Biomechanical analysis of practitioner's gesture for peripheral venous catheter insertion.

Peripheral venous catheter insertion (PVCI) is one of the most common procedures performed by healthcare professionals but remains technically difficult. To develop new medical simulators with better representativeness of the human forearm, an experimental study was performed to collect data related to the puncturing of human skin and a vein in the antebrachial area. A total of 31 volunteers participated in this study. Force sensors and digital image correlation were used to measure the force during the palpation and puncturing of the vein and to retrieve the kinematics of the practitioner's gesture. The in vivo skin rupture load, vein rupture load, and friction loads for skin only and for both the skin and vein were (mean ± standard deviation) 0.85 ± 0.34 N, 1.25 ± 0.37 N, -0.49 ± 0.19 N, and -0.51 ± 0.16 N, respectively. The results of this study can be used to develop realistic skin and vein substitutes and mechanically assess them by reproducing the practitioner's gesture in a controlled fashion.

Ultrafast laser spatial beam shaping based on Zernike polynomials for surface processing.

In femtosecond laser machining, spatial beam shaping can be achieved with wavefront modulators. The wavefront modulator displays a pre-calculated phase mask that modulates the laser wavefront to generate a target intensity distribution in the processing plane. Due to the non-perfect optical response of wavefront modulators, the experimental distribution may significantly differ from the target, especially for continuous shapes. We propose an alternative phase mask calculation method that can be adapted to the phase modulator optical performance. From an adjustable number of Zernike polynomials according to this performance, a least square fitting algorithm numerically determines their coefficients to obtain the desired wavefront modulation. We illustrate the technique with an optically addressed liquid-crystal light valve to produce continuous intensity distributions matching a desired ablation profile, without the need of a wavefront sensor. The projection of the experimental laser distribution shows a 5% RMS error compared to the calculated one. Ablation of steel is achieved following user-defined micro-dimples and micro-grooves targets on mold surfaces. The profiles of the microgrooves and the injected polycarbonate closely match the target (RMS below 4%).