Male-female differences in thoracic aortic diameters at presentation of acute type A aortic dissection.

Background: Acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) is a highly lethal event, associated with aortic dilatation. It is not well known if patient height, weight or sex impact the thoracic aortic diameter (TAA) at ATAAD. The study aim was to identify male-female differences in TAA at ATAAD presentation. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study analysed all adult patients who presented with ATAAD between 2007 and 2017 in two tertiary care centres and underwent contrast enhanced computed tomography (CTA) before surgery. Absolute aortic diameters were measured at the sinus of Valsalva (SoV), ascending (AA) and descending thoracic aorta (DA) using double oblique reconstruction, and indexed for body surface area (ASI) and height (AHI). Z-scores were calculated using the Campens formula. Results: In total, 59 % (181/308) of ATAAD patients had CT-scans eligible for measurements, with 82 female and 99 male patients. Females were significantly older than males (65.5 ± 12.4 years versus 60.3 ± 2.3, p = 0.024). Female patients had larger absolute AA diameters than male patients (51.0 mm [47.0-57.0] versus 49.0 mm [45.0-53.0], p = 0.023), and larger ASI and AHI at all three levels. Z-scores for the SoV and AA were significantly higher for female patients (2.99 ± 1.66 versus 1.34 ± 1.77, p < 0.001 and 5.27 [4.38-6.26] versus 4.06 [3.14-5.02], p < 0.001). After adjustment for important clinical factors, female sex remained associated with greater maximal TAA (p = 0.019). Conclusion: Female ATAAD patients had larger absolute ascending aortic diameters than males, implying a distinct timing in disease presentation or selection bias. Translational studies on the aortic wall and studies on growth patterns should further elucidate these sex differences.

The prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis after heart transplantation assessed using CT.

OBJECTIVE: Osteoporosis is frequently observed in patients after heart transplantation (HT), although the prevalence long-term post-HT is unknown. Most studies investigating bone mineral density (BD) after HT were performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. In this study BD, including the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis, was investigated using coronary computed tomography (CCT) long-term post-HT. Moreover, risk factors for abnormal BD were investigated. METHODS: All first CCT scans between February 2018 and June 2020 used for the annual screening for cardiac allograft vasculopathy were included. Retransplantations and scans with not fully imaged vertebrae were excluded. BD was measured as a mean of the BD of three consecutive thoracic vertebrae and categorized into normal BD, osteopenia or osteoporosis. Binary logistic regression was used to find determinants for an abnormal BD. Linear regression was used to explore determinants for the mean Hounsfield unit (HU) value of the BD. RESULTS: In total, 140 patients were included (median age 55.2 [42.9-64.9] years, 51 (36%) female). Time between HT and CT scan was 11.0 [7.3-16.1] years. In total, 80 (57%), 43 (31%), and 17 (12%) patients had a normal BD, osteopenia, or osteoporosis, respectively. Osteoporotic fracture or vertebrae fractures was seen in 11 (8%) patients. Determinants for an abnormal BD were recipient age (OR 1.10 (1.06-1.14), p<0.001) and prednisolone use (OR 3.75 (1.27-11.01), p=0.016). In linear regression, left ventricular assist device use pre-HT (p=0.024) and time since HT (p=0.046) were additional BD determinants. DISCUSSION: Osteopenia and osteoporosis are frequently seen on CCT post-HT. More investigation on appropriate measures to maintain a normal BD in these patients are needed.

Rationale and design of the iCORONARY trial: improving the cost-effectiveness of coronary artery disease diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: In patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD), revascularisation decisions are based mainly on the visual grading of the severity of coronary stenosis on invasive coronary angiography (ICA). However, invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR) is the current standard to determine the haemodynamic significance of coronary stenosis. Non-invasive and less-invasive imaging techniques such as computed-tomography-derived FFR (FFR-CT) and angiography-derived FFR (QFR) combine both anatomical and functional information in complex algorithms to calculate FFR. TRIAL DESIGN: The iCORONARY trial is a prospective, multicentre, non-inferiority randomised controlled trial (RCT) with a blinded endpoint evaluation. It investigates the costs, effects and outcomes of different diagnostic strategies to evaluate the presence of CAD and the need for revascularisation in patients with stable angina pectoris who undergo coronary computed tomography angiography. Those with a Coronary Artery Disease-Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS) score between 0-2 and 5 will be included in a prospective registry, whereas patients with CAD-RADS 3 or 4A will be enrolled in the RCT. The RCT consists of three randomised groups: (1) FFR-CT-guided strategy, (2) QFR-guided strategy or (3) standard of care including ICA and invasive pressure measurements for all intermediate stenoses. The primary endpoint will be the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction and repeat revascularisation) at 1 year. CLINICALTRIALS: gov-identifier: NCT04939207. CONCLUSION: The iCORONARY trial will assess whether a strategy of FFR-CT or QFR is non-inferior to invasive angiography to guide the need for revascularisation in patients with stable CAD. Non-inferiority to the standard of care implies that these techniques are attractive, less-invasive alternatives to current diagnostic pathways.

The impact of the multidisciplinary Endocarditis Team on the management of infective endocarditis.

BACKGROUND: In their latest guidelines for infective endocarditis (IE) (2015), the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) introduced the implementation of the Endocarditis Team (ET) to facilitate the management of IE. This study presents our experiences and the diagnostic and therapeutic impact of the ET on the management of IE. METHODS: From 2016-2020, data of all patients with suspected IE referred to the ET were prospectively collected. The final diagnosis was defined by the ET as either rejected, possible or definite IE. Diagnostic impact was scored as any change in initial diagnosis, the frequency of additional diagnostic tests advised by the ET and any change in diagnosis after these tests. Therapeutic impact was scored as any change in antibiotic therapy or change from conservative to invasive therapy or vice versa. RESULTS: A total of 321 patients (median age 67 [55-77] years, 71% male) were enrolled. The final diagnosis was rejected IE in 47 (15%), possible IE in 34 (11%) and definite IE in 240 (75%) patients. A change of initial diagnosis was seen in 53/321(17%) patients. Additional microbiological tests were advised in 69/321 (21%) patients, and additional imaging tests in 136/321 (42%) patients, which resulted in subsequent change in diagnosis in 23/321 (7%) patients. Any change in antibiotic treatment was advised in 135/321 (42%) patients, and change from initial conservative to additional surgical treatment in 15/321 (5%) patients. CONCLUSION: The ET had a clear impact on the therapeutic policy for patients with suspected IE and is useful in the management of this life-threatening disease. Broad implementation is warranted.

Addition of FFRct in the diagnostic pathway of patients with stable chest pain to reduce unnecessary invasive coronary angiography (FUSION) : Rationale and design for the multicentre, randomised, controlled FUSION trial.

BACKGROUND: Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is widely used in the diagnostic work-up of patients with stable chest pain. CCTA has an excellent negative predictive value, but a moderate positive predictive value for detecting coronary stenosis. Computed tomography-derived fractional flow reserve (FFRct) is a non-invasive, well-validated technique that provides functional assessment of coronary stenosis, improving the positive predictive value of CCTA. However, to determine the value of FFRct in routine clinical practice, a pragmatic randomised, controlled trial (RCT) is required. We will conduct an RCT to investigate the impact of adding FFRct analysis in the diagnostic pathway of patients with a coronary stenosis on CCTA on the rate of unnecessary invasive coronary angiography, cost-effectiveness, quality of life and clinical outcome. METHODS: The FUSION trial is a prospective, multicentre RCT that will randomise 528 patients with stable chest pain and anatomical stenosis of ≥ 50% but < 90% in at least one coronary artery of ≥ 2 mm on CCTA, to FFRct-guided care or usual care in a 1:1 ratio. Follow-up will be 1 year. The primary endpoint is the rate of unnecessary invasive coronary angiography within 90 days. CONCLUSION: The FUSION trial will evaluate the use of FFRct in stable chest pain patients from the Dutch perspective. The trial is funded by the Dutch National Health Care Institute as part of the research programme 'Potentially Promising Care' and the results will be used to assess if FFRct reimbursement should be included in the standard health care package.

Reproducibility of coronary artery calcium quantification on dual-source CT and dual-source photon-counting CT: a dynamic phantom study.

To systematically compare coronary artery calcium (CAC) quantification between conventional computed tomography (CT) and photon-counting CT (PCCT) at different virtual monoenergetic (monoE) levels for different heart rates. A dynamic (heart rates of 0, < 60, 60-75, and > 75 bpm) anthropomorphic phantom with three calcification densities was scanned using routine clinical CAC protocols with CT and PCCT. In addition to the standard clinical protocol of 70 keV, PCCT images were reconstructed at monoE levels of 72, 74, and 76 keV. CAC was quantified using Agatston, volume, and mass scores. Agatston scores 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated and compared between PCCT and CT. Volume and mass scores were compared with physical quantities. For all CAC densities, routine clinical protocol Agatston scores of static CAC were higher for PCCT compared to CT. At < 60 bpm, Agatston scores at 74 and 76 keV reconstructions were reproducible (overlapping CI) for PCCT and CT. Increased heart rates yielded different Agatston scores for PCCT in comparison with CT, for all monoE levels. Low density CAC volume scores showed the largest deviation from physical volume, with mean deviations of 59% and 77% for CT and PCCT, respectively. Overall, mass scores underestimated physical mass by 10%, 38%, and 59% for low, medium, and high density CAC, respectively. PCCT allows for reproducible Agatston scores for dynamic CAC (< 60 bpm) when reconstructed at monoE levels of 74 or 76 keV, regardless of CAC density. Deviations from physical volume and mass were, in general, large for both CT and PCCT.

Reclassification of aortic stenosis by fusion of echocardiography and computed tomography in low-gradient aortic stenosis.

BACKGROUND: The integration of computed tomography (CT)-derived left ventricular outflow tract area into the echocardiography-derived continuity equation results in the reclassification of a significant proportion of patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) into moderate AS based on aortic valve area indexed to body surface area determined by fusion imaging (fusion AVAi). The aim of this study was to evaluate AS severity by a fusion imaging technique in patients with low-gradient AS and to compare the clinical impact of reclassified moderate AS versus severe AS. METHODS: We included 359 consecutive patients who underwent transcatheter aortic valve implantation for low-gradient, severe AS at two academic institutions and created a joint database. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality and rehospitalisations for heart failure at 1 year. RESULTS: Overall, 35% of the population (n = 126) were reclassified to moderate AS [median fusion AVAi 0.70 (interquartile range, IQR 0.65-0.80) cm2/m2] and severe AS was retained as the classification in 65% [median fusion AVAi 0.49 (IQR 0.43-0.54) cm2/m2]. Lower body mass index, higher logistic EuroSCORE and larger aortic dimensions characterised patients reclassified to moderate AS. Overall, 57% of patients had a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <50%. Clinical outcome was similar in patients with reclassified moderate or severe AS. Among patients reclassified to moderate AS, non-cardiac mortality was higher in those with LVEF <50% than in those with LVEF ≥50% (log-rank p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: The integration of CT and transthoracic echocardiography to obtain fusion AVAi led to the reclassification of one third of patients with low-gradient AS to moderate AS. Reclassification did not affect clinical outcome, although patients reclassified to moderate AS with a LVEF <50% had worse outcomes owing to excess non-cardiac mortality.

18F-FDG PET/CT in Infective Endocarditis: Indications and Approaches for Standardization.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Additional imaging modalities, such as FDG-PET/CT, have been included into the workup for patients with suspected infective endocarditis, according to major international guidelines published in 2015. The purpose of this review is to give an overview of FDG-PET/CT indications and standardized approaches in the setting of suspected infective endocarditis. RECENT FINDINGS: There are two main indications for performing FDG-PET/CT in patients with suspected infective endocarditis: (i) detecting intracardiac infections and (ii) detection of (clinically silent) disseminated infectious disease. The diagnostic performance of FDG-PET/CT for intracardiac lesions depends on the presence of native valves, prosthetic valves, or implanted cardiac devices, with a sensitivity that is poor for native valve endocarditis and cardiac device-related lead infections, but much better for prosthetic valve endocarditis and cardiac device-related pocket infections. Specificity is high for all these indications. The detection of disseminated disease may also help establish the diagnosis and/or impact patient management. Based on current evidence, FDG-PET/CT should be considered for detection of disseminated disease in suspected endocarditis. Absence of intracardiac lesions on FDG-PET/CT cannot rule out native valve endocarditis, but positive findings strongly support the diagnosis. For prosthetic valve endocarditis, standard use of FDG-PET/CT is recommended because of its high sensitivity and specificity. For implanted cardiac devices, FDG-PET/CT is also recommended, but should be evaluated with careful attention to clinical context, because its sensitivity is high for pocket infections, but low for lead infections. In patients with prosthetic valves with or without additional aortic prosthesis, combination with CTA should be considered. Optimal timing of FDG-PET/CT is important, both during clinical workup and technically (i.e., post tracer injection). In addition, procedural standardization is key and encompasses patient preparation, scan acquisition, reconstruction, subsequent analysis, and clinical interpretation. The recommendations discussed here will hopefully contribute to improved standardization and enhanced performance of FDG-PET/CT in the clinical management of patients with suspected infective endocarditis.

Implementation of the 2015 European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis in the Netherlands.

Because the occurrence of infective endocarditis (IE) continues to be associated with high mortality, a working group was created by the Dutch Society of Cardiology to examine how the most recent European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for IE management could be implemented most effectively in the Netherlands. In order to investigate current Dutch IE practices, the working group conducted a country-wide survey. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that most ESC recommendations could be endorsed, albeit with some adjustments. For instance, the suggested pre-operative screening and treatment of nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus as formulated in the ESC guideline was found to be dissimilar to current Dutch practice, and was therefore made less restrictive. The recently adapted ESC diagnostic criteria for IE were endorsed, while the practical employment of the relevant diagnostic techniques was simplified in an adapted flowchart. In addition, the presence of a multidisciplinary, so-called 'endocarditis team' in tertiary centres was proposed as a quality indicator. An adapted flowchart specifically tailored to Dutch practice for microbiological diagnostic purposes was constructed. Lastly, the working group recommended the Stichting Werkgroep Antibioticabeleid (SWAB; Dutch Working Party on Antibiotic Policy) guidelines for IE treatment instead of the antibiotic regimens proposed by the ESC.

Dual-time-point FDG PET/CT imaging in prosthetic heart valve endocarditis.

PURPOSE: FDG PET/CT has been of increasing interest in the diagnostic workup of prosthetic heart valve endocarditis (PVE). Some reports advocate later imaging time points to improve the diagnostic accuracy for PVE. In this study, we compared standard and late FDG PET/CT images in patients with a clinical suspicion of PVE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen scans in 13 patients referred for FDG PET/CT for suspicion of PVE performed at standard (60 min post injection) and late (150 min post injection) time points were scored based on visual interpretation and semi-quantitatively with SUVmax and target-to-background ratio (TBR, defined as [SUVmax valve/SUVmean blood pool]). Final diagnosis was based on surgical findings in all cases of infection (n = 6) and unremarkable follow-up in all others (n = 8). RESULTS: Late images were more prone to false positive interpretation for both visual and semi-quantitative analyses. Visual analysis of the standard images yielded 1 false negative and 1 false positive result. On the late images, no scans were false negative but 5 scans were false positive. CONCLUSION: Late FDG PET/CT imaging for PVE seems prone to false positive results. Therefore, late imaging should be interpreted with caution.

Can routine chest radiography be used to diagnose mild COPD? A nested case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether mild stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be detected on chest radiography without substantial overdiagnosis. METHODS: A retrospective nested case-control study (case:control, 1:1) was performed in 783 patients scheduled for cardiothoracic surgery who underwent both spirometry and a chest radiograph preoperative. Diagnostic accuracy of chest radiography for diagnosing mild COPD was investigated using objective measurements and overall appearance specific for COPD on chest radiography. Inter-observer variability was investigated and variables with a kappa >0.40 as well as baseline characteristics were used to make a diagnostic model which was aimed at achieving a high positive predictive value (PPV). RESULTS: Twenty percent (155/783) had COPD. The PPV of overall appearance specific for COPD alone was low (37-55%). Factors in the diagnostic model were age, type of surgery, gender, distance of the right diaphragm apex to the first rib, retrosternal space, sternodiaphragmatic angle, maximum height right diaphragm (lateral view) and subjective impression of COPD (using both views). The model resulted in a PPV of 100%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 82%, sensitivity of 10% and specificity of 100% with an area under the curve of 0.811. CONCLUSIONS: Detection of mild COPD without substantial overdiagnosis was not feasible on chest radiographs in our cohort.

Imaging of pediatric great vessel stents: Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging?

BACKGROUND: Complications might occur after great vessel stent implantation in children. Therefore follow-up using imaging is warranted. PURPOSE: To determine the optimal imaging modality for the assessment of stents used to treat great vessel obstructions in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Five different large vessel stents were evaluated in an in-vitro setting. All stents were expanded to the maximal vendor recommended diameter (20mm; n = 4 or 10mm; n = 1), placed in an anthropomorphic chest phantom and imaged with a 256-slice CT-scanner. MRI images were acquired at 1.5T using a multi-slice T2-weighted turbo spin echo, an RF-spoiled three-dimensional T1-weighted Fast Field Echo and a balanced turbo field echo 3D sequence. Two blinded observers assessed stent lumen visibility (measured diameter/true diameter *100%) in the center and at the outlets of the stent. Reproducibility of diameter measurements was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient for reliability and 95% limits of agreement for agreement analysis. RESULTS: Median stent lumen visibility was 88 (IQR 86-90)% with CT for all stents at both the center and outlets. With MRI, the T2-weighted turbo spin echo sequence was preferred which resulted in 82 (78-84%) stent lumen visibility. Interobserver reliability and agreement was good for both CT (ICC 0.997, mean difference -0.51 [-1.07-0.05] mm) and MRI measurements (ICC 0.951, mean difference -0.05 [-2.52 --2.41] mm). CONCLUSION: Good in-stent lumen visibility was achievable in this in-vitro study with both CT and MRI in different great vessel stents. Overall reliability was good with clinical acceptable limits of agreement for both CT and MRI. However, common conditions such as in-stent stenosis and associated aneurysms were not tested in this in-vitro study, limiting the value of the in-vitro study.

Novel imaging strategies for the detection of prosthetic heart valve obstruction and endocarditis.

Prosthetic heart valve (PHV) dysfunction remains difficult to recognise correctly by two-dimensional (2D) transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography (TTE/TEE). ECG-triggered multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT), 18-fluorine-fluorodesoxyglucose positron emission tomography including low-dose CT (FDG-PET) and three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography (3D-TEE) may have additional value. This paper reviews the role of these novel imaging tools in the field of PHV obstruction and endocarditis.For acquired PHV obstruction, MDCT is of additional value in mechanical PHVs to differentiate pannus from thrombus as well as to dynamically study leaflet motion and opening/closing angles. For biological PHV obstruction, additional imaging is not beneficial as it does not change patient management. When performed on top of 2D-TTE/TEE, MDCT has additional value for the detection of both vegetations and pseudoaneurysms/abscesses in PHV endocarditis. FDG-PET has no complementary value for the detection of vegetations; however, it appears more sensitive in the early detection of pseudoaneurysms/abscesses. Furthermore, FDG-PET enables the detection of metastatic and primary extra-cardiac infections. Evidence for the additional value of 3D-TEE is scarce.As clinical implications are major, clinicians should have a low threshold to perform additional MDCT in acquired mechanical PHV obstruction. For suspected PHV endocarditis, both FDG-PET and MDCT have complementary value.

Semiautomatic, Quantitative Measurement of Aortic Valve Area Using CTA: Validation and Comparison with Transthoracic Echocardiography.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to develop a fast and robust (semi)automatic segmentation technique of the aortic valve area (AVA) MDCT datasets. METHODS: The algorithm starts with detection and cropping of Sinus of Valsalva on MPR image. The cropped image is then binarized and seed points are manually selected to create an initial contour. The contour moves automatically towards the edge of aortic AVA to obtain a segmentation of the AVA. AVA was segmented semiautomatically and manually by two observers in multiphase cardiac CT scans of 25 patients. Validation of the algorithm was obtained by comparing to Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE). Intra- and interobserver variability were calculated by relative differences. Differences between TTE and MDCT manual and semiautomatic measurements were assessed by Bland-Altman analysis. Time required for manual and semiautomatic segmentations was recorded. RESULTS: Mean differences from TTE were -0.19 (95% CI: -0.74 to 0.34) cm(2) for manual and -0.10 (95% CI: -0.45 to 0.25) cm(2) for semiautomatic measurements. Intra- and interobserver variability were 8.4 ± 7.1% and 27.6 ± 16.0% for manual, and 5.8 ± 4.5% and 16.8 ± 12.7% for semiautomatic measurements, respectively. CONCLUSION: Newly developed semiautomatic segmentation provides an accurate, more reproducible, and faster AVA segmentation result.

CT attenuation measurements are valuable to discriminate pledgets used in prosthetic heart valve implantation from paravalvular leakage.

OBJECTIVES: Sutures with polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) felt pledgets are commonly used in prosthetic heart valve (PHV) implantation. Paravalvular leakage can be difficult to distinguish from PTFE felt pledgets on multislice CT because both present as hyperdense structures. We assessed whether pledgets can be discriminated from contrast-enhanced solutions (blood/saline) on CT images based on attenuation difference in an ex vivo experiment and under in vivo conditions. METHODS: PTFE felt pledgets were sutured to the suture ring of a mechanical PHV and porcine aortic annulus, and immersed and scanned in four different contrast-enhanced (Ultravist®; 300 mg jopromide ml(-1)) saline concentrations (10.0, 12.0, 13.6 and 15.0 mg ml(-1)). Scanning was performed on a 256-slice scanner with eight different scan protocols with various tube voltage (100 kV, 120 kV) and tube current (400 mAs, 600 mAs, 800 mAs, 1000 mAs) settings. Attenuation of the pledgets and surrounding contrast-enhanced saline were measured. Additionally, the attenuation of pledgets and contrast-enhanced blood was measured on electrocardiography (ECG)-gated CTA scans of 19 patients with 22 PHVs. RESULTS: Ex vivo CT attenuation differences between the pledgets and contrast-enhanced solutions were larger by using higher tube voltages. CT attenuation values of the pledgets were higher than contrast-enhanced blood in patients: 420±26 Hounsfield units (mean±SD, range 383-494) and 288±41 Hounsfield units (range 202-367), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: PTFE felt pledgets have consistently higher attenuation than surrounding contrast-enhanced blood. CT attenuation measurements therefore may help to differentiate pledgets from paravalvular leakage, and detect paravalvular leakage in patients with suspected PHV dysfunction.

Simultaneous aortic and coronary assessment in abdominal aortic aneurysm patients by thoraco-abdominal 64-detector-row CT angiography: estimate of the impact on preoperative management: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the influence of information on the coronary arteries obtained from routine thoraco-abdominal CT angiography (CTA) on pre-operative clinical management in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) patients. METHODS: Twenty-eight AAA patients underwent pre-operative thoraco-abdominal electrocardiography (ECG)-gated 64-detector-row CTA to evaluate aortic pulsatility for prosthesis size matching. Retrospectively, the coronaries were reconstructed from the same data set and scored on a per segment basis for stenosis (0%, 50%) and grading confidence (poor, adequate or high). An experienced cardiologist was presented information on patient characteristics obtained from patient records and CTA findings. Suggested changes in European Society of Cardiology guidelines based patient management based on CTA information were scored. RESULTS: On CTA, 17 patients (61%) had significant coronary disease (>50% stenosis) including left main (n=4), single (n=7) and multiple (n=6) vessel disease. Grading confidence was adequate or high in 86% of proximal and middle segments. Based on CTA findings, patient management would have been changed in 4 out of the 28 patients (14%; 95% CI 1-27%) by adding coronary angiography (n=4). In five patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting previously, CT did not change management but confirmed graft patency. CONCLUSIONS: Information on coronary pathology and coronary bypass graft patency can be readily obtained from thoraco-abdominal CTA and may alter pre-operative patient management, as shown in 14% of AAA patients in our study.

Endoscopic robot-assisted extended thymectomy by subxiphoid approach with sternal lifting: feasibility in the pig.

BACKGROUND: In the search for novel approaches to thoracoscopic thymectomy we assessed the feasibility of a subxiphoid approach using computer-enhanced instruments and sternal lifting. METHODS: In 12 pigs, after lifting of the sternum, ports were placed subxiphoid (stereoscope) and in the left and right fourth intercostal space (instruments). Using computer-enhanced instruments, dissection of the thymus and anterior mediastinal fat pads was started at the diaphragm and continued cephalad. RESULTS: After setup of the robot system (23 +/- 6 min, mean +/- SD), the thymus, including both superior horns, and fat pads in the anterior mediastinum and cardiophrenic angles were dissected (109 +/- 23 min), with excellent view of the phrenic nerves. Visual inspection after sternotomy after the procedure showed all thymic and fatty tissue was removed. CONCLUSIONS: In the pig, endoscopic extended thymectomy can be safely performed by subxiphoid access using computer-enhanced instruments, sternal lifting, and three ports total.