Long-Term, Competitive Swimming and the Association with Atrial Fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Endurance exercise plays a role in cardiovascular risk reduction, but may also be a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. This study was performed to assess the prevalence of atrial fibrillation in a population of long-term, competitive swimmers compared with patients within an internal medicine clinic with known risk factors for atrial fibrillation such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension. METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized survey data comparing the prevalence of atrial fibrillation in swimmers to a general internal medicine population. A multi-national group of swimmers over the age of 60 were surveyed, and a chart review was performed on a random sample of age-matched internal medicine patients. The primary outcome was the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation. Univariate analysis was used for means of proportions of the responses, and a multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed with diagnosis of atrial fibrillation as the dependent variable. RESULTS: Forty-nine swimmers completed surveys and 100 age-matched internal medicine patients underwent chart review. Swimmers reported atrial fibrillation in 13 cases (26.5 %) compared to 7 (7 %) in the comparison group (p = 0.001). A diagnosis of hypertension or diabetes mellitus was present in 23 (46.9 %) and 1 (2 %) of the swimmers, respectively, as compared to 72 (72 %, p = 0.003) and 32 (32 %, p < 0.001) in the comparison group. Age, presence of diabetes mellitus, and swimming history were variables included in the logistic regression, in relation to atrial fibrillation. Swimming was associated with an odds ratio of 8.739 (95 % CI 2.290 to 33.344, p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term, competitive swimmers have an increased prevalence of atrial fibrillation compared to internal medicine patients, despite the higher burden of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the internal medicine group.

Olanzapine and baclofen for the treatment of intractable hiccups.

Intractable hiccups are a relatively uncommon condition characterized by involuntary, spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm. This type of hiccups generally has a duration of more than 1 month. We describe a 59-year-old kidney transplant recipient with a complicated medical history (atrial fibrillation, chronic renal failure, type 2 diabetes mellitus, gastroesophageal reflux, gout, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obstructive sleep apnea) who developed intractable hiccups that significantly affected his quality of life. Despite an extensive gastrointestinal and pulmonary evaluation, and treatment failures with several different drug regimens--metoclopramide, desipramine, amantadine, cyclobenzaprine, phenytoin, and lorazepam--his hiccups were eventually controlled with a combination of baclofen and low-dose olanzapine therapy. Baclofen is a c-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analog that contains a phenylethylamine moiety. It is hypothesized that having both GABA and phenylethylamine properties activates inhibitory neurotransmitters, most notably GABA, which may in turn block the hiccup stimulus. The exact mechanism through which olanzapine is effective in patients with hiccups is not fully understood. It is thought that the effect is, in part, due to serotonin augmenting phrenic motoneuronal activity on the reflex arcs involved in the generation of hiccups within the spinal cord. In addition, since olanazapine is a dopamine antagonist, particularly a dopamine D2-receptor antagonist, this could also have played a role in its effectiveness in treating our patient. Strong evidence for a specific treatment regimen for intractable hiccups is lacking in the primary literature. Our case report adds to the available literature, as there are currently no published data on the use of combination therapy for the treatment of intractable hiccups, and the combination of baclofen and olanzapine significantly improved our patient's quality of life.

Uncontrolled and apparent treatment resistant hypertension in the United States, 1988 to 2008.

BACKGROUND: Despite progress, many hypertensive patients remain uncontrolled. Defining characteristics of uncontrolled hypertensives may facilitate efforts to improve blood pressure control. METHODS AND RESULTS: Subjects included 13,375 hypertensive adults from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANESs) subdivided into 1988 to 1994, 1999 to 2004, and 2005 to 2008. Uncontrolled hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥140/≥90 mm Hg and apparent treatment-resistant hypertension (aTRH) when subjects reported taking ≥3 antihypertensive medications. Framingham 10-year coronary risk was calculated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify clinical characteristics associated with untreated, treated uncontrolled on 1 to 2 blood pressure medications, and aTRH across all 3 survey periods. More than half of uncontrolled hypertensives were untreated across surveys, including 52.2% in 2005 to 2008. Clinical factors linked with untreated hypertension included male sex, infrequent healthcare visits (0 to 1 per year), body mass index <25 kg/m2, absence of chronic kidney disease, and Framingham 10-year coronary risk <10% (P<0.01). Most treated uncontrolled patients reported taking 1 to 2 blood pressure medications, a proxy for therapeutic inertia. This group was older, had higher Framingham 10-year coronary risk than patients controlled on 1 to 2 medications (P<0.01), and comprised 34.4% of all uncontrolled and 72.0% of treated uncontrolled patients in 2005 to 2008. We found that aTRH increased from 15.9% (1998-2004) to 28.0% (2005-2008) of treated patients (P<0.001). Clinical characteristics associated with aTRH included ≥4 visits per year, obesity, chronic kidney disease, and Framingham 10-year coronary risk >20% (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Untreated, undertreated, and aTRH patients have consistent characteristics that could inform strategies to improve blood pressure control by decreasing untreated hypertension, reducing therapeutic inertia in undertreated patients, and enhancing therapeutic efficiency in aTRH.

Pharmaceuticals in drinking water: local analysis of the problem and finding a solution through awareness.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate public awareness of pharmaceuticals in drinking water and to develop educational efforts to promote awareness in our community. METHODS: A review of the literature was conducted to gain a full perspective of the current issue. Questionnaires, interviews, and website feedback were used to assess awareness of the problem and the most commonly used medication disposal methods. In addition, educational flyers were created to disseminate information to the public. RESULTS: The questionnaires were completed by a total of 96 respondents. Of respondents employed in health care, 72% had previous knowledge of pharmaceutical medications being found in our local (Charleston, SC) water supply, and of respondents not employed in health care, 54% had previous knowledge. For those with previous knowledge, 7% disposed of medications in the toilet or sink, 38% used the trash, and 36% used multiple methods. Of respondents indicating no previous knowledge, 3% disposed of medications in the toilet or sink, 35% used the trash, and 42% used multiple methods. CONCLUSION: Public awareness of pharmaceuticals in drinking water and educational efforts focusing on proper disposal of medications are essential in helping to reduce drinking water contamination.

Preliminary evaluation of phosphatidylethanol and alcohol consumption in patients with liver disease and hypertension.

AIMS: The goal of this preliminary study was to evaluate the relationship between blood phosphatidylethanol (PEth) and recent drinking in patients with liver disease and hypertension. METHODS: Twenty-one patients with liver disease and 21 patients with essential hypertension were recruited at an academic medical center. Alcohol consumption was estimated using validated self-report methods, and blood PEth was measured by HPLC-MS/MS at a contracted laboratory. Nonparametric comparisons were made between abstainers/light drinkers, moderate drinkers consuming between 1 and 3 drinks per day, and those drinking above this level. Regression methods were used to estimate the effects of liver disease, gender, and age on the relationship between PEth and alcohol use, and to estimate the strength of the linear relationship between PEth and drinking. RESULTS: PEth differed significantly between the three drinking groups (P < 0.001). The relationship between PEth and alcohol did not differ between hypertension and liver disease patients (P = 0.696), nor by gender and age. While there was substantial variability between subjects in the PEth concentration given a similar level of reported drinking, the amount of ethanol consumed was strongly associated with the PEth concentration (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Results support PEth measurement by HPLC-MS/MS as a promising marker of past 1- to 2-week moderate to heavy alcohol consumption in patients with and without liver disease. PEth appears useful for differentiating abstinence or light drinking from moderate to heavy consumption, but may have limited utility for differentiating moderate from heavy alcohol use.