facilities were contacted; 1404 (72%) responded and were included. Data analysis was performed from March to July 2023. Exposure: Health facility, client, and county characteristics. Main Outcome and Measures: Clinic-reported availability of telehealth services, availability of telehealth services (behavioral treatment, medication management, and diagnostic services), and number of days until first telehealth appointment. Multivariable logistic and linear regression analyses were conducted to assess whether facility-, client-, and county-level characteristics were associated with each outcome. Results: Of the 1221 facilities (87%) accepting new patients, 980 (80%) reported offering telehealth. Of these, 97% (937 facilities) reported availability of counseling services; 77% (726 facilities), medication management; and 69% (626 facilities) diagnostic services. Telehealth availability did not differ by clinical condition. Private for-profit (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.75; 95% CI, 1.05-2.92) and private not-for-profit (aOR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.42-3.39) facilities were more likely to offer telehealth than public facilities. Facilities located in metropolitan counties (compared with nonmetropolitan counties) were more likely to offer medication management services (aOR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.11-3.00) but were less likely to offer diagnostic services (aOR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.47-0.95). Median (range) wait time for first telehealth appointment was 14 (4-75) days. No differences were observed in availability of an appointment based on the perceived race, ethnicity, or sex of the prospective patient. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this cross-sectional study indicate that there were no differences in the availability of mental telehealth services based on the prospective patient's clinical condition, perceived race or ethnicity, or sex; however, differences were found at the facility-, county-, and state-level. These findings suggest widespread disparities in who has access to which telehealth services throughout the US.

The Influence of the Great Recession on Adolescent Major Depressive Episodes and Treatment in the United States: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis.

PURPOSE: In the United States, adolescent depression increased beginning in 2008-2010, coinciding with the Great Recession. We investigated whether this time of changing economic circumstances impacted adolescent depression and treatment. METHODS: We analyzed data for adolescents aged 12-17 years from the 2004-2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N = 256,572). Adolescents' past-year major depressive episodes (MDEs) were measured by self-reported symptoms. MDE treatment included seeing a health professional or receiving MDE medication. We tested how MDE and MDE treatment changed from pre-Great Recession (2004 to Fall 2007) to post-Great Recession (Winter 2007-2019) using interrupted time-series segmented regression models, accounting for seasonality and autocorrelation and testing for moderation by household poverty. RESULTS: The Great Recession was not associated with an immediate increase in MDE prevalence (ß:-0.77 [i.e., quarter-year change in prevalence], 95% confidence interval (CI): -2.23, 0.69). However, the increase in MDE prevalence accelerated following the Great Recession (ß: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.44). The Great Recession was not associated with immediate or long-term changes in adolescent MDE treatment (immediate ß: -2.87, 95% CI: -7.79, 2.04; long-term ß: 0.03, 95% CI: -0.46, 0.51). Effects were similar for households by poverty status. DISCUSSION: The Great Recession was not associated with increased adolescent depression prevalence, although there was an acceleration in the trend of adolescent MDE following the recession. The prevalence of MDE treatment remained stable. Adolescent depression prevention efforts should be heightened as prevalence increases, including actively engaging caregivers as family supports to alleviate potential negative implications of economic distress for adolescent MDE.

Heterogeneity in Unmet Treatment Need and Barriers to Accessing Mental Health Services Among U.S. Military Service Members with Serious Psychological Distress.

The goal of the current study is to examine heterogeneity in mental health treatment utilization, perceived unmet treatment need, and barriers to accessing care among U.S. military members with probable need for treatment. Using data from the 2018 Department of Defense Health Related Behavior Survey, we examined a subsample of 2,336 respondents with serious psychological distress (SPD; past-year K6 score ≥ 13) and defined four mutually exclusive groups based on past-year mental health treatment (treated, untreated) and self-perceived unmet treatment need (recognized, unrecognized). We used chi-square tests and adjusted regression models to compare groups on sociodemographic factors, impairment (K6 score; lost work days), and endorsement of treatment barriers. Approximately 43% of respondents with SPD reported past-year treatment and no unmet need (Needs Met). The remainder (57%) met criteria for unmet need: 18% endorsed treatment and recognized unmet need (Treated/Additional Need); 7% reported no treatment and recognized unmet need (Untreated/Recognized Need); and 32% reported no treatment and no unmet need (Untreated/Unrecognized Need). Compared to other groups, those with Untreated/Unrecognized Need tended to be younger (ages 18-24; p = 0.0002) and never married (p = 0.003). The Treated/Additional Need and Untreated/Recognized Need groups showed similar patterns of treatment barrier endorsement, whereas the Untreated/Unrecognized Need group endorsed nearly all barriers at lower rates. Different strategies may be needed to increase appropriate mental health service use among different subgroups of service members with unmet treatment need, particularly those who may not self-perceive need for treatment.

An integrative literature review of birth cohort and time period trends in adolescent depression in the United States.

PURPOSE: The aim of this literature review is to examine evidence of time trends and birth cohort effects in depressive disorders and symptoms among US adolescents in peer-reviewed articles from January 2004 to April 2022. METHODS: We conducted an integrative systematic literature review. Three reviewers participated at different stages of article review. Of the 2234 articles identified in three databases (Pubmed, ProQuest Central, Ebscohost), 10 met inclusion criteria (i.e., adolescent aged United States populations, included information about birth cohort and survey year, focused on depressive symptoms/disorders). RESULTS: All 10 articles observed increases in depressive symptoms and disorders in adolescents across recent survey years with increases observed between 1991 and 2020. Of the 3 articles that assessed birth cohort trends, birth cohort trends were less prominent than time period trends. Proposed explanations for increases included social media, economic-related reasons, changes in mental health screening and diagnosis, declining mental health stigma, increased treatment, and, in more recent years, the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple cross-sectional surveys and cohort studies documented rising prevalence of depressive symptoms and disorder among adolescents from 1991 to 2020. Mechanisms driving this increase are still unknown. Research to identify these mechanisms is needed to inform depression screening and intervention efforts for adolescents.

Expansion of Telehealth Availability for Mental Health Care After State-Level Policy Changes From 2019 to 2022.

Importance: Although telehealth services expanded rapidly during the COVID-19 pandemic, the association between state policies and telehealth availability has been insufficiently characterized. Objective: To investigate the associations between 4 state policies and telehealth availability at outpatient mental health treatment facilities throughout the US. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study measured whether mental health treatment facilities offered telehealth services each quarter from April 2019 through September 2022. The sample comprised facilities with outpatient services that were not part of the US Department of Veterans Affairs system. Four state policies were identified from 4 different sources. Data were analyzed in January 2023. Exposures: For each quarter, implementation of the following policies was indexed by state: (1) payment parity for telehealth services among private insurers; (2) authorization of audio-only telehealth services for Medicaid and Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) beneficiaries; (3) participation in the Interstate Medical Licensure Compact (IMLC), permitting psychiatrists to provide telehealth services across state lines; and (4) participation in the Psychology Interjurisdictional Compact (PSYPACT), permitting clinical psychologists to provide telehealth services across state lines. Main Outcome and Measures: The primary outcome was the probability of a mental health treatment facility offering telehealth services in each quarter for each study year (2019-2022). Information on the facilities was obtained from the Mental Health and Addiction Treatment Tracking Repository based on the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Behavioral Health Treatment Service Locator. Separate multivariable fixed-effects regression models were used to estimate the difference in the probability of offering telehealth services after vs before policy implementation, adjusting for characteristics of the facility and county in which the facility was located. Results: A total of 12 828 mental health treatment facilities were included. Overall, 88.1% of facilities offered telehealth services in September 2022 compared with 39.4% of facilities in April 2019. All 4 policies were associated with increased odds of telehealth availability: payment parity for telehealth services (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.11; 95% CI, 1.03-1.19), reimbursement for audio-only telehealth services (AOR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.64-1.81), IMLC participation (AOR, 1.40, 95% CI, 1.24-1.59), and PSYPACT participation (AOR, 1.21, 95% CI, 1.12-1.31). Facilities that accepted Medicaid as a form of payment had lower odds of offering telehealth services (AOR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.65-0.86) over the study period, as did facilities in counties with a higher proportion (>20%) of Black residents (AOR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.50-0.68). Facilities in rural counties had higher odds of offering telehealth services (AOR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.48-1.88). Conclusion and Relevance: Results of this study suggest that 4 state policies that were introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic were associated with marked expansion of telehealth availability for mental health care at mental health treatment facilities throughout the US. Despite these policies, telehealth services were less likely to be offered in counties with a greater proportion of Black residents and in facilities that accepted Medicaid and CHIP.

National preparedness for 988-the new mental health emergency hotline in the United States.

988, a national mental health emergency hotline number, went live throughout the United States in July 2022. 988 connects callers to the 988 Crisis & Suicide Lifeline, previously known as the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline. The transition to the three-digit number aimed to respond to a growing national mental health crisis and to expand access to crisis care. We examined preparedness throughout the U.S. for the transition to 988. In February and March 2022, we administered a national survey of state, regional, and county behavioral health program directors. Respondents (n = 180) represented jurisdictional coverage of 120 million Americans. We found that communities throughout the U.S. appeared ill-prepared for rollout of 988. Fewer than half of respondents reported their jurisdictions were 'somewhat' or 'very' prepared for 988 in terms of financing (29%), staffing (41%), infrastructure (41%), or service coordination (47%). Counties with higher representation of Hispanic/Latinx individuals were less likely to report being prepared for 988 in terms of staffing (OR: 0.62, 95 %CI: 0.45, 0.86) and infrastructure (OR: 0.68, 95 %CI: 0.48, 0.98). In terms of existing services, sixty percent of respondents reported a shortage of crisis beds and fewer than half reported availability of short-term crisis stabilization programs in their jurisdictions. Our study highlights components of local, regional, and state behavioral health systems in the U.S. that require greater investments to support 988 and mental health crisis care.

A Qualitative Investigation of Preparedness for the Launch of 988: Implications for the Continuum of Emergency Mental Health Care.

On July 16, 2022, the 988 mental health crisis hotline launched nationwide. In addition to preparing for an increase in call volume, many jurisdictions used the launch of 988 as an opportunity to examine their full continuum of emergency mental health care. Our goal was to understand the characteristics of jurisdictions' existing continuums of care, identify factors that distinguished jurisdictions that were more- versus less-prepared for 988, and explore perceived strengths and limitations of the planning process. We conducted 15 qualitative interviews with state and local mental health program directors representing 10 states based on their preparedness for the 988 rollout. Interviews focused on 988 call centers, mobile crisis response, and crisis stabilization, as well as strengths and limitations of the 988 planning process. Data were analyzed using rapid qualitative analysis, an approach designed to draw insights on evolving processes and extract actionable findings. Interviewees from jurisdictions that reported that they were more-prepared for the launch of 988 tended to have local 988 call centers and already had local access to mobile crisis teams and crisis stabilization units. Interviewees across jurisdictions described challenges to offering a robust continuum of crisis services, including workforce shortages and geographic constraints. Though jurisdictions acknowledged the importance of integrating peer support staff and serving diverse populations, many perceived room for growth in these areas. Though 988 has launched, efforts to bolster the existing continuum will continue and hinge on efforts to expand the behavioral health workforce, engage diverse partners, and collect relevant data.

Impacts of the Certified Community Behavioral Health Clinic Demonstration on Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations.

OBJECTIVE: The Certified Community Behavioral Health Clinic (CCBHC) demonstration is designed to increase access to comprehensive ambulatory care and crisis services, which may reduce emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations. This study examined whether the demonstration had an impact on ED visits and hospitalizations in Missouri, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania. METHODS: This difference-in-differences analysis used Medicaid claims data from 2015 to 2019 to examine service use during a 12-month baseline period and the first 24 months of the demonstration for beneficiaries who received care from CCBHCs and beneficiaries who received care from other behavioral health clinics in the same state, representing care as usual. Propensity score methods were used to develop treatment and comparison groups with similar characteristics. RESULTS: In Pennsylvania and Oklahoma, beneficiaries who received care from CCBHCs had a statistically significant reduction in the average number of behavioral health ED visits, relative to the comparison group (13% and 11% reductions, respectively); no impact on ED visits in Missouri was observed. The demonstration was associated with a statistically significant reduction in all-cause hospitalizations in Oklahoma, when the analysis used a 2-year rather than a 1-year baseline period, and also in Pennsylvania, when hospitalizations were truncated at the 98th percentile to exclude beneficiaries with outlier hospitalization rates. CONCLUSIONS: The CCBHC demonstration reduced behavioral health ED visits in two states, and the study also revealed some evidence of reductions in hospitalizations.

Mental Health Service Utilization Rates Among Commercially Insured Adults in the US During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Importance: The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with an elevated prevalence of mental health conditions and disrupted mental health care throughout the US. Objective: To examine mental health service use among US adults from January through December 2020. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study used county-level service utilization data from a national US database of commercial medical claims from adults (age >18 years) from January 5 to December 21, 2020. All analyses were conducted in April and May 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures: Per-week use of mental health services per 10 000 beneficiaries was calculated for 5 psychiatric diagnostic categories: major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, adjustment disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Changes in service utilization rates following the declaration of a national public health emergency on March 13, 2020, were examined overall and by service modality (in-person vs telehealth), diagnostic category, patient sex, and age group. Results: The study included 5 142 577 commercially insured adults. The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with more than a 50% decline in in-person mental health care service utilization rates. At baseline, there was a mean (SD) of 11.66 (118.00) weekly beneficiaries receiving services for MDD per 10 000 enrollees; this declined by 6.44 weekly beneficiaries per 10 000 enrollees (ß, -6.44; 95% CI, -8.33 to -4.54). For other disorders, these rates were as follows: anxiety disorders (mean [SD] baseline, 12.24 [129.40] beneficiaries per 10 000 enrollees; ß, -5.28; 95% CI, -7.50 to -3.05), bipolar disorder (mean [SD] baseline, 3.32 [60.39] beneficiaries per 10 000 enrollees; ß, -1.81; 95% CI, -2.75 to -0.87), adjustment disorders (mean [SD] baseline, 12.14 [129.94] beneficiaries per 10 000 enrollees; ß, -6.78; 95% CI, -8.51 to -5.04), and PTSD (mean [SD] baseline, 4.93 [114.23] beneficiaries per 10 000 enrollees; ß, -2.00; 95% CI, -3.98 to -0.02). Over the same period, there was a 16- to 20-fold increase in telehealth service utilization; the rate of increase was lowest for bipolar disorder (mean [SD] baseline, 0.13 [16.72] beneficiaries per 10 000 enrollees; ß, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.04-1.76) and highest for anxiety disorders (mean [SD] baseline, 0.20 [9.28] beneficiaries per 10 000 enrollees; ß, 9.12; 95% CI, 7.32-10.92). When combining in-person and telehealth service utilization rates, an overall increase in care for MDD, anxiety, and adjustment disorders was observed over the period. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of US adults, we found that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a rapid increase in telehealth services for mental health conditions, offsetting a sharp decline in in-person care and generating overall higher service utilization rates for several mental health conditions compared with prepandemic levels.

Income-related disparities in Medicare advantage behavioral health care quality.

OBJECTIVE: To inform efforts to improve equity in the quality of behavioral health care by examining income-related differences in performance on HEDIS behavioral health measures in Medicare Advantage (MA) plans. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SETTING: Reporting Year 2019 MA HEDIS data were obtained and analyzed. STUDY DESIGN: Logistic regression models were used to estimate differences in performance related to enrollee income, adjusting for sex, age, and race-and-ethnicity. Low-income enrollees were identified by Dual Eligibility for Medicare and Medicaid or receipt of the Low-Income Subsidy (DE/LIS). Models without and with random effects for plans were used to estimate overall and within-plan differences in measure performance. Heterogeneity by race-and-ethnicity in the associations of low-income with behavioral health quality were examined using models with interaction terms. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: Data were included for all MA contracts in the 50 states and the District of Columbia that collect HEDIS data. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: For six of the eight measures, enrollees with DE/LIS coverage were more likely to have behavioral health conditions that qualify for HEDIS measures than higher income enrollees. In mixed-effects logistic regression models, DE/LIS coverage was associated with statistically significantly worse overall performance on five measures, with four large (>5 percentage point) differences (-7.5 to -11.1 percentage points) related to follow-up after hospitalization and avoidance of drug-disease interactions. Where the differences were large, they were primarily within-plan rather than between-plan. Interactions between DE/LIS and race-and-ethnicity were statistically significant (p < 0.05) for all measures; income-based quality gaps were larger for White enrollees than for Black or Hispanic enrollees. CONCLUSIONS: Low income is associated with lower performance on behavioral health HEDIS measures in MA, but these associations differ across racial-and-ethnic groups. Improving care integration and addressing barriers to care for low-income enrollees may improve equity across income levels in behavioral health care.

Mental Health Emergency Hotlines in the United States: A Scoping Review (2012-2021).

OBJECTIVE: Mental health emergency hotlines provide clinical supports and connection to services. This scoping review describes the current literature on hotlines in the United States, including which populations they do and do not reach, typical call volumes and engagement levels, barriers to and facilitators of implementation, and common call outcomes. The review also identifies gaps in the literature and presents recommendations. METHODS: A systematic search of peer-reviewed articles on U.S.-based telephone, text, and chat hotlines published between January 2012 and December 2021 retrieved 1,049 articles. In total, 96 articles met criteria for full-text review, of which 53 met full inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Approximately half of the included studies (N=25) focused on descriptive information of callers, most of whom were females, younger adults, and White; veteran hotlines typically reached older men. Common reasons for calling were suicidality, depression, and interpersonal problems. Of studies examining intervention effects (N=20), few assessed hotlines as interventions (N=6), and few evaluated caller behavioral outcomes (N=4), reporting reduced distress and suicidality among callers after hotline engagement. However, these studies also suggested areas for improvement, including reaching underrepresented high-risk populations. Six studies reported implementation needs, such as investments in data collection and evaluation, staff training, and sustainable funding. CONCLUSIONS: Hotlines appear to be more effective at reaching some populations than others, indicating that more intensive outreach efforts may be necessary to engage underrepresented high-risk populations. The findings also indicated limited evidence on the relationship between use of hotlines-particularly local text and chat hotlines-and caller outcomes, highlighting an area for further investigation.

A longitudinal study of predictors of serious psychological distress during COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of serious psychological distress (SPD) was elevated during the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA, but the relationships of SPD during the pandemic with pre-pandemic SPD, pre-pandemic socioeconomic status, and pandemic-related social stressors remain unexamined. METHODS: A probability-based sample (N = 1751) of the US population age 20 and over was followed prospectively from February 2019 (T1), with subsequent interviews in May 2020 (T2) and August 2020 (T3). Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess prospective relationships between T1 SPD with experiences of disruption of employment, health care, and childcare at T2. Binary logistic regression was then used to assess relationships of T1 SPD, and socioeconomic status and T2 pandemic-related stressors with T3 SPD. RESULTS: At T1, SPD was associated with age, race/ethnicity, and household income. SPD at T1 predicted disruption of employment (OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.4-3.8) and health care (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.4-7.1) at T2. SPD at T1 (OR 10.2, 95% CI 4.5-23.3), low household income at T1 (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-6.4), disruption of employment at T2 (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.4-7.6), and disruption of healthcare at T2 (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.5-7.2) were all significantly associated with elevated risk for SPD at T3. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated risk for SPD during the COVID-19 pandemic is related to multiple psychological and social pathways that are likely to interact over the life course. Policies and interventions that target individuals with pre-existing mental health conditions as well as those experiencing persistent unemployment should be high priorities in the mental health response to the pandemic.

Virtual Behavioral Health for Army Soldiers: Soldier Perspectives and Patterns of Treatment.

Delivery of high-quality behavioral health (BH) care is essential to supporting the readiness of the U.S. armed forces and their families. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to a dramatic expansion of virtual behavioral health (VBH) care: remote patient access to BH care using technology such as a computer or cellular phone. The U.S. Army asked RAND Arroyo Center to examine the use of VBH to inform recommendations on the role of VBH care in the future of BH care in the Military Health System. The authors analyzed administrative data on VBH and in-person BH care from prior to the pandemic through March 2022 and surveyed soldiers who received BH care to assess their perceptions of VBH care. Administrative data analyses showed that direct care providers were less likely to deliver VBH care than private-sector providers and relied heavily on audio rather than video VBH. In addition, soldiers who received VBH care typically received a mix of VBH and in-person visits. Survey respondents who used VBH care had similar perceptions of the quality of their care and more-positive views of VBH than respondents who did not use VBH care. Few respondents had declined VBH care in favor of in-person care. Using these findings, the authors make recommendations on the role of VBH care in overall BH delivered by the military.

Availability and Accessibility of Mental Health Services in New York City.

Mental health services are critical components of public health infrastructure that provide essential supports to people living with psychiatric disorders. In a typical year, about 20 percent of people will have a psychiatric disorder, and about 5 percent will experience serious psychological distress, indicating a potentially serious mental illness. Nationally, the use of mental health services is low, and the use of care is not equitably distributed. In the United States as a whole and in New York City (NYC), non-Hispanic white individuals are more likely to use mental health services than non-Hispanic black individuals or Hispanic individuals. The challenges of ensuring the availability of mental health services for all groups in NYC are particularly acute, given the size of the population and its diversity in income, culture, ethnicity, and language. Adding to these underlying challenges, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted established patterns of care. To advance policy strategy for addressing gaps in the mental health services system, RAND researchers investigate the availability and accessibility of mental health services in NYC. The RAND team used two complementary approaches to address these issues. First, the team conducted interviews with a broad group of professionals and patients in the mental health system to identify barriers to care and potential strategies for improving access and availability. Second, the team investigated geographic variations in the availability of mental health services by compiling and mapping data on the locations and service characteristics of mental health treatment facilities in NYC.

Poor self-rated mental health and Medicare beneficiaries' routine care-seeking.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the relationship between self-rated mental health (SRMH) and infrequent routine care among Medicare beneficiaries and to investigate the roles of managed care and having a personal doctor. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of data from the 2018 Medicare Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems survey. METHODS: Logistic regression was used to predict infrequent routine care (having not made an appointment for routine care in the last 6 months) from SRMH, Medicare coverage type (fee-for-service [FFS] vs Medicare Advantage [MA], the managed care version of Medicare), and the interaction of these variables. Models that did and did not include having a personal doctor were compared. All models controlled for demographics and physical health. RESULTS: Overall, 14.9% of beneficiaries did not make a routine care appointment in the last 6 months, with rates adjusted for demographics and physical health ranging from 14.5% for those with "excellent" SRMH to 19.2% for those with "poor" SRMH. Beneficiaries with poor SRMH were less likely to make a routine care appointment in FFS than in MA (20.1% vs 16.4%, respectively, had not done so in the last 6 months; P < .05). Accounting for having a personal doctor reduced the association between SRMH and infrequent routine care by about a third. CONCLUSIONS: Extra efforts are needed to ensure receipt of routine care by beneficiaries with poor mental health-particularly in FFS, where more should be done to ensure that beneficiaries have a personal doctor.