RESUMO
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disease driven by gain-of-function variants in activin receptor-like kinase 2 (ALK2), the most common variant being ALK2R206H. In FOP, ALK2 variants display increased and dysregulated signaling through the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway resulting in progressive and permanent replacement of skeletal muscle and connective tissues with heterotopic bone, ultimately leading to severe debilitation and premature death. Here, we describe the discovery of BLU-782 (IPN60130), a small-molecule ALK2R206H inhibitor developed for the treatment of FOP. A small-molecule library was screened in a biochemical ALK2 binding assay to identify potent ALK2 binding compounds. Iterative rounds of structure-guided drug design were used to optimize compounds for ALK2R206H binding, ALK2 selectivity, and other desirable pharmacokinetic properties. BLU-782 preferentially bound to ALK2R206H with high affinity, inhibiting signaling from ALK2R206H and other rare FOP variants in cells in vitro without affecting signaling of closely related homologs ALK1, ALK3, and ALK6. In vivo efficacy of BLU-782 was demonstrated using a conditional knock-in ALK2R206H mouse model, where prophylactic oral dosing reduced edema and prevented cartilage and heterotopic ossification (HO) in both muscle and bone injury models. BLU-782 treatment preserved the normal muscle-healing response in ALK2R206H mice. Delayed dosing revealed a short 2-day window after injury when BLU-782 treatment prevented HO in ALK2R206H mice, but dosing delays of 4 days or longer abrogated HO prevention. Together, these data suggest that BLU-782 may be a candidate for prevention of HO in FOP.
Assuntos
Modelos Animais de Doenças , Miosite Ossificante , Ossificação Heterotópica , Animais , Miosite Ossificante/tratamento farmacológico , Miosite Ossificante/metabolismo , Ossificação Heterotópica/tratamento farmacológico , Ossificação Heterotópica/metabolismo , Ossificação Heterotópica/prevenção & controle , Camundongos , Humanos , Receptores de Activinas Tipo II/metabolismo , Receptores de Ativinas Tipo I/metabolismo , Receptores de Ativinas Tipo I/antagonistas & inibidores , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
While epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have changed the treatment landscape for EGFR mutant (L858R and ex19del)-driven non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), most patients will eventually develop resistance to TKIs. In the case of first- and second-generation TKIs, up to 60% of patients will develop an EGFR T790M mutation, while third-generation irreversible TKIs, like osimertinib, lead to C797S as the primary on-target resistance mutation. The development of reversible inhibitors of these resistance mutants is often hampered by poor selectivity against wild-type EGFR, resulting in potentially dose-limiting toxicities and a sub-optimal profile for use in combinations. BLU-945 (compound 30) is a potent, reversible, wild-type-sparing inhibitor of EGFR+/T790M and EGFR+/T790M/C797S resistance mutants that maintains activity against the sensitizing mutations, especially L858R. Pre-clinical efficacy and safety studies supported progression of BLU-945 into clinical studies, and it is currently in phase 1/2 clinical trials for treatment-resistant EGFR-driven NSCLC.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Receptores ErbB , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Mutação , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The receptor tyrosine kinase rearranged during transfection (RET) is an oncogenic driver activated in multiple cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), and papillary thyroid cancer. No approved therapies have been designed to target RET; treatment has been limited to multikinase inhibitors (MKI), which can have significant off-target toxicities and limited efficacy. BLU-667 is a highly potent and selective RET inhibitor designed to overcome these limitations. In vitro, BLU-667 demonstrated ≥10-fold increased potency over approved MKIs against oncogenic RET variants and resistance mutants. In vivo, BLU-667 potently inhibited growth of NSCLC and thyroid cancer xenografts driven by various RET mutations and fusions without inhibiting VEGFR2. In first-in-human testing, BLU-667 significantly inhibited RET signaling and induced durable clinical responses in patients with RET-altered NSCLC and MTC without notable off-target toxicity, providing clinical validation for selective RET targeting.Significance: Patients with RET-driven cancers derive limited benefit from available MKIs. BLU-667 is a potent and selective RET inhibitor that induces tumor regression in cancer models with RET mutations and fusions. BLU-667 attenuated RET signaling and produced durable clinical responses in patients with RET-altered tumors, clinically validating selective RET targeting. Cancer Discov; 8(7); 836-49. ©2018 AACR.See related commentary by Iams and Lovly, p. 797This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 781.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Mutação , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-ret/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-ret/genética , Pirazóis/uso terapêutico , Piridinas/uso terapêutico , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/genética , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/metabolismo , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Nus , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-ret/metabolismo , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Piridinas/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/genética , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/metabolismo , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) has been implicated in IL-1R and TLR based signaling. Therefore selective inhibition of the kinase activity of this protein represents an attractive target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Medicinal chemistry optimization of high throughput screening (HTS) hits with the help of structure based drug design led to the identification of orally-bioavailable quinazoline based IRAK4 inhibitors with excellent pharmacokinetic profile and kinase selectivity. These highly selective IRAK4 compounds show activity in vivo via oral dosing in a TLR7 driven model of inflammation.
Assuntos
Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Quinases Associadas a Receptores de Interleucina-1/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Quinazolinas/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Inflamação/enzimologia , Quinases Associadas a Receptores de Interleucina-1/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/antagonistas & inibidores , Interleucina-6/biossíntese , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/administração & dosagem , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Quinazolinas/administração & dosagem , Quinazolinas/química , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos Lew , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
IRAK4 plays a critical role in the IL-1R and TLR signalling, and selective inhibition of the kinase activity of the protein represents an attractive target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. A series of permeable N-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carboxamides was developed by introducing lipophilic bicyclic cores in place of the polar pyrazolopyrimidine core of 5-amino-N-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamides. Replacement of the pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine core with the pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine, the pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyridazine, and thieno[2,3-b]pyrazine cores guided by cLogD led to the identification of highly permeable IRAK4 inhibitors with excellent potency and kinase selectivity.
Assuntos
Amidas/síntese química , Amidas/farmacologia , Ácidos Carboxílicos/química , Quinases Associadas a Receptores de Interleucina-1/antagonistas & inibidores , Pirazóis/química , Amidas/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/síntese química , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Ácidos Carboxílicos/síntese química , Ácidos Carboxílicos/farmacologia , Ciclização , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Estrutura Molecular , Pirazóis/síntese química , Pirazóis/farmacologiaRESUMO
Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) is an essential signal transducer downstream of the IL-1R and TLR superfamily, and selective inhibition of the kinase activity of the protein represents an attractive target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. A series of 5-amino-N-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamides was developed via sequential modifications to the 5-position of the pyrazolopyrimidine ring and the 3-position of the pyrazole ring. Replacement of substituents responsible for poor permeability and improvement of physical properties guided by cLogD led to the identification of IRAK4 inhibitors with excellent potency, kinase selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties suitable for oral dosing.
RESUMO
The oxetane ring is useful in drug discovery as a bioisostere for both the geminal dimethyl group and the carbonyl group. A convenient, straightforward approach to access structurally diverse 3-aminooxetanes through the reactivity of oxetan-3-tert-butylsulfinimine and the corresponding sulfinylaziridine is described.
Assuntos
Éteres Cíclicos/química , Iminas/química , Compostos de Sulfônio/químicaRESUMO
Tetracyclines and tetracycline analogues are prepared by a convergent, single-step Michael-Claisen condensation of AB precursor 1 or 2 with D-ring precursors of wide structural variability, followed by removal of protective groups (typically in two steps). A number of procedural variants of the key C-ring-forming reaction are illustrated in multiple examples. These include stepwise deprotonation of a D-ring precursor followed by addition of 1 or 2, in situ deprotonation of a D-ring precursor in mixture with 1 or 2, and in situ lithium-halogen exchange of a benzylic bromide D-ring precursor in the presence of 1 or 2, followed by warming. The AB plus D strategy for tetracycline synthesis by C-ring construction is shown to be robust across a range of different carbocyclic and heterocyclic D-ring precursors, proceeding reliably and with a high degree of stereochemical control. Evidence suggests that Michael addition of the benzylic anion derived from a given D-ring precursor to enones 1 or 2 is quite rapid at -78 degrees C, while Claisen cyclization of the enolate produced is rate-determining, typically occurring upon warming to 0 degrees C. The AB plus D coupling strategy is also shown to be useful for the construction of tetracycline precursors that are diversifiable by latter-stage transformations, subsequent to cyclization to form the C ring. Results of antibacterial assays and preliminary data obtained from a murine septicemia model show that many of the novel tetracyclines synthesized have potent antibiotic activities, both in bacterial cell culture and in vivo. The platform for tetracycline synthesis described gives access to a broad range of molecules that would be inaccessible by semisynthetic methods (presently the only means of tetracycline production) and provides a powerful engine for the discovery and, perhaps, development of new tetracycline antibiotics.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/síntese química , Tetraciclinas/síntese química , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Cristalografia por Raios X , Ciclização , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Camundongos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Modelos Moleculares , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Tetraciclinas/farmacologiaRESUMO
An operationally convenient, one-pot, three-step sequence has been developed that provides access to 3-substituted 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-azaindolines (2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrollopyridines) via intramolecular carbolithiation of the aryllithium derived from an appropriate (N,N-diallylamino)bromopyridine. Whereas cyclization proceeds as expected to give 1-allyl-3-methyl-4-azaindoline and 1-allyl-3-methyl-6-azaindoline following protonation of the 3-CH2Li group of the azaindoline, the isomeric 3-methyl-5-azaindoline and 3-methyl-7-azaindoline are generated as 3-methyl-N-allyl anions prior to quench with MeOH.
Assuntos
Compostos Aza/química , Indóis/química , Lítio/química , IsomerismoRESUMO
A practical, enantioselective synthetic route to a key precursor to the tetracycline antibiotics is reported. The route proceeds in nine steps (21% yield) from the commercial substance methyl 3-hydroxy-5-isoxazolecarboxylate. Key steps in the route involve enantioselective addition of divinylzinc to 3-benzyloxy-5-isoxazolecarboxaldehyde and an endo-selective intramolecular furan Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction. The route described has provided more than 40 g of chromatographically pure 1 with 93% ee.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/síntese química , Pró-Fármacos/síntese química , Tetraciclina/síntese química , Antibacterianos/química , Modelos Químicos , Estrutura Molecular , Pró-Fármacos/química , Estereoisomerismo , Tetraciclina/químicaRESUMO
Complex antibiotics based on natural products are almost invariably prepared by semisynthesis, or chemical transformation of the isolated natural products. This approach greatly limits the range of accessible structures that might be studied as new antibiotic candidates. Here we report a short and enantioselective synthetic route to a diverse range of 6-deoxytetracycline antibiotics. The common feature of this class is a scaffold of four linearly fused rings, labeled A through D. We targeted not a single compound but a group of structures with the D ring as a site of structural variability. A late-stage, diastereoselective C-ring construction was used to couple structurally varied D-ring precursors with an AB precursor containing much of the essential functionality for binding to the bacterial ribosome. Five derivatives were synthesized from benzoic acid in yields ranging from 5 to 7% over 14 to 15 steps, and a sixth, (-)-doxycycline, was synthesized in 8.3% yield over 18 steps.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/síntese química , Desenho de Fármacos , Tetraciclinas/química , Tetraciclinas/síntese química , Alcaligenes/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Ácido Benzoico/metabolismo , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estrutura Molecular , Ribossomos/metabolismo , Estereoisomerismo , Tetraciclinas/farmacologiaRESUMO
A general approach to preparing 1,5-methano- (1) and 1,5-ethano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine (2) is discussed. This strategy involves converting an indanone or tetralone (4) to a cyanohydrin (3) which is subjected to hydrogenolysis followed by lactamization and reduction to provide bicyclic aryl piperidine (1) and bicyclic aryl homopiperidine (2).