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1.
Bol. méd. Hosp. Infant. Méx ; 76(2): 100-103, mar.-abr. 2019. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1055274

RESUMO

Resumen Introducción: El cromosoma 13 en anillo es una alteración citogenética infrecuente, clínicamente caracterizada por presentar retraso del crecimiento, del desarrollo psicomotor y déficit cognitivo, además de microcefalia, dismorfia facial, alteraciones genitales e hipoplasia del pulgar. Caso clínico: Paciente de 8 meses de edad evaluado por presentar talla baja, retraso del desarrollo psicomotor, microcefalia, dismorfia facial, hipospadias peneoescrotales e hipoplasia de pulgar. Se evidenció lisencefalia, hipoacusia neuroconductiva del lado derecho y comunicación interauricular tipo ostium secundum pequeña. El estudio citogenético del paciente mostró 46, XY, r (13) en 30 células analizadas. Conclusiones: Se resaltan los hallazgos clínicos que pueden orientar el diagnóstico de esta alteración cromosómica estructural infrecuente, destacando, además, la evaluación médica interdisciplinaria requerida y el adecuado asesoramiento genético familiar.


Abstract Background: Ring chromosome 13 is an infrequent cytogenetic disorder clinically characterized by growth and psychomotor development retardation, cognitive deficit, microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, genital alterations and thumb hypoplasia. Case report: A 8-month-old patient was evaluated for presenting short stature, psychomotor development delay, microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, penoscrotal hypospadias and thumb hypoplasia. Lissencephaly, neuroconductive hearing loss on the right side and small ostium secundum interatrial communication were evident. The cytogenetic study of the patient showed 46, XY, r (13) in 30 cells analyzed. Conclusions: Clinical findings that can guide the diagnosis of this infrequent structural chromosomal alteration are highlighted, as well as the interdisciplinary medical evaluation required and adequate family genetic counseling.

2.
Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex ; 76(2): 100-103, 2019.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30907385

RESUMO

Background: Ring chromosome 13 is an infrequent cytogenetic disorder clinically characterized by growth and psychomotor development retardation, cognitive deficit, microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, genital alterations and thumb hypoplasia. Case report: A 8-month-old patient was evaluated for presenting short stature, psychomotor development delay, microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, penoscrotal hypospadias and thumb hypoplasia. Lissencephaly, neuroconductive hearing loss on the right side and small ostium secundum interatrial communication were evident. The cytogenetic study of the patient showed 46, XY, r (13) in 30 cells analyzed. Conclusions: Clinical findings that can guide the diagnosis of this infrequent structural chromosomal alteration are highlighted, as well as the interdisciplinary medical evaluation required and adequate family genetic counseling.


Introducción: El cromosoma 13 en anillo es una alteración citogenética infrecuente, clínicamente caracterizada por presentar retraso del crecimiento, del desarrollo psicomotor y déficit cognitivo, además de microcefalia, dismorfia facial, alteraciones genitales e hipoplasia del pulgar. Caso clínico: Paciente de 8 meses de edad evaluado por presentar talla baja, retraso del desarrollo psicomotor, microcefalia, dismorfia facial, hipospadias peneoescrotales e hipoplasia de pulgar. Se evidenció lisencefalia, hipoacusia neuroconductiva del lado derecho y comunicación interauricular tipo ostium secundum pequeña. El estudio citogenético del paciente mostró 46, XY, r (13) en 30 células analizadas. Conclusiones: Se resaltan los hallazgos clínicos que pueden orientar el diagnóstico de esta alteración cromosómica estructural infrecuente, destacando además, la evaluación médica interdisciplinaria requerida y el adecuado asesoramiento genético familiar.


Assuntos
Anormalidades Múltiplas/diagnóstico , Transtornos Cromossômicos/diagnóstico , Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Anormalidades Múltiplas/fisiopatologia , Transtornos Cromossômicos/genética , Transtornos Cromossômicos/fisiopatologia , Cromossomos Humanos Par 13/genética , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Cromossomos em Anel
3.
Endocrinol. diabetes nutr. (Ed. impr.) ; 65(2): 74-83, feb. 2018. graf, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-171948

RESUMO

Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento de la relación triglicéridos/colesterol HDL (TG/cHDL) como indicador de riesgo cardiometabólico en niños y adolescentes escolarizados de la ciudad de Mérida. Métodos: Se estudió a 1.292 niños y adolescentes entre 7 y 18 años de edad, de instituciones educativas del Municipio Libertador. Se registraron medidas antropométricas y la presión arterial. Se determinaron glucemia, insulina y lípidos en ayunas. Se calcularon la relación TG/cHDL y los índices HOMA-IR y QUICKI. Se realizó la clasificación de individuos con riesgo y sin riesgo cardiometabólico a partir de la presencia o no de 2 o más factores de riesgo. Se determinaron puntos de corte de la relación TG/cHDL a través de la construcción de curvas operador receptor (COR). Resultados: La relación TG/cHDL presentó medias significativamente superiores en individuos púberes (2,2 ± 1,7) en comparación con prepúberes (1,8 ± 1,5; p = 0,001), sin diferencias según el género. El 14,7% (n = 192) de los participantes presentaba 2 o más factores de riesgo y los valores de la relación TG/cHDL fueron significativamente mayores en comparación con aquellos sin riesgo (3,5 ± 2,9 frente a 1,6 ± 0,8 en prepúberes y 4,1 ± 3,5 frente a 1,8 ± 0,9 en púberes; p = 0,0001). De acuerdo con el riesgo cardiometabólico, se obtuvieron puntos de corte para la relación TG/cHDL de 1,8 y 2,5 en prepúberes y púberes, respectivamente. Estos puntos de corte muestran riesgos (odds ratios) superiores a 2,5 para alteraciones como síndrome metabólico, colesterol no HDL elevado, obesidad abdominal y HOMA-IR elevado. Conclusión: En esta muestra de niños y adolescentes, la relación TG/cHDL elevada demostró ser un buen marcador para predecir riesgo cardiometabólico (AU)


Objective: To determine the behavior of the triglycerides/HDL-cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL) as a cardiometabolic risk marker in children and adolescents from Mérida, Venezuela. Methods: A total of 1292 children and adolescents aged 7-18 years who attended educational institutions in the Libertador Municipality were enrolled into this study. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure values were recorded. Fasting blood glucose, insulin and lipid levels were measured. The TG/HDL ratio, HOMA-IR, and QUICKI indexes were calculated. Subjects were categorized as with and without cardiometabolic risk based on the presence or absence of 2or more risk factors. Cut-off points for the TG/HDL ratio were determined by constructing ROC curves. Results: Significantly higher mean TG/HDL ratios were found in pubertal (2.2 ± 1.7) as compared to prepubertal subjects (1.8 ± 1.5; P=.001), with no sex differences. Two or more risk factors were found in 14.7% (n=192) of the participants, in whom TG/HDL ratios were significantly higher as compared to those with no risk (3.5±2.9 versus 1.6±0.8 in prepubertal and 4.1 ± 3.5 versus 1.8 ± 0.9 in pubertal subjects; P=.0001). According to cardiometabolic risk, cut-off points for the TG/HDL ratio of 1.8 and 2.5 were found for prepubertal and pubertal children respectively. These cut-off points showed risks (odds ratio) higher than 2.5 for conditions such as metabolic syndrome, elevated non-HDL-C, abdominal obesity, and elevated HOMA-IR. Conclusion: In this sample of children and adolescents, an elevated TG/HDLc ratio was found to be a good marker for predicting cardiometabolic risk (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Triglicerídeos/análise , Colesterol/análise , Lipoproteína(a)/análise , Lipídeos/análise , Estado Nutricional , Venezuela/epidemiologia , Antropometria/métodos , Pressão Arterial , Índice Glicêmico , Insulina/análise , Estudos Transversais/métodos , Testes de Química Clínica/métodos
4.
Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr (Engl Ed) ; 65(2): 74-83, 2018 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29290474

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To determine the behavior of the triglycerides/HDL-cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL) as a cardiometabolic risk marker in children and adolescents from Mérida, Venezuela. METHODS: A total of 1292 children and adolescents aged 7-18 years who attended educational institutions in the Libertador Municipality were enrolled into this study. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure values were recorded. Fasting blood glucose, insulin and lipid levels were measured. The TG/HDL ratio, HOMA-IR, and QUICKI indexes were calculated. Subjects were categorized as with and without cardiometabolic risk based on the presence or absence of 2or more risk factors. Cut-off points for the TG/HDL ratio were determined by constructing ROC curves. RESULTS: Significantly higher mean TG/HDL ratios were found in pubertal (2.2 ± 1.7) as compared to prepubertal subjects (1.8 ± 1.5; P=.001), with no sex differences. Two or more risk factors were found in 14.7% (n=192) of the participants, in whom TG/HDL ratios were significantly higher as compared to those with no risk (3.5±2.9 versus 1.6±0.8 in prepubertal and 4.1 ± 3.5 versus 1.8 ± 0.9 in pubertal subjects; P=.0001). According to cardiometabolic risk, cut-off points for the TG/HDL ratio of 1.8 and 2.5 were found for prepubertal and pubertal children respectively. These cut-off points showed risks (odds ratio) higher than 2.5 for conditions such as metabolic syndrome, elevated non-HDL-C, abdominal obesity, and elevated HOMA-IR. CONCLUSION: In this sample of children and adolescents, an elevated TG/HDLc ratio was found to be a good marker for predicting cardiometabolic risk.


Assuntos
HDL-Colesterol/sangue , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Adolescente , Biomarcadores/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Doenças Metabólicas/sangue , Doenças Metabólicas/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Saúde da População Urbana , Venezuela
5.
Rev. venez. endocrinol. metab ; 15(2): 86-97, jun. 2017. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-903616

RESUMO

Objetivo: Conocer las características clínicas, de laboratorio y los factores de riesgo asociados para la presentación de dislipidemia, de los pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) de la Unidad de Endocrinología del IAHULA. Métodos: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y descriptivo, basado en la data de 63 pacientes con DM1. Se recolectaron de su última consulta, edad, sexo, examen físico, tratamiento y datos de laboratorio para establecer el control metabólico. Resultados: El 56% de los pacientes era del sexo masculino y 44% del femenino, la edad promedio fue 17,43±8,89 años con rango de 3 a 44 años, la mayoría entre 11 y 18 años. El normopeso predominó (69,8%), seguido por sobrepeso-obesidad (27,9%), siendo éste más frecuente en el sexo femenino (50% vs 11,5%; p=0,008). El 73% presentó mal control metabólico, sin diferencias por sexo, edad y estado nutricional. El 60,3% presentó dislipidemia, principalmente hipercolesterolemia (cTotal alto 42,9% y cLDL alto 27%), seguida por elevación de triglicéridos (17,5%) y en menor frecuencia cHDL bajo (14,3%). La dislipidemia se asoció de manera significativa con sexo femenino, sobrepeso-obesidad y mal control metabólico (p<0,03). El mal control metabólico fue el factor más influyente en la presentación de dislipidemia y representó un riesgo 6 veces mayor de padecerla. Conclusión: En este grupo de pacientes con DM1 se observó una alta frecuencia de dislipidemia, principalmente hipercolesterolemia, en asociación con el mal control metabólico, el sexo femenino y el sobrepeso-obesidad. Son necesarias diferentes estrategias terapéuticas para evitar el exceso de peso y mejorar el control metabólico.


Objective: To know the clinical and laboratory characteristics and the associated risk factors for the presentation of dyslipidemia of the patients with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D) from the Endocrinology Unit of the IAHULA. Methods: Observational, retrospective and descriptive study, based on the data from 63 patients with T1D. Age, sex, physical examination, treatment, and laboratory data to establish metabolic control, were collected from the last visit. Results: Fifty-six percent of patients were male and 44% female, mean age was 17.43 ± 8.89 years with a range of 3 to 44 years. Most were in the range of 11-18 years. The normal weight predominated in 69.8%, followed by overweight-obesity in 27.9%, this being significantly more frequent in females (50% vs 11.5%; p=0.008). Seventy-three percent had poor metabolic control, with no differences by sex, age and nutritional status. The 60.3% had dyslipidemia, mainly hypercholesterolemia (high Total-c 42.9% and high LDL-c 27%), followed by elevated triglycerides (17.5%) and less frequently low HDL-c (14.3%). Dyslipidemia was significantly associated with female sex, overweight-obesity and poor metabolic control (p <0.03). Poor metabolic control was the most influential factor in the presentation of dyslipidemia and represents a 6-fold increased risk of developing it. Conclusion: In this group of patients with DM1 a high frequency of dyslipidemia, mainly hypercholesterolemia was observed, in association with poor metabolic control, female sex and overweight-obesity. Different therapeutic strategies are needed to prevent excess weight and improve metabolic control.

6.
Rev. venez. endocrinol. metab ; 14(3): 196-204, oct. 2016. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-830791

RESUMO

Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a la aparición de pubertad precoz central (PPC) en niños con parálisis cerebral infantil (PCI). Métodos: Estudio observacional analítico, tipo caso-control, incluyó 45 niños de ambos géneros con PCI, 20 casos con PPC y 25 controles sin PPC que asistieron a las consultas externas de Neuropediatría y Endocrinología Pediátrica del Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Los Andes (IAHULA), entre Junio 2014 y Mayo 2015. Se determinaron variables clínicas y paraclínicas para diagnóstico de PPC, así como variables demográficas, antropométricas, nutricionales, características clínicas de la PCI, patología endocrinológica asociada, y uso pro-longado de medicamentos. Resultados: La PPC fue más frecuente en el género femenino (15 de 20 casos; p=0,009), con un riesgo (odds ratio) de 5,33 (IC95%: 1,45-19,57). No se comprobó asociación entre edad, estrato socio-económico, antropometría, etiología o características clínicas de la PCI y la aparición de PPC. La enfermedad endocrinológica concomitante más frecuente fue el hipotiroidismo y no endocrinológica, la epilepsia y los trastornos gastrointestinales. Hubo una asociación significativa entre el uso de medicamentos anticonvulsivantes y la presencia de PPC (85% frente a 48% en aquellos sin PPC; p=0,01), con un odds ratio de 6,14 (IC95%: 1,43-26,34). Conclusión: En este grupo de pacientes con PCI, el género femenino y el uso de medicamentos anticonvulsivantes, fueron los factores que se encontraron asociados a la presencia de PPC.


Objective: To determine the factors associated with the development of Central Precocious Puberty (CPP) in children with Cerebral Palsy (CP). Methods: An analytical observational, case-control study was conducted, including 45 children with CP, 20 with CPP and 25 without it. All attended at pediatric neurology and pediatric endocrinology departments at the Autonomuos Institute University Hospital of Los Andes between June 2014 and May 2015. Clinical and laboratory variables for the diagnosis of CPP were determined, as well as demographic, anthropometric, nutritional variables, clinical characteristics of the CP, endocrine pathology associated, and prolonged use of drugs. Results: The PPC was more frequent in females (15 of 20 cases; p = 0.009) with a risk (odds ratio) of 5,33 (95CI%: 1,45-19,57). There was not association between demographic characteristics, age, socioeconomic status, anthropometry, etiology or clinical features of CP and the occurrence of CPP. The concomitant most common endocrine disorder was hypothyroidism, and non-endocrine disorder, epilepsy and gastrointestinal disorders. There was a significant association between the use of anticonvulsant drugs and the presence of PPC (85% versus 48% in those without PPC; p=0.01), with a odds ratio of 6,14 (IC95%: 1,43-26,34). Conclusion: In this group of patients with CP, female gender and use of anticonvulsant drugs were the factors that were associated with the presence of PPC.

7.
Rev. venez. endocrinol. metab ; 14(3): 205-216, oct. 2016. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-830792

RESUMO

Objetivo: Dar a conocer una presentación atípica de dislipidemia mixta severa en población pediátrica y su abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico. Caso Clínico: Escolar femenina de 7 años de edad, quien es referida por presentar suero lactescente, evidenciado al realizarle pruebas de laboratorio. Examen físico: talla, peso e índice de masa corporal en percentil 50, hepatomegalia palpable no dolorosa. Paraclínicos de ingreso: glucemia 114 mg/dl, colesterol: 166 mg/dl y triglicéridos: 1200 mg/ dl. Electroforesis: se evidencia VLDL y quilomicrones. Se hace diagnóstico de hiperlipoproteinemia tipo V, se inicia tratamiento con modificación de estilo de vida y ácidos omega 3, 1500 mg/día. Persisten niveles elevados de triglicéridos y aumenta el colesterol, por lo que se omite el omega 3 y se indica tratamiento con ezetimiba 10 mg y ciprofibrato 50 mg diarios. El estudio genético evidenció una variante intrónica G/C en el intrón 7 para el gen de PPARα, correlacionándose con un riesgo elevado de hipertrigliceridemia y mutación del exón 4 del gen del receptor de LDL, por lo que se modifica el diagnóstico a dislipidemia mixta con elevación de VLDL, quilomicrones y LDL. La evolución actual ha sido satisfactoria. Conclusión: Las hiperlipidemias primarias son un grupo de patologías con frecuencia variables de acuerdo a los diferentes fenotipos presentes. El diagnóstico diferencial es importante para descartar una causa secundaria. La electroforesis y el estudio genético orientan al diagnóstico, y el tratamiento debe ser individualizado dependiendo de la clínica del paciente, los niveles de lípidos plasmáticos y los factores de riesgos asociados.


Objective: To present an atypical presentation of severe mixed dyslipidemia in the pediatric population and its diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Case Report: Female 7-year-old is referred because of presenting lactescent serum, evidenced by laboratory tests. Physical exam: height, weight and body mass index in the 50th percentile, painless palpable hepatomegaly. Initial paraclinical: glucose 114 mg/dl, cholesterol 166 mg/dl and triglycerides 1200 mg/dl. Electrophoresis: evidence of VLDL and chylomicrons. Hyperlipoproteinemia type V diagnosis is made; treatment is initiated with lifestyle modification and omega 3 fatty acids, 1500 mg/day. However, given the persistence of high levels of triglycerides and cholesterol, the omega 3 fatty acids is omitted and treatment with ezetimibe 10 mg and ciprofibrate 50 mg daily, is indicated. Genetic studies revealed an intronic variant G/C in intron 7 for gene PPARα, correlated with a high risk of hypertriglyceridemia, and a mutation of exon 4 of gene LDL receptor; for this reason, the diagnosis is modified to mixed dyslipidemia, with elevated VLDL, LDL and chylomicron. The current evolution has been satisfactory. Conclusions: Primary hyperlipidemia is a group of diseases with variable frequency according to the different phenotypes present. The differential diagnosis is important to exclude a secondary cause. Electrophoresis and genetic study guide the diagnosis. Treatment should be individualized depending on the clinical findings of the patient, plasma lipid levels, and associated risk factors.

8.
Rev. venez. endocrinol. metab ; 14(3): 217-225, oct. 2016.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-830793

RESUMO

Objetivo: Describir caso clínico de Síndrome de Morquio como causa infrecuente de talla baja desproporcionada. Caso clínico: Escolar femenina de 11 años quien inicia enfermedad actual a los 4 años de edad con retardo del crecimiento, talla baja, deformidad de la caja torácica y de extremidades. Refiere hospitalizaciones en tres ocasiones por infecciones respiratorias, además de obstrucción nasal persistente, faringoamigdalitis a repetición, ronquidos nocturnos e hipoacusia en oído derecho. Examen físico: Peso: 19,8 kg (P<3), Talla: 97cm (P<3), IMC: 21,5 (P 90), relación segmento proximal/segmento distal: 0,87, velocidad de crecimiento de 0 cm/año. Normocéfala, ojos con hipertelorismo y epicanto bilateral, puente nasal ancho, pecho en quilla, escoliosis, rosario costal. Extremidades: engrosamiento epifisario, 5° metacarpiano corto bilateral. Deformidad en cáliz en manos y pies, genus valgus y pie plano bilateral. Paraclínicos: Fosfatasa alcalina: 768 mg/dL, calcio: 10 mg/dL, fósforo: 4,1 mg/dL, TSH: 2,2 mU/ mL, T4L:1,1 ng/dL, PTH: 31,8 ng/dL, resto sin alteraciones. Edad ósea de 10 años. Valoración genética: Síndrome de Morquio. Conclusión: El Síndrome de Morquio es una causa infrecuente de talla baja disarmónica, y supone un reto en el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. El uso de terapia con hormona de crecimiento no está recomendado sistemáticamente debido a los escasos estudios sobre seguridad y eficacia, en parte debido a la baja prevalencia de esta patología, por lo que es una meta a futuro para la mejoría de la talla baja en estos pacientes.


Objective: To describe a case of Morquio syndrome as a rare cause of disproportionate short stature. Case report: Female 11 years old who initiates current disease at 4 years of age with growth retardation, short stature, deformity of the chest and extremities. Three times was hospitalized for respiratory infections She also has persistent nasal obstruction, recurrent tonsillitis, night snoring and hearing loss in the right ear. Physical examination: Weight: 19.8 kg (P <3) Height: 97cm (P <3), BMI: 21.5 (P 90), relation proximal/distal segment: 0.87, growth rate of 0 cm/year. Normocephalic, eyes with hypertelorism and bilateral epicanto, broad nasal bridge, keeled chest, scoliosis, and rosary costal. Limbs: epiphyseal thickening, 5th bilateral short metacarpal. Calyx deformity in hands and feet, genus valgus and bilateral flatfoot. Paraclinical: Alkaline phosphatase: 768 mg/ dL, calcium: 10 mg/dL, phosphorus 4.1 mg/dL, TSH 2.2 mU/mL, FT4 1.1 ng/dL, PTH: 31.8 ng/dL, remaining unchanged. Bone age of 10 years. Genetic evaluation: Morquio Syndrome. Conclusion: Morquio syndrome is an uncommon cause of disharmonic short stature, and it is a challenge in the diagnosis and treatment. The growth hormone therapy is not recommended routinely because of the few studies on safety and efficacy, partly due to the low prevalence of this disease, so it is a future goal for the improvement of short stature in these patients.

9.
Arch. venez. pueric. pediatr ; 79(2): 69-73, jun. 2016. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-827839

RESUMO

En la pubertad precoz central (PPC) existe una activación prematura del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-gonadal (HHG) que incrementa la producción de esteroides sexuales, los que a su vez estimulan la velocidad del crecimiento, el avance en la edad ósea y la aparición de los caracteres sexuales secundarios en ambos sexos, La presencia de PPC obliga a descartar patología endocraneal, aunque con diferencias notables entre niños y niñas. El concepto de que la parálisis cerebral infantil (PCI) se asocia con la maduración sexual anormal se ha planteado pero no se ha establecido. El mecanismo intimo por el cual un insulto endocraneal produce una activación precoz de la pubertad se desconoce, aunque se especula, en que por un lado, pueda existir un factor mecánico que altere la inhibición de la hormona liberadora de gonadotropinas (GnRH) y, por otro, en función del tipo de lesión, pueda predominar uno u otro tipo celular capaz de secretar sustancias que activen la secreción de gonadotropinas.


In central precocious puberty (cPP) there is a premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (hPg) axis that increases the production of sex steroids, which in turn stimulates growth rate, bone age advancement and the emergence of secondary sexual characteristics in both sexes. In the presence of cPP intracranial pathology must be ruled out, although with significant differences between boys and girls. The concept that cerebral palsy is associated with abnormal sexual maturation has been raised but has not been established. The intimate mechanism by which an intracranial activation insult occurs in early puberty is unknown, although it is speculated that on one hand there may be a mechanical factor that alters the inhibition of gonadotropin releasing hormone (gnrh) and secondly, depending on the type of injury there may be a predominance of one or other cell type, capable of secreting substances that trigger the secretion of gonadotropins.

10.
Invest. clín ; 56(4): 389-405, dic. 2015. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-829033

RESUMO

Con el objetivo de establecer la frecuencia de sobrepeso-obesidad y factores de riesgo cardiometabólico (FRC) (sedentarismo, dislipidemia, elevación de presión arterial y alteración de carbohidratos), en niños y adolescentes de la ciudad de Mérida, Venezuela, se estudiaron 922 niños y adolescentes entre 9 y 18 años de edad, procedentes de diferentes instituciones educativas. Se tomaron medidas antropométricas y presión arterial; se calculó el índice de masa corporal. En ayunas, se midieron niveles de glucemia, insulina y lípidos, y posterior a 2h de sobrecarga de glucosa, se midieron glucemia e insulina. Se calculó el índice HOMA-IR. Se observó sedentarismo en 49,3% de los participantes, dislipidemia en 28,3%, sobrepeso-obesidad en 17,4% (7,9% obesidad y 9,5% sobrepeso), pre-hipertensión e hipertensión arterial (Pre-HTA/HTA) en 8,8%, prediabetes en 4%, resistencia a la insulina en 3,9% y síndrome metabólico (SM) en 2,5%. Hubo una significativa mayor frecuencia de sedentarismo en el sexo femenino y de SM en el masculino. Los FRC estuvieron asociados al sobrepeso-obesidad, los más frecuentes fueron la dislipidemia 50,3% vs 23,7% en el grupo con IMC normal-bajo y la Pre-HTA/HTA 23,8% vs 5,7% (p=0,0001 para ambos). En el grupo sobrepeso-obesidad, el riesgo de Pre-HTA/HTA fue 5,14 veces mayor que en el de IMC normal-bajo, el riesgo de dislipidemia fue 3,26 y el de SM fue 119,56 veces mayor (p=0,0001). Se concluye que la frecuencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en Mérida ha aumentado en el tiempo, y en vista de la clara asociación con FRC, se recomienda impartir educación poblacional e individual para mejorar el estado nutricional.


To establish the prevalence of overweight-obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors (CRF) (sedentary lifestyle, dyslipidemia, hypertension and impaired carbohydrate metabolism) in children and adolescents in the city of Mérida, Venezuela, we studied 922 children and adolescents from 9 to 18 years of age, from different educational institutions. Anthropometric measurements and arterial blood pressure were recorded. Body mass index was calculated. Fasting blood glucose, insulin and lipids levels, and glucose and insulin 2 h post-load glucose were measured. HOMA-IR was calculated. In order of frequency, sedentary lifestyle was observed in 49.3% of participants, dyslipidemia in 28.3%, overweight-obesity in 17.4% (7.9% obesity and 9.5% overweight), pre-hypertension and hypertension (PreHT/HT) in 8.8%, prediabetes in 4%, insulin resistance in 3.9% and metabolic syndrome (MS) in 2.5%. CRF’s were associated with overweight-obesity, being the most common, dyslipidemia (50.3% vs 23.7% in normal weight) and PreHT/HT (23.8% vs 5.7%; p=0.0001 for both). The risk of PreHT/HT, dyslipidemia, and MS were 5.14, 3.26 and 119.56 times more in overweight-obesity, than in low-normal weight respectively (p=0.0001 for all). In conclusion, the frequency of overweight and obesity in Mérida has increased over time. Given its clear association with CRF, it is recommended to provide the appropriated education to improve nutritional status.


Assuntos
Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , Estado Pré-Diabético/epidemiologia , Venezuela , Resistência à Insulina , Saúde da População Urbana , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de Risco , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Dislipidemias/epidemiologia , Comportamento Sedentário , Hipertensão/epidemiologia
11.
Rev. venez. endocrinol. metab ; 13(3): 175-179, oct. 2015. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-780184

RESUMO

Objetivo: Presentar caso de niño con resistencia a la parathormona (PTH) como causa infrecuente de hipocalcemia. Caso Clínico: Preescolar masculino de 5 años de edad, cuya madre refiere inicio de sintomatología desde los tres años, caracterizada por calambres musculares en miembros superiores e inferiores frecuentes que ceden espontáneamente. Desde hace dos días refiere aumento de intensidad de síntomas, acompañados de flexión bilateral de los cuatro miembros, con dificultad para la marcha, por lo que se ingresa. Tuvo diagnóstico de hipotiroidismo subclínico a los 3 años, recibe Levotiroxina 25 μg diariamente. No antecedentes de fracturas. Examen físico: fenotipo normal, peso: 25 kg (pc>97) talla: 112 cm (pc 50-75) IMC: 20 kg/m² (pc>97): FC: 90 lpm, FR: 20 rpm. Buenas condiciones generales. Como dato positivo presenta miembros con contracción carpo-pedal y flexión de miembros inferiores, Chvostek y Trosseau +, neurológico consiente, hipertónico. Paraclínicos: calcio: 7 mg/dL, fósforo 7,2 mmol/L, PTH: 1085 pg/mL (VN: 10-67 pg/mL), albumina: 4,5 g/dL, creatinina: 0,37 mg/dL, fosfatasa alcalina: 370 mg/dL, T4L: 1,4 ng/dL, TSH: 1,22 mU/L. Se realiza el diagnóstico de Pseudohipoparatiroidismo. Se inicia tratamiento con gluconato de calcio endovenoso hasta corrección de síntomas, luego calcio y calcitriol oral con mejoría. A los 14 años de edad (nueve años posterior al diagnóstico) es revalorado: fenotipo, peso y talla normales, Chvostek y Trousseau negativos, masa ósea conservada y ultrasonido de tiroides y paratiroides sin alteraciones. Conclusión: La resistencia a la PTH representa una causa infrecuente de hipocalcemia en la edad pediátrica. El diagnóstico es clínico y paraclínico, manifestado por hipocalcemia e hiperfosfatemia con PTH elevada; el tratamiento consiste en la administración de calcio y vitamina D, para mantener los niveles de calcio y fósforo sérico en la normalidad y disminuir los niveles de PTH sérico.


Objective: To present clinical case of a boy with resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH) as a rare cause of hypocalcemia. Case Study: Preschool 5 years old, whose mother refers onset of symptoms from the three years old characterized by frequent muscle cramps in upper and lower limbs that resolve spontaneously. Two days earlier presented accentuation of the symptoms, accompanied by bilateral flexion of the four members, with difficulty walking, so he is admitted. Diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism was done at 3 years old, in treatment with levothyroxine 25 μg daily. No history of fractures. Physical examination: normal phenotype, weight: 25 kg (pc> 97) height: 112 cm (pc50-75), BMI 20 kg/m² (pc> 97): FC: 90 lpm, FR: 20 rpm. Good general conditions. As positive findings shows members with carpal-pedal contraction, and bending of the lower limbs, Trousseau and Chvostek+, neurological conscious, hypertonic. Paraclinical: calcium: 7 mg/dL, phosphorus 7.2 mmol/L, PTH: 1085 pg/mL (NV: 10-67 pg/mL), albumin: 4.5 g/dL, creatinine: 0.37 mg/dL, alkaline phosphatase: 370 mg/dL, FT4: 1.4 ng/dL, TSH: 1.22 mU/L. Pseudohypoparathyroidism diagnosing is performed. Treatment with intravenous calcium gluconate to correct symptoms was initiated followed with oral calcium and calcitriol, improvement is observed. At 14 years of age (nine years after diagnosis) is reassessed: phenotype, weight and height are normal, Chvostek and Trousseau negative, bone mass preserved and thyroid and parathyroid ultrasound unchanged. Conclusion: The resistance to PTH represents a rare cause of hypocalcemia in children. The diagnosis is clinical and paraclinical demonstrating hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia with elevated PTH. Treatment is calcium and vitamin D to maintain normal levels of serum calcium and phosphorus and decrease serum PTH levels.

12.
Rev. venez. endocrinol. metab ; 13(2): 110-112, jun. 2015. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-772697

RESUMO

El hipogonadismo masculino se caracteriza por disfunción testicular y/o del eje hipotálamo-hipofisario produciendo una reducción de las concentraciones de testosterona. Se clasifica en hipogonadismo hipogonadotrópico (Hh) e hipogonadismo hipergonadotrópico (HH), y a su vez en causas adquiridas y congénitas. Las gonadotropinas pueden estar elevadas (HH) o disminuidas (Hh) y en general cursan con niveles disminuidos de testosterona. Dentro de las pruebas que apoyan al diagnóstico y manejo se incluyen el ecosonograma testicular, evaluación genética, densitometría ósea, biopsia testicular, estudios imagenológicos, espermograma, anticuerpos antiespermáticos y las pruebas dinámicas. Por último, la terapia de reemplazo con testosterona es el principal tratamiento, y la meta es obtener valores de testosterona total entre 400 y 700 ng/dL. A continuación, se presenta el protocolo para el diagnóstico y manejo del hipogonadismo masculino, con la evidencia científica y la experiencia clínica de la Unidad de Endocrinología del IAHULA.


Male hypogonadism is characterized by testicular dysfunction secondary to testicular damage and/or hypothalamus-pituitary axis dysfunction resulting in a reduction in testosterone levels. It is classified as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (Hh) or hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), and these are also divided in acquired and congenital causes. Gonadotropins may be high (HH) or decreased (Hh) and generally occur with decreased testosterone levels. Among the tests supporting the diagnosis and management are included testicular ultrasonography, genetic screening, bone densitometry, testicular biopsy, imaging studies, spermogram, sperm antibodies and hormonal dynamic tests. Finally, testosterone replacement therapy is the main treatment, and the goal is to obtain total testosterone values between 400 and 700 ng/dL. Below, is presented the IAHULA Endocrinology Unit guidelines for male hypogonadism management, based on scientific evidence and clinical experience.

13.
Rev. venez. endocrinol. metab ; 13(1): 33-47, mar. 2015. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-746306

RESUMO

Objetivo: Conocer las características clínicas y demográficas de los pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) en relación a la aparición, evolución y situación actual en el Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario de los Andes (IAHULA), Mérida, Venezuela. Métodos: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y descriptivo, con revisión de historias clínicas de 105 pacientes con DM1, del 2000 al 2010. Se recolectaron al ingreso y en su última consulta edad, sexo, tipo de debut, procedencia, antecedentes familiares-personales, examen físico, tratamiento, control metabólico, complicaciones agudas y crónicas. Resultados: Edad promedio 11,57±6,52 años al ingreso, en la última evaluación 17,86±8,3. La mayoría debutó en hiperglucemia, con índice de masa corporal (IMC) y tensión arterial (TA) normal. El 81% tenía antecedentes familiares de diabetes. Las insulinas más usadas fueron NPH y cristalina. El 66,2% estaba en mal control metabólico. Hubo 80 episodios de cetoacidosis diabética y 38 de hipoglucemia moderada a severa. Los pacientes en tratamiento con análogos de insulina tuvieron significativamente mejor control y menos hipoglucemias. El 26,8% de los pacientes presentaron complicaciones crónicas, las cuales estuvieron asociadas a mayor edad y mayor duración de la diabetes. Conclusión: El debut de DM1 fue más frecuente en menores de 10 años de edad. Existe un alto porcentaje de pacientes en mal control metabólico. Las complicaciones crónicas fueron más frecuentes en mayores de 19 años y con más de 5 años de evolución. El uso de análogos de insulina mostró mejores beneficios. El registro de datos en las historias clínicas es deficiente. Se deben mejorar las estrategias tanto de educación diabetológica como de diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento de la DM1.


Objective: To know the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in relation to the onset, evolution and current situation in the Autonomous Institute Hospital Universitario de los Andes (IAHULA), Mérida, Venezuela. Methods: Observational, retrospective and descriptive study with review of medical records of 105 patients with T1DM, from 2000 to 2010. The age, sex, type of debut, origin, family and personal history, physical examination, treatment, metabolic control, acute and chronic complications, were collected, at admission and at their last consultation. Results: Mean age 11.57 ± 6.52 years at admission, 17.86 ± 8.3 years at last assessment. The majority debuted in hyperglycemia, with normal body mass index and blood pressure. The 81% had a family history of diabetes. The NPH and crystalline insulin were the most used. The 66.2% were in poor metabolic control. There were 80 episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis and 38 moderate to severe hypoglycemia. Patients treated with insulin analogues had significantly better control and less hypoglycemia. The 26.8% of the patients had chronic complications, which were associated with older age and longer duration of diabetes. Conclusion: The debut of T1DM was more common in children under 10 years of age. There were a high percentage of patients in poor metabolic control. Chronic complications were more common in patients over 19 years and more than 5 years of evolution. The use of insulin analogues showed better benefits. Registration data in medical records is poor. The strategies of diabetes education and early diagnosis and treatment of DM1 should be improved.

14.
Invest Clin ; 56(4): 389-405, 2015 Dec.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29938968

RESUMO

To establish the prevalence of overweight-obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors (CRF) (sedentary lifestyle, dyslipidemia, hypertension and impaired carbohydrate metabolism) in children and adolescents in the city of Mérida, Venezuela, we studied 922 children and adolescents from 9 to 18 years of age, from different educational institutions. Anthropometric measurements and arterial blood pressure were recorded. Body mass index was calculated. Fasting blood glucose, insulin and lipids levels, and glucose and insulin 2 h post-load glucose were measured. HOMA-IR was calculated. In order of frequency, sedentary lifestyle was observed in 49.3% of participants, dyslipidemia in 28.3%, overweight-obesity in 17.4% (7.9% obesity and 9.5% overweight), prehypertension and hypertension (PreHT/HT) in 8.8%, prediabetes in 4%, insulin resistance in 3.9% and metabolic syndrome (MS) in 2.5%. CRF's were associated with overweight-obesity, being the most common, dyslipidemia (50.3% vs 23.7% in normal weight) and PreHT/HT (23.8% vs 5.7%; p=0.0001 for both). The risk of PreHT/HT, dyslipidemia, and MS were 5.14, 3.26 and 119.56 times more in overweight-obesity, than in low-normal weight respectively (p=0.0001 for all). In conclusion, the frequency of overweight and obesity in Mérida has increased over time. Given its clear association with CRF, it is recommended to provide the appropriated education to improve nutritional status.


Assuntos
Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Dislipidemias/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Resistência à Insulina , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Estado Pré-Diabético/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Comportamento Sedentário , Saúde da População Urbana , Venezuela
15.
Endocrinol. nutr. (Ed. impr.) ; 61(9): 474-485, nov. 2014. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-129300

RESUMO

OBJETIVO: Obtener valores de referencia local de lípidos sanguíneos y presión arterial (PA), y determinar la prevalencia de síndrome metabólico (SM) en escolares y adolescentes de la ciudad de Mérida, Venezuela, y comparar resultados usando puntos de corte propios e internacionales. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Participaron 916 estudiantes de 9 a 18 años de edad, de ambos sexos, provenientes de instituciones educativas. Se obtuvieron datos demográficos, antropométricos y de PA. Se cuantificaron glucemia en ayunas y perfil lipídico. Los valores de los lípidos y la PA se distribuyeron por percentiles (pc), según grupos de edad y sexo. Para el diagnóstico de SM se consideraron 2 clasificaciones, la del NCEP-ATP III-modificada por Cook et al. y la de la Federación Internacional de Diabetes, usando los pc de Mérida y de EE. UU. como puntos de corte. La concordancia entre ambas clasificaciones se estimó con el índice kappa (Κ). RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de SM fue del 2,2% por Cook-pc Mérida, frente al 1,8% por Cook-pc EE. UU., concordancia moderada (Κ =0,54). La concordancia entre Cook et al. e IDF, usando pc Mérida, fue débil (Κ =0,28). Usando los pc Mérida hubo mayor frecuencia de obesidad abdominal, hipertrigliceridemia y PA elevada, y menos de cHDL bajo. El riesgo (odds ratio) de presentar SM es mayor si la obesidad abdominal está presente (OR: 98,63; IC: 22,45-433,35; p = 0,0001). El SM fue significativamente más frecuente en los obesos (18,3%; p = 0,0001). CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de SM en esta muestra de niños y adolescentes fue del 2,2%. Los valores de lípidos y de PA fueron más bajos que los norteamericanos, europeos y asiáticos, y similares a los latinoamericanos. Se justifica la obtención de valores propios de referencia para diagnóstico certero de SM, así como un consenso mundial sobre sus criterios diagnósticos


OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the prevalence of obesity and overweight recording in primary care (PC) clinical records. DESIGN: A descriptive, cross-sectional study. SETTING: The study was conducted in three urban, primary care centers in Gipuzkoa. PARTICIPANTS: 620 computerized clinical records randomly selected from a population of 63,820. Patient age older than 14 years was the only inclusion criterion. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Recording of the clinical episode referring to obesity and/or overweight. Other variables included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, comorbidity (diabetes, hypertension, heart failure, among others), and variability of the record made by healthcare professionals at each center. Statistical analysis included a Chi-square test or a Fisher's test for low frequencies. A value of P<.05 was considered significant. Analysis was performed using SPSS® V.21 software. RESULTS: Prevalence of recorded obesity was 6%, and 78.4% of those with recorded obesity were women. Overweight was recorded in 3% of subjects, of which 33.2% were women. BMI was recorded in 170 cases (27%). At least one comorbidity was found in 241 subjects (39%). Association of BMI with presence of comorbidity was statistically significant (P=.0001). Recording of obesity was associated to presence of comorbidity (P =.0002). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed that prevalence of obesity is underestimated, mainly because it is inadequately recorded in clinical histories; that prevalence increases in the presence of other risk factors; and that there is a significant variability in data collection between healthcare professionals


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Lipídeos/sangue , Determinação da Pressão Arterial , Venezuela , Valores de Referência , Distribuição por Idade e Sexo
16.
Rev. venez. endocrinol. metab ; 12(3): 177-190, oct. 2014. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-740364

RESUMO

Objetivo: Obtener valores de insulina basal, post carga de glucosa oral, HOMA-IR y QUICKI, y establecer su relación con el sexo y el estadio puberal en niños y adolescentes sanos del Municipio Libertador de la ciudad de Mérida, Venezuela. Materiales y métodos: Participaron 922 sujetos de 9 a 18 años de instituciones públicas y privadas. Se recogieron datos antropométricos. Se determinaron glucemia e insulina (Quimioluminiscencia) en ayunas y 2 horas post carga de glucosa oral. Se calcularon los índices HOMA-IR y QUICKI. Se realizó la distribución percentilar de las variables por sexo y estadio puberal. Resultados: El 51,6% eran de sexo femenino y el 48,4% masculino; el 52,7% de instituciones públicas y el 47,3% de privadas. El 20,4% era prepúber, el 18,3% se encontró en el estadio II de Tanner, el 11,8% en el III, el 16% en el IV y el 33,4% en estadio puberal V. Los valores de insulina y HOMA-IR fueron mayores en el sexo femenino. Los valores más altos se observaron en los estadios II, III y IV. La insulina 2 horas postcarga mostró sus máximos valores en los estadios IV y V. En nuestra población, se proponen valores altos (>pc95) de insulina en ayunas aquellos mayores de 9 mU/mL en el prepúber y de 12 mU/mL en el púber; de insulina 2 horas postcarga mayores de 35 mU/mL en el prepúber y de 65 mU/mL en el púber; de HOMA-IR mayores de 2 en el prepúber y de 2,5 en el púber. Se consideran disminuidos aquellos valores de QUICKI menores de 0,31 (

Objective: To obtain values of fasting insulin levels and 2 hours post glucose oral test, values of HOMA-IR and QUICKI and its association with sex and pubertal stages in healthy children and adolescents from the Libertador Municipality of Mérida, Venezuela. Material and methods: We evaluated 922 students between 9 to 17,9 years from publics and privates educational institutions. Anthropometric variables were taken. Fasting glucose and insulin and 2 hours post glucose oral test were measured, and the HOMA and QUICKI indexes were calculated. The percentile distribution of the studied variables according to sex and pubertal stages was performed. Results: The 51.6% were female and 48.4% male; 52.7% were from public and 47.3% from private institution. According to Tanner Stages: 20.4% were Tanner I, 18.3% Tanner II, 11.8% Tanner III, 16% Tanner IV and 33.4% were Tanner V. Values of insulin levels and HOMA were higher in female sex. The higher levels were observed in stages II, III and IV. Insulin 2 hours post oral glucose test levels showed the highest values in Tanner stages IV and V. To our population, we propose more than 9 mU/mL as a high value (>pc95) of fasting insulin in the pre-pubertal stage and 12 mU/mL in pubertal stage; insulin 2 hours post glucose oral test higher than 35 mU/mL in the pre-pubertal and 65 mU/mL for the pubertal stage; HOMA-IR higher than 2 in the pre-pubertal and 2.5 in the pubertal stage. QUICKI levels under 0.31 (

17.
Rev. venez. endocrinol. metab ; 12(3): 200-203, oct. 2014. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-740366

RESUMO

Objetivo: Presentar caso clínico de Síndrome de Pendred, patología poco frecuente en la edad pediátrica que engloba sordera congénita y bocio. Caso clínico: Preescolar femenina de 5 años y 4 meses, cuya madre refiere enfermedad actual de 3 meses de evolución caracterizada por presentar aumento progresivo de volumen en cara anterior de cuello, sin cambios de coloración, ni temperatura, no doloroso, concomitantemente somnolencia, estreñimiento e hipoactividad. Examen Físico: Peso 14,700 Kg (

Objective: To present a clinical case of Pendred syndrome, a rare pathology in children that includes congenital deafness and goiter. Clinical case: Preschool female 5 years and 4 months of age, whose mother refers disease of 3 months of evolution characterized by progressive increase in volume of the anterior neck, without redness, heat, or pain; concomitantly drowsiness, constipation and hypoactivity. Physical Examination: Weight 14.700 Kg (

18.
Endocrinol Nutr ; 61(9): 474-85, 2014 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24840131

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To obtain local reference values for blood lipids and blood pressure (BP), and to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in children and adolescents from Mérida, Venezuela, and to compare results using local and international cut-off values. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study enrolled 916 participants of both sexes aged 9-18 years of age from educational institutions. Demographic, anthropometric, and BP data were collected. Fasting blood glucose and lipid profile were measured. Percentile distribution of lipid and BP values was done by age group and sex. Prevalence of MS was estimated based on the NCEP-ATPIII classification (as modified by Cook et al.) and the classification of the International Diabetes Federation, using percentiles of Mérida and the USA as cut-off points. Agreement between both classifications was estimated using the kappa test (κ). RESULTS: Prevalence of MS was 2.2% by Cook-Merida percentiles, as compared to 1.8% by Cook-USA percentiles, a moderate agreement (κ=0.54). Agreement between Cook et al. and IDF using Merida percentiles was weak (κ=0.28). There was a higher frequency of abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension, and a lower frequency of low HDL-C using Mérida percentiles. The risk (odds ratio) of having MS is greater if abdominal obesity exists (OR: 98.63, CI: 22.45-433.35, p=0.0001). MS was significantly more common in obese subjects (18.3%, p=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of MS in this sample of children and adolescents was 2.2%. Lipid and BP values were lower in Venezuelan as compared to US, European, and Asian children and adolescents, and similar to those in Latin-American references. Own reference values are required for accurate diagnosis of MS, as well as a worldwide consensus on its diagnostic criteria.


Assuntos
Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Antropometria , Glicemia/análise , Criança , Feminino , Saúde Global , Humanos , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/sangue , Obesidade Abdominal/sangue , Obesidade Abdominal/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Valores de Referência , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos , Venezuela/epidemiologia
19.
Rev. venez. endocrinol. metab ; 12(1): 41-51, abr. 2014. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-715786

RESUMO

La hiperplasia adrenal congénita (HSC) es un grupo de desórdenes causados por defectos en la esteroidogénesis adrenal. En su forma más común, la deficiencia de la enzima 21-α-hidroxilasa, los pacientes desarrollan grados variables de deficiencia de glucocorticoides y mineralocorticoides, así como de exceso de andrógenos. En general se clasifica en formas clásicas y no clásicas. Los objetivos del tratamiento son sustituir la deficiencia de cortisol y aldosterona, evitar el hiperandrogenismo y lograr la mejor talla final; aunque estos objetivos parecen bastante sencillos, en la práctica, son muy difíciles de lograr. La terapia con glucocorticoides y mineralocorticoides es guiada por el monitoreo de variables clínicas y de concentraciones de hormonas androgénicas y electrolitos. Con respecto al crecimiento, se debe mantener un delicado equilibrio; el sobretratamiento con glucocorticoides puede conducir a deterioro del mismo, y un tratamiento insuficiente, al exceso de andrógenos y maduración epifisaria prematura. Se presenta el protocolo de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la HSC de la Unidad de Endocrinología del Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela.


Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of disorders caused by defects in the adrenal steroidogenic pathways. In its most common form, 21-α-hydroxylase deficiency, patients develop varying degrees of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficiency as well as androgen excess. It is generally classified as classical and non-classical forms. The goals of treatment are to replace the cortisol and aldosterone deficiency, avoid hyperandrogenism and achieve the best final height. Although these goals seem pretty straightforward, in practice, they are very difficult to achieve. Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid therapy is guided by monitoring clinical parameters as well as adrenal hormone and electrolytes concentrations. Practitioners must strike a fine balance; on height, overtreatment with glucocorticoids can lead to poor growth, and undertreatment, to androgen excess and premature epiphyseal maturation. The CAH diagnosis and treatment of the Endocrinology Service, Autonomous Institute University Hospital of The Andes, Mérida, Venezuela.

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