RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops have been adopted worldwide, providing high-level protection from insect pests. Furthermore, Bt crops preserve natural enemies, promote higher yield, and economically benefit farmers. Although regional pest suppression by widespread Bt crop adoption has been observed in temperate regions, this possibility remains uncertain in tropical areas due to the high diversity of alternative hosts and mild winters. RESULTS: Evidence of regional reduction in insecticide use across areas was observed in Brazil where Cry1Ac soybean has been grown since 2013, with up to 50% reduction in the number of insecticide sprays for managing lepidopteran pests on non-Bt soybean observed at specific locations from 2012 to 2019. Pest monitoring data from four mesoregions across 5 years of commercial plantings of Cry1Ac soybean from December 2014 to July 2019 showed reduced numbers of Chrysodeixis includens moths captured in pheromone traps across years at all locations. The number of Helicoverpa spp. moths captured also was reduced at three locations. CONCLUSION: We provide evidence for regional suppression of lepidopteran pests and reduced insecticide use with the widespread adoption of Cry1Ac soybean in Brazil, bringing economic, social and environmental benefits. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Bacillus thuringiensis , Inseticidas , Mariposas , Agricultura , Animais , Bacillus thuringiensis/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Produtos Agrícolas , Endotoxinas , Proteínas Hemolisinas/genética , Controle Biológico de Vetores , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas , Glycine max/genéticaRESUMO
Widespread adoption of MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean, expressing Cry1Ac Bt protein and glyphosate tolerance, has been observed in Brazil. A proactive program was implemented to phenotypically and genotypically monitor Cry1Ac resistance in Chrysodeixis includens (Walker). Recent cases of unexpected injury in MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean were investigated and a large-scale sampling of larvae on commercial soybean fields was performed to assess the efficacy of this technology and the distribution of lepidopteran pests in Brazil. No significant shift in C. includens susceptibility to Cry1Ac was observed eight years after commercial introduction of this technology in Brazil. F2 screen results confirmed that the frequency of Cry1Ac resistance alleles remains low and stable in C. includens. Unexpected injury caused by Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) and Crocidosema aporema (Walsingham) in MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean was detected during the 2020/21 season, and studies confirmed a genetically based alteration in their susceptibility to Cry1Ac. MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean remains effective against Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner), C. includens, Chloridea virescents (Fabricius) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in Brazil. However, there is evidence of field-evolved resistance to MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean by the secondary soybean pests R. nu and C. aporema.
Assuntos
Glycine max/genética , Mariposas/genética , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas , Animais , Toxinas de Bacillus thuringiensis/genética , Brasil , Endotoxinas/genética , Proteínas Hemolisinas/genética , Resistência a Inseticidas/genética , Larva/genética , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodosRESUMO
Este estudo objetivou selecionar as linhagens de tricogramatídeos mais adequadas ao controle da lagarta falsa-medideira, Pseudoplusia includens Walker. Foram avaliados os parâmetros biológicos e a taxa de parasitismo de 11 linhagens de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, uma linhagem de Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner e uma linhagem de Trichogrammatoidea annulata De Santis, criadas em ovos de P. includens. Entre as espécies/linhagens avaliadas, a linhagem T. pretiosum RV, coletada em Rio Verde, GO, apresentou o ciclo de desenvolvimento mais rápido e a maior porcentagem de parasitismo em ovos de P. includens. Não houve diferença no parasitismo e no número de parasitóides emergidos por ovo entre as espécies e linhagens de parasitóides avaliadas. De acordo com a análise de agrupamento (cluster analysis), a linhagem RV criada em ovos de P. includens teve o melhor desempenho. Apresentou maior taxa de parasitismo, menor duração do ciclo biológico, alta sobrevivência e predominância de fêmeas, sendo a mais indicada a ser utilizada em liberações de campo visando ao controle de P. includens.
This research aimed to point out the most suitable trichogrammatid strains to control the soybean looper Pseudoplusia includes Walker. Biological parameters and parasitism ratio of 11 Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, one Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner and one Trichogrammatoidea annulata De Santis strains reared on P. includens eggs were evaluated. Among all tested strains/species, T. pretiosum strain RV, collected in Rio Verde, GO, had the fastest development cycle and the highest percentage of parasitism of P. includens eggs. There was no difference in the parasitism and in the number of parasitoid emerged per egg among the tested parasitoid species and strains. Accordingly to the cluster analysis, T. pretiosum strain RV reared on P. includens eggs had the best performance. Considering the higher parasitism rate, shorter biological cycle, higher survival and sex ratio, T. pretiosum strain RV is the most appropriated to be used in field releases aiming at P. includens control.
