Delays in presentations of stroke patients at the University Hospital of the West Indies.

Thrombolytic therapy has been proven to be beneficial in selected patients with ischaemic strokes. Early diagnosis is paramount because there is a narrow therapeutic window for these patients to derive benefit from thrombolytics. We sought to evaluate the timing of stroke presentations at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) in order to assess the potential eligibility for definitive therapy A retrospective audit of all consecutive patients who had emergent computed tomographic (CT) scans for suspected ischaemic stroke at the UHWI was performed over a six-month period between February 2006 and July 2006. Data were extracted from the hospital records and analysed using SPSS version 12. There were 331 patients evaluated with brain CT for a clinically suspected stroke during the study period. Complete time documentation and CT scans were available for analysis in 171 patients with ischaemic strokes. The average age was 64.5 years (range +/- SD: 3-98 +/- 19.9 years) with a slight male preponderance (58% vs. 42%). There was considerable pre-hospital delay with 63% of patients presenting more than 12 hours after the onset of symptoms. There were also long inhospital delays. Only 52% of patients were assessed by a physician within an hour of presentation to hospital and only 55% of patients had CT scans completed within three hours of a physician s request. Although thrombolysis is not routinely performed for ischaemic strokes at our institution, sensitization of physicians and the general public in our setting to symptoms and signs of this disease is urgently needed to improve stroke management, whereby definitive treatment can be considered for selected patients.

Transfer of head-injured patients in Jamaica: is there a problem?

Head-injured patients are often transferred to the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) for tertiary care. There is no standardized, agreed protocol governing their transfer. During the three-year period January 1998 to December 2000, 144 head injured patients were transferred to the UHWI from other institutions. They were 70% male, had a mean age of 34 years and spent a mean of 13 days in hospital. Eighteen per cent were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit, where they spent a mean of nine days. On arrival, mean pulse rate was 92 +/- 22 beats/minute, mean systolic blood pressure was 130 +/- 27 mmHg and mean diastolic was 76 +/- 19mmHg. Twenty-eight per cent of patients had a pulse rate above 100/min on arrival and 13.8% had systolic blood pressure below 60 mmHg. The Glasgow Coma Scale score was unrecorded at the referring institution in 70% of cases and by the receiving officers at the UHWI in 23% of cases. Intubation was done on only half of those who were eligible. Junior staff members initiated and carried out transfers whenever this was documented. The types of vehicles and monitoring equipment used could not be determined in most instances. Fifty-eight per cent of patients had minor head injuries, 12%, severe injury and 33%, associated injuries requiring a variety of surgical procedures by multiple specialties. Most patients (80.6%) were discharged home but 11.8% died in hospital. Transfer of head-injured patients, many with multiple injuries is not being performed in a manner consistent with modern medical practice. There is urgent need for implementation of a standardized protocol for the transfer of such patients in Jamaica.

Transfer of head-injured patients in Jamaica: is there a problem? / Transferencia de pacientes con heridas de cabeza en Jamaica: ¿hay problema?

Head-injured patients are often transferred to the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) for tertiary care. There is no standardized, agreed protocol governing their transfer. During the three-year period January 1998 to December 2000, 144 head injured patients were transferred to the UHWI from other institutions. They were 70male, had a mean age of 34 years and spent a mean of 13 days in hospital. Eighteen per cent were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit, where they spent a mean of nine days. On arrival, mean pulse rate was 92 +/- 22 beats/minute, mean systolic blood pressure was 130 +/- 27 mmHg and mean diastolic was 76 +/- 19mmHg. Twenty-eight per cent of patients had a pulse rate above 100/min on arrival and 13.8had systolic blood pressure below 60 mmHg. The Glasgow Coma Scale score was unrecorded at the referring institution in 70of cases and by the receiving officers at the UHWI in 23of cases. Intubation was done on only half of those who were eligible. Junior staff members initiated and carried out transfers whenever this was documented. The types of vehicles and monitoring equipment used could not be determined in most instances. Fifty-eight per cent of patients had minor head injuries, 12, severe injury and 33, associated injuries requiring a variety of surgical procedures by multiple specialties. Most patients (80.6) were discharged home but 11.8died in hospital. Transfer of head-injured patients, many with multiple injuries is not being performed in a manner consistent with modern medical practice. There is urgent need for implementation of a standardized protocol for the transfer of such patients in Jamaica.

Los pacientes con heridas en la cabeza son a menudo transferidos al Hospital Universitario de West Indies (UHWI) para su cuidado terciario. No existe ningún protocolo acordado en relación con las normas que deben regir la transferencia. En el trienio de enero de 1998 a diciembre 2000, 144 pacientes con heridas de cabeza, fueron transferidos al HUWI desde otras instituciones. El 70% de ellos eran varones de 34 años de edad promedio, y el período de permanencia en el hospital fue 13 días como promedio. El 18% fue ingresado en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, donde permaneció un promedio de 9 días. Al llegar al hospital, su pulso medio era de 92 ± 22 pulsaciones/minuto, la presión arterial sistólica media era de 130 ± 27 mmHg, y la media diastólica de 76 ± 19 mmHg. El 28% de los pacientes tenía un ritmo de pulsaciones por encima de 100/min al momento del ingreso, y un 13.8% tenía la presión arterial sistólica por debajo de 60 mmHg. No había constancia de la aplicación de la Escala de Coma de Glasgow en las instituciones que remitieron a los pacientes en el 70% de los casos, ni por parte de los funcionarios médicos que recibieron a los pacientes en el HUWI en el 23% de los casos. La entubación se realizó solamente en la mitad de los pacientes elegibles. El personal subalterno inició y llevó a cabo las transferencias en todos los casos docu-mentados. En la mayor parte de los casos no fue posible determinar los tipos de vehículos ni el equipo de monitoreo utilizados. El 58% por ciento de los pacientes presentaba heridas menores de la cabeza, el 12% tuvo heridas graves, y un 33% acudió con heridas asociadas que requerían diversos procedimientos quirúrgicos de múltiples especialidades. La mayoría de los pacientes (80.6%) regresó de alta a sus casas, pero el 11.8% murió en el hospital. La transferencia de pacien-tes con heridas en la cabeza – muchos de ellos con lesiones múltiples – no se está realizando de manera consistente con la práctica médica moderna...

Neuroendoscopy in Jamaica.

This retrospective, descriptive study reviewed the patient profile, disease spectrum, indications for and results of treatment and complications of all 27 patients who had neuroendoscopy at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) over the three-year period between November 2000, when the service was first introduced, and November 2003. Nineteen (67.9%) were males and eight were females. Their mean age was 27.5 +/- 21.4 years with a range of four months to 70 years. Of the entire group, 20 had hydrocephalus with raised intracranial pressure, of which 15 had endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) for the treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus, using two different techniques for ventricular floor fenestration. There was no demonstrable difference in outcome between the water jet and blunt forceps techniques. Three procedures failed to relieve the hydrocephalus, requiring subsequent ventriculo-peritoneal shunts. Three patients had successful cyst fenestrations. Six patients had endoscope assisted trans-sphenoidal resection for pituitary tumours. There were five complications and no deaths. Mean hospital stay was 18.4 +/- 16.7 days and mean follow-up was 29 weeks. There were no late failures. Neuroendoscopy is the treatment of choice for obstructive hydrocephalus due to aqueduct stenosis or posterior fossa tumours and has the advantage of avoiding shunt related complications. It is safe and effective for the majority of patients and has a significant role in the management of neurosurgical patients in the Caribbean.

Neuroendoscopy in Jamaica / Neuroendoscopía en Jamaica

This retrospective, descriptive study reviewed the patient profile, disease spectrum, indications for and results of treatment and complications of all 27 patients who had neuroendoscopy at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) over the three-year period between November 2000, when the service was first introduced, and November 2003. Nineteen (67.9) were males and eight were females. Their mean age was 27.5 +/- 21.4 years with a range of four months to 70 years. Of the entire group, 20 had hydrocephalus with raised intracranial pressure, of which 15 had endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) for the treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus, using two different techniques for ventricular floor fenestration. There was no demonstrable difference in outcome between the water jet and blunt forceps techniques. Three procedures failed to relieve the hydrocephalus, requiring subsequent ventriculo-peritoneal shunts. Three patients had successful cyst fenestrations. Six patients had endoscope assisted trans-sphenoidal resection for pituitary tumours. There were five complications and no deaths. Mean hospital stay was 18.4 +/- 16.7 days and mean follow-up was 29 weeks. There were no late failures. Neuroendoscopy is the treatment of choice for obstructive hydrocephalus due to aqueduct stenosis or posterior fossa tumours and has the advantage of avoiding shunt related complications. It is safe and effective for the majority of patients and has a significant role in the management of neurosurgical patients in the Caribbean

Este estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo, examinó el perfil del paciente, el espectro de la enfermedad, las indicaciones y resultados del tratamiento, así como las complicaciones de un total de 27 pacientes sometidos a neuroendoscopía en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies (UHWI) por un período de tres años, de noviembre de 2000 de noviembre - cuando se introdujo el servicio por primera vez - hasta noviembre de 2003. Diecinueve (67.9%) eran hombres y ocho mujeres. Su edad promedio fue de 27.5 ± 21.4 años con un rango de cuatro meses a 70 años. De la totalidad del grupo, 20 presentaban hidrocéfalo con presión intracraneal alta, y de ellos 15 tuvieron ventriculostomía endoscópica del tercer ventrículo (VET) para el tratamiento de hidrocéfalo obstructivo, usando dos técnicas diferentes para la fenestración del piso ventricular. No hubo diferencia demostrable en cuanto a resultados, entre la técnica de chorro de agua y la de fórceps romos. Tres procedimientos no lograron aliviar el hidrocéfalo, haciéndose necesarios subsiguientes derivaciones ventrículo-peritoneales. Tres pacientes tuvieron fenestraciones de quiste exitosas. Seis pacientes fueron sometidos a resección trans-esfenoidal con asistencia endoscópica para los tumores pituitarios. Se presentaron cinco complicaciones y no hubo muertes. La estancia promedio en el hospital fue de 18.4±16.7 días y el seguimiento medio fue de 29 semanas. No hubo ningún fallo a última hora. La neuroendoscopía es el tratamiento elegido para el hidrocéfalo obstructivo debido a estenosis del acueducto o tumores en la fosa posterior, y tiene la ventaja de evitar complicaciones relacionadas con las derivaciones. La neuroendoscopía es segura y efectiva para la mayoría de los pacientes, y desempeña un papel significativo en el tratamiento de los pacientes neuroquirúrgicos en el Caribe

Civilian cranial gunshot wounds: a Jamaican experience.

Gunshot injuries are an escalating social and medical dilemma in many Western and some developing countries. Of 40 patients arriving at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI), Jamaica, from 1993 to 1998, with gunshot wounds of the head, 30 were admitted. Six of those admitted died within 24 hours, five with poor Glasgow Coma scores. Ten patients had surgery, two of whom died. Six complications occurred: two patients each developed an infection, cerebrospinal fluid fistula or seizures. All patients were victims of an assault and all had intracranial penetration, the most common sites of which were facial and frontal. Median hospital stay was eleven days. The Glasgow Coma Score on admission was a good prognostic indicator. Fourteen patients had associated injuries, four of which were in the neck. Surgery was considered inappropriate for moribund patients and those with inaccessible bone and bullet fragments. Young males were the most common victims of this devastating form of assault.

Civilian cranial gunshot wounds: a Jamaican experience

Gunshot injuries are an escalating social and medical dilemma in many Western and some developing countries. Of 40 patients arriving at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI), Jamaica, from 1993 to 1998, with gunshot wounds of the head, 30 were admitted. Six of those admitted died within 24 hours, five with poor Glasgow Coma scores. Ten patients had surgery, two of whom died. Six complications occurred: two patients each developed an infection, cerebrospinal fluid fistula or seizures. All patients were victims of an assault and all had intracranial penetration, the most common sites of which were facial and frontal. Median hospital stay was eleven days. The Glasgow Coma Score on admission was a good prognostic indicator. Fourteen patients had associated injuries, four of which were in the neck. Surgery was considered inappropriate for moribund patients and those with inaccessible bone and bullet fragments. Young males were the most common victims of this devastating form of assault

Spinal injuries at the University Hospital of the West Indies.

Acute spinal damage forms a small percentage of total trauma injury but it has tremendous significance because of the resultant disability, poor prognosis, economic and social cost and the burden on victims, family, taxpayers and health workers. Of fifty-five patients admitted to the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI), Mona, Jamaica, over a seven-year period, forty form the basis of this report. Young males accounted for most victims and 85% of the injuries were non-intentional. The cervical spine, most commonly C6, was the region most frequently injured, followed by the lumbar and the thoracic regions. On admission, the mean Glasgow Coma Score was 14.6 and the mean Modified Injury Severity Score 12.7. Five patients were admitted in Frankel Grade A, complete paraplegia. Of eighteen patients treated with steroids, only eleven had methylprednisolone and only six of these appropriately. Nine patients had surgery after a mean time of 10.1 days. The average length of hospital stay was 18.2 days. Of 35 patients whose outcomes were known, eleven improved; two patients died in hospital. With the modernization of the management of this condition, we recommend that attention be focused on prevention, pre-hospital immobilization and transport, prompt resuscitation, the standardization of written protocols and early operative intervention. Also essential is the continuing medical education of all levels of personnel and the formalization of a well-coordinated and rehearsed Spine team.