Can Voice Parameters Provide Cutoff Values to Predict Dysphagia in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis?

In dysphagia assessment, along with well-defined measurements and signs, voice parameters can potentially support clinical decision as a marker, but more evidence is needed. This study aims to determine the voice parameters that can predict the risk of dysphagia and to determine optimal cutoff values in individuals with multiple sclerosis (IwMS). Seventy-six adults participated in the study, including 39 IwMS and 37 healthy individuals (HI). The study used the Dysphagia in Multiple Sclerosis Questionnaire (DYMUS), Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS), and Voice Handicap Index (VHI-10) and recorded voice samples using Praat programme. Voice recordings were taken pre- and post-swallowing. The voice parameters analysed are fundamental frequency (F0), standard deviation F0 (SD F0), jitter (local), shimmer (local), and harmonic-to-noise ratio (HNR). Roc analysis was performed to examine the diagnostic accuracy performance of the risk for dysphagia/penetration. The parameters of IwMS pre-swallowing differed significantly from those of HI on the VHI-10, DYMUS, GUSS scores, and jitter (local), shimmer (local), and HNR. IwMS but not HI exhibited significant differences in shimmer (local) and HNR between the pre- and post-swallowing measurements. In IwMS, GUSS revealed significant differences in shimmer (local) pre- and post-swallowing between the groups with and without dysphagia/penetration. In the ROC analysis results, the area under the curve (AUC) for shimmer (local) pre-swallowing was 73.1% (cutoff = 1.69); post-swallowing, it was 78.6% (cutoff = 1.57). In conclusion, IwMS can be associated with differences in shimmer (local) and HNR parameters, low quality of life-related to voice, and dysphagia/penetration risk. The AUC values for shimmer (local) in IwMS pre- and post-swallowing may help to strengthen diagnostic decisions of dysphagia risk.

Abducens Nerve Palsy in a Patient with COVID-19: A Case Report.

Numerous neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19 have been reported. However, abducens nerve palsy (ANP) associated with COVID-19 is very rare and mostly related to accompanying respiratory symptoms. Here we present a 29-year-old woman with unilateral ANP manifesting with diplopia and positive SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies, which were checked later. On admission, she had signs of viral pneumonia in thorax CT without any respiratory symptoms. Her cranial neuroimaging revealed no abnormality. Following treatment with favipiravir 2x1600 mg loading dose and then 2x600mg daily maintenance, dexamethasone 8 mg/day and enoxaparin 6000 IU/day, her CT findings recovered completely whereas her ANP only partially resolved. One week after the end of COVID-19 treatment, she also developed Herpes simplex keratitis which was successfully treated with valacyclovir. It should be kept in mind that isolated abducens nerve palsy may be the only finding of COVID-19 cases without any respiratory symptoms.

Combined Aspiration and Stent Retriever Thrombectomy for Distal Carotid Artery Occlusion Using Balloon Guide versus Non-Balloon Guide Catheter.

Background: The introduction of endovascular thrombectomy dramatically changed acute stroke management and became the standard treatment. Balloon guide catheters provide flow arrest during the clot retrieval process and have several advantages.This study aimed to compare balloon guide catheters (BGCs) versus non-balloon guide catheters (NBGCs) as a part of a combined treatment modality in patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke. Methods: This retrospective study included n = 65 patients who underwent a combined endovascular stroke treatment for distal internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion. Patients underwent aspiration and stent retriever thrombectomy with the use of BGCs (Group 1, n = 27) or NBGCs (Group 2, n = 38). Results: The groups were compared for outcomes: the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSSS) score change, successful recanalization, good functional outcome at three months, and in-hospital mortality. Conclusion: The two groups didn't differ in terms of the NIHSS score change compared to baseline (p > 0.05). Moreover, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the successful recanalization rate, three-month favorable functional outcome rate, and in-hospital mortality (p = 0.292, p = 0.952, p = 0.178), respectively. Further prospective studies with a larger number of patients and better methodology are warranted.

Drooling may be Associated with Dysphagia Symptoms in Multiple Sclerosis.

During the process of the multiple sclerosis (MS), persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) may experience drooling (sialorrhea) issues that are frequently disregarded. The exact cause of drooling in PwMS is poorly understood. This study aims to assess potential risk factors for drooling seen in PwMS. The study included 20 PwMS with drooling and 19 PwMS without drooling. The participants' sociodemographic data and clinical parameters were noted. To evaluate dysphagia, fatigue, and hypersalivation, the Dysphagia in Multiple Sclerosis Questionnaire (DYMUS), the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), and objective saliva flow rate measurement with cottons placed in Stensen ducts and under the tongue (swab test) were used, respectively. The study employed univariate and multivariate logistic regression models to identify the risk factors linked to drooling. Gender, age, disease duration, MS type, and Expanded Disability Status Scale scores did not differ between the two groups. There was a significant increase in the DYMUS and submandibular/sublingual (SM/SL) saliva flow rate values in PwMS with drooling (p = 0.009 and p = 0.019, respectively). However, in our study, hypersalivation was not observed in PwMS with or without drooling. In the univariate model, DYMUS, SM/SL saliva flow rate, and FSS were found to be risk factors for drooling in PwMS. But only DYMUS was shown to be a significant risk factor in the multivariate model obtained by the backward (Wald) elimination method (p = 0.023). Finally, our research is the first to demonstrate the relationship between drooling and the presence of dysphagia symptoms in PwMS. This is a very important study to determine the nature of drooling in PwMS. This finding shows that our study will serve as a reference for choosing the best method for drooling treatment.

Reliability and validity study of a Turkish version of the Communicative Effectiveness Survey-Revised (CES-R).

BACKGROUND: Communication of people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD) is negatively affected. For PwPD with communication difficulties, it is important to use self-assessment tools as a primary assessment approach to evaluate their perspectives on communication. It is also important to evaluate PwPDs with self-assessment scales in order to determine in which situations their communicative effectiveness is affected and to include them in the intervention plan. AIMS: To create a Turkish version of the Communicative Effectiveness Survey-Revised (CES-R), to examine its validity and reliability, and to investigate its applicability in PwPD. METHOD: The study included 106 PwPD and 106 healthy participants. The original form of the CES-R was adapted into Turkish according to international guidelines. Every participant completed the Turkish version of CES-R and the Voice Handicap Index-10 form. The adapted scale was retested 2 weeks later. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Because the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin coefficient was 0.956 in the exploratory factor analysis of the CES-R and p < 0.01 for Bartlett's Test, the data set is 'perfectly' suitable for factor analysis. In the explanatory factor analysis applied in the CES-R scale, the total explanatory ratio of the two dimensions was determined as 63.5%, and the validity condition was met. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.958 in the PwPD group and 0.955 in the control group and the scale was found to be at the 'high reliability' level. CONCLUSION: The CES-R is a valid, reliable, and useable self-assessment scale for Turkish PwPD. Furthermore, this adaptation research was developed to assess possible communication difficulties for PwPD. With this tool, difficulties in communication skills that can be identified by a comprehensive evaluation should also be studied in the intervention processes. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject Self-assessment tools are suggested as a primary use when evaluating people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD) with communication difficulties. The CES-R is one of these self-assessment scales. However, the validity and reliability study of the Communicative Effectiveness Survey-Revised (CES-R) in Turkish has not been conducted. What this paper adds to existing knowledge This study demonstrates the validity and reliability of the Turkish CES-R scale and its applicability to PwPD. Furthermore, this scale can be used in assessment procedures for possible communication difficulties for PwPD. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? The scale, which is unidimensional in the literature, was found to have two dimensions with eigenvalues > 1 in the Discovery Factor analysis in this study. The first dimension was named communication in general situations (CGS) and the second dimension was named communication in difficult situations (CDS). It is thought that this scale will be useful in research and clinics for the comprehensive assessment of PwPD with communication difficulties before and after treatment.

Comparison of Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19-Related and Unrelated Acute Stroke Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey.

Objectives: Data on the co-occurrence of stroke and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection are limited and need to be improved. In our study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical and laboratory characteristics of COVID-19-related patients admitted to our center with acute stroke and compare them with acute stroke patients without COVID-19 infection during the same period. Methods: One hundred and eighty-four patients admitted with acute stroke from March 11, 2020, to May 11, 2020, were included in the study. Demographic and clinical characteristics, work-up studies, and clinical scales including National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores were examined retrospectively. All patients diagnosed with acute stroke who were also evaluated for COVID-19 before hospitalization were divided into two groups: COVID-19-related and unrelated cases. Results: COVID-19-related and unrelated acute stroke patients had similar characteristics in terms of age, gender, and stroke risk factors. The admission NIHSS (mean NIHSS: 9.8 vs. 5.9) scores and the discharge mRS values (mean mRS: 3.9 vs. 2.4) were significantly higher in the COVID-19-related stroke group (p=0.002 and p=0.001, respectively). The prognosis of the COVID-19-related stroke group was significantly worse (69.6% vs. 39.8%) and the mortality rate (39.1% vs. 6.2%) was significantly higher than the COVID-19-unrelated stroke group (p=0.007 vs. p=0.000, respectively). The proportion of patients with large infarcts in the COVID-19-related acute ischemic stroke group was significantly higher than the one in the COVID-19-unrelated acute ischemic stroke group (57.9% vs. 21.9%, p=0.003). Conclusion: This is the first comparative study to evaluate the clinical presentation and outcome of COVID-19-related acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients in Turkey. Our results suggest that COVID-19-related acute stroke is associated with more severe clinical presentation and worse outcome. This seems to be linked to the coagulation abnormalities induced by COVID-19 infection.

Evaluation of the effects of group psychotherapy on cognitive function in patients with multiple sclerosis with cognitive dysfunction and depression.

OBJECTIVE: This study will evaluate how decreasing depression severity via group psychotherapy affects the cognitive function of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who are also diagnosed with depression and cognitive dysfunction. METHOD: MS patients completed the Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The group members diagnosed with depression and cognitive dysfunction underwent group psychotherapy for 3 months. Upon completion of psychotherapy, both tests were readministered. RESULTS: Depression and cognitive dysfunction were comorbid in 15 (13.9%) of patients. Although improvement was detected at the end of the 3-month group psychotherapy intervention, it was limited to the BDI and the Paced Auditory Test. CONCLUSION: Group psychotherapy might decrease cognitive impairment in MS patients.

Evaluation of the effects of group psychotherapy on cognitive function in patients with multiple sclerosis with cognitive dysfunction and depression / Avaliação do efeito da psicoterapia de grupo sobre as funções cognitivas de pacientes com esclerose múltipla que apresentam simultaneamente alterações cognitivas e depressão

Objective This study will evaluate how decreasing depression severity via group psychotherapy affects the cognitive function of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who are also diagnosed with depression and cognitive dysfunction. Method MS patients completed the Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The group members diagnosed with depression and cognitive dysfunction underwent group psychotherapy for 3 months. Upon completion of psychotherapy, both tests were readministered. Results Depression and cognitive dysfunction were comorbid in 15 (13.9%) of patients. Although improvement was detected at the end of the 3-month group psychotherapy intervention, it was limited to the BDI and the Paced Auditory Test. Conclusion Group psychotherapy might decrease cognitive impairment in MS patients. .

Objetivo Avaliar como a melhora da depressão grave através da psicoterapia afeta a função cognitiva de pacientes com esclerose múltipla (EM) diagnosticados com depressão e disfunção cognitiva. Método Foram aplicados a pacientes com EM o “Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Test” e o ınventário de depressão de beck (BDI). Os pacientes com depressão e disfunção cognitiva foram submetidos a psicoterapia de grupo por 3 meses. Depois desse período, foram reaplicados os mesmos testes. Resultados Depressão e disfunção cognitiva foram detectadas conjuntamente em 15 (13,9%) dos pacientes. Embora os pacientes se tivessem recuperado ao fim dos 3 meses de psicoterapia de grupo, somente através do BDI e do “Paced Auditory Test” foi possível detectar uma recuperação significativa. Conclusão Psicoterapia de grupo pode diminuir o comprometimento cognitivo em pacientes com EM. .

Resistant cyclic vomiting syndrome successfully responding to chlorpromazine.

Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is a disorder characterized by recurrent, stereotypic episodes of nausea, vomiting, and other symptoms, separated by intervals of comparative wellness. These episodes carry on for hours or days. The patient is healthy between the episodes and has no clinical finding. For the treatment of the CVS, antiemetic, antimigraine and sedative medications were used. However, in some cases CVS treatment is very difficult. We report about a young patient, who did not respond to many agents, but was succesfully treated with chlorpomazine.

Investigation of vaspin level in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: Cerebrovascular event is a clinical condition characterized by symptoms and findings pertaining to loss of focal cerebral function because of the vascular causes. Atherosclerosis has a forefront role in the pathogenesis of stroke. Inflammation has an important place in the formation of atherogenesis and atherosclerosis. Visceral adipose tissue-derived serpin (vaspin) is a new adipokine, which is identified recently, associated with obesity and diabetes and also has a proinflammatory characteristic. This study was intended to investigate the relation between vaspin and stroke and stroke and other risk factors. METHODS: A total of 50 patients with stroke, as 28 men (56%) and 22 women (44%), and a total of 50 healthy individuals, as 25 men (50%) and 25 women (50%), were enrolled in the study. Blood samples were taken in the acute period (first 48 hours) in the patient group, and serum vaspin levels were measured. Vaspin level was also measured in the control group. The association of vaspin with the lipid parameters, gender, and the severity of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis in the patient group was evaluated. Stenotic plaques in ICA were classified as normal, mild (stenosis under 50%), moderate (stenosis 50%-69%), severe (stenosis 70%-99% to preocclusion), and occlusion. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found between 2 groups in terms of age and gender (P > .05). Vaspin levels were found to be significantly higher in the patient group (164.73 ± 153.76 ng/mL) compared with the control group (116.21 ± 34.60 ng/mL) (P < .05). However, no relation was established between vaspin level and the severity of ICA stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: Vaspin levels have been shown to increase in acute ischemic stroke patients. The increased vaspin levels may vary depending on several factors in acute period of ischemic stroke.

Evaluation of sexual function in women at two stages of multiple sclerosis.

PURPOSE: In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the sexual function in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who were examined in two subgroups and compare the results to the control group with a validated questionnaire. METHODS: A total of 23 consecutive female MS patients divided into groups with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and secondary progressive MS (SPMS) and 45 healthy control subjects were included into the study. The inclusion criteria were as follows: Definite MS, age between 18 and 60 years and an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of <8. The neurologic impairment, the disability and the independence of the patient, and cognitive performances were measured, and also the effect of MS is evaluated by EDSS. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found between two groups. FSFI scores in both groups were significantly lower than the control group. Domain scores for desire, arousal, orgasm, pain, lubrication and satisfaction measured between RRMS and SPMS patients showed no significant difference. Comparing each domain score for arousal, orgasm and satisfaction revealed significantly lower scores in RRMS and SPMS patients compared to control group. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we detected statistically significant decrease in FSFI scores in two groups of MS compared to healthy controls. We could not define a difference in sexual function in different stages of MS in women and a statistically significant negative correlation between EDSS and FSFI scores in the two subgroups of MS.

The investigation of autonomic functions in patients with psoriasis.

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a common Th1-mediated skin disease whose etiology remains obscure. Loss of sweating caused by retention hyperkeratosis is seen in psoriasis plaques, which is likely to have resulted from autonomic dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: In the present study, we aimed to evaluate autonomic nervous system (ANS) functions with regard to psoriasis and to examine whether there is an underlying ANS dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty adult patients with plaque-type psoriasis and 20 healthy controls were enrolled in the present study. RESULTS In this study, R-R interval variation (RRIV) was used to evaluate the parasympathetic system. No statistically significant difference was detected when RRIV values of the patient and the control groups were evaluated during normal and deep breathing (P > 0.05). It was determined that parasympathetic activity in the patient group remained unaffected. The sympathetic skin response (SSR) method was used for the evaluation of the sympathetic system. It was found that SSR latency and amplitude values of upper and lower extremities of the patient group were prolonged in comparison to those of the control group. The change in SSR latency of the upper extremity was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05), whereas the changes in hand amplitude, foot latency, and foot amplitude values were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). It was determined that sympathetic activity in the patient group was affected. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we detected that a dysfunction was present in sympathetic nervous systems of patients with psoriasis. The parasympathetic nervous system functions were normal in patients with psoriasis.

Do polio survivors have a higher risk of epilepsy?

We planned this study to investigate the frequency of epilepsy in paralytic polio survivors. We analyzed the clinical data of 91 paralytic polio survivors. Patients who had been diagnosed with epilepsy were examined by electroencephalography and brain magnetic resonance imaging. 11 of the 91 patients had epilepsy (12%). The mean age at which the patients were exposed to acute poliomyelitis was 5.3±3.8 years (age range: 1-13). The mean age of epilepsy onset was 17±5.6 (age range: 4-25) in the epileptic patients. Our findings suggest that paralytic polio survivors may be at a higher risk for epilepsy compared to normal subjects.

An urticarial vasculitis case induced by glatiramer acetate.

Urticarial vasculitis (UV) is a disease characterized clinically by urticarial skin lesions and histologically by leukocytoclastic vasculitis caused by immunocomplex accumulation in post-capillary venules. Cases induced by various drugs such as cimetidine, diltiazem, potassium iodide, fluoxetine, and non-steroid inflammatory drugs have been reported in the literature. A 48-year-old female who developed pruritus and rash on her body 3 months after starting glatiramer acetate (GA) treatment for multiple sclerosis was diagnosed with UV after clinical and histopathological examination. This report presents the first case in the literature of UV induced by GA.

The evaluation of cognitive functions with P300 test for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in attack and stable period.

OBJECTIVES: Hypoxia, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), leads to a decrease in cerebral perfusion and an impairment of some cognitive abilities. We aimed to investigate the relation between arterial blood gas analysis (ABA) and pulmonary function test (PFT) parameters with cognitive function of COPD patients during attack and stable period. PATIENTS AND METHODS: ABA, PFT, P300 tests of 30 patients in stabilized period and 30 patients in attack, and 17 healthy controls were evaluated. RESULTS: When both COPD groups and controls were compared, it was seen that latency of P300 was shorter in the control group (p<0.001), but there was no difference between COPD groups (p>0.05). P300 amplitude measures were lower in both COPD groups than control group, but it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). When we compared the measures of attack group, we saw that arterial oxygen tension (PaO(2)), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO(2)), forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV(1)), FEV(1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) values increased (p<0.001), and P300 latency shortened (p<0.05) in attack group during stable period. P300 latency correlated significantly with PaO(2) (r=-0.557, p<0.001), SaO(2) (r=-0.424, p<0.001), FEV(1) (r=-0.441, p<0.001), FEV(1)/FVC (r=-0.477, p<0.001) values, and age (r=0.329, p<0.05). P300 amplitude is only correlated with PaO(2) (r=0.236, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Longer latency of P300 appears to be an expected sequel of COPD. P300 test can be considered as a potential objective marker of cognitive impairment.

Comparison of pain threshold, health and functional status of females with fibromyalgia and multiple sclerosis: a pilot study.

Objectives. Fibromyalgia (FM) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are known to cause disability and have an impact on physical functioning, social functioning, and emotional well-being of affected individuals. The aim of this study was to compare pressure pain threshold, health and functional status in females with FM and MS who were ambulatory. Methods. Control point scores (CPS), total myalgic scores (TMS; using an algometer), tender point (TP) counts, and chronic widespread pain were assessed in females with FM and MS and in healthy age-matched female controls. The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), and the Nottingham Health Profile were performed. The Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was used to estimate the disability status of persons with MS. Results. Fibromyalgia patients have significantly lower CPS and TMS than MS patients and controls. Multiple sclerosis patients had similar CPS but significantly lower TMS compared to controls. Tender point counts were significantly higher in FM than MS patients and controls. Patients with MS had a higher numbers of TPs with respect to controls. Chronic widespread pain was reported by only three patients with MS and these patients did not meet FM criteria for tender point counts. Fibromyalgia patients had significantly lower FIQ-first item scores than MS patients. FM patients had higher NHP section scores in pain, social isolation, emotional reaction, sleep and energy, but similar physical mobility compared to MS patients. In MS patients energy and physical mobility dimension of NHP and FIQ-first item scores correlated with EDSS (r=0.42, P=0.047, r=0.83, P=0.001, and r=0.62, P=0.001, respectively). Conclusion. This cross-sectional study warrants further research comparing FM and MS, which share a lot of clinical and psychosocial features or may coexist. Chronic pain and related fatigue, social and emotional reactions and disability seem to be important components in FM, so taking care of these components, in other words a biopsychosocial model, may improve disease outcome and quality of life not only in FM but also in MS.

Patients with multiple sclerosis have higher levels of serum ghrelin.

In addition to metabolic and neuroendocrine actions, the recently discovered hormone ghrelin has been found to have inhibitory effects on inflammatory processes. This novel finding suggests possible involvement of the peptide in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders including the inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of the present study was to evaluate serum ghrelin levels in patients with MS. Serum ghrelin levels were measured in 40 MS patients and 20 controls. Control subjects were selected from healthy individuals, matched for age, sex and BMI. Fasting plasma levels of ghrelin were determined by radioimmunoassay. Serum ghrelin level was significantly higher in MS group (226.16 +/- 35.84 pg/ml, n=40) than that in the control group (113.04 +/- 11.28 pg/ml, n=20, P<0.001). Both, relapsing remitting and secondary progressive MS patients had ghrelin levels significantly higher than controls, while there was no significant difference between the ghrelin levels of patients with these two categories of MS. This study for the first time shows that patients with MS have higher levels of ghrelin and this increase in circulating ghrelin level may function against the proinflammatory process in these patients.

Effects of exercise on visual evoked potentials.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute or habitual exercise on visual evoked potentials (VEP). The study group consisted of 9 female and 7 male volleyball players and the control group contained 9 female and 7 male students who were not involved in any sportive activity. The N75, P100, and N145 latency and amplitudes were measured before and after exercise. Intragroup comparison was made to evaluate the acute effects and intergroup comparison for the chronic effects of exercise. Significant differences were noted between athletes and the sedentary subjects in terms of pre-exercise left-N145 latencies and amplitudes and left -P100 amplitudes. Right-eye N145 latencies of inactive female subjects obtained before and after exercise were also statistically different. The results suggest that acute and habitual exercise affects the VEP responses independent from the body temperature and other physiological parameters. Small sized pre-exercise P100 amplitudes in the athletes can be attributed to the effect of rapid visual-activity-demanding sports on the central nervous system. Visual evoked potentials maybe used as neurophysiological criteria in defining the performance of an athlete.

Vitamin D deficiency and reduced bone mineral density in multiple sclerosis: effect of ambulatory status and functional capacity.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease and a major cause of disability in young adults. The aims of this study were to assess bone mass in patients with MS in comparison to healthy age- and sex-matched controls, and to evaluate factors influencing bone mineral density (BMD), and the relationship of the pain threshold at peripheral and axial sites with BMD in MS. Thirty-one patients with MS and 30 matched healthy controls participated in the study. The Kurtzke expanded disability status scale (EDSS) and the functional independence measure (FIM) were used to scale disability, mobility, and functional status. Serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels were measured. BMD was measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). MS patients had significantly lower BMD at the lumbar spine (L2-L4) and femur trochanter compared to the matched controls. BMD of the lumbar spine was nearly 1 SD lower in MS patients compared with the healthy reference population (Z scores). MS patients had significantly lower vitamin D levels (17.3 ng/ml vs 43.1 ng/ml; P < 0.001) compared to controls, and 19 patients (61%) had a serum level of vitamin D that was less than 20 ng/ml. EDSS scores in the patients were inversely correlated with proximal femur BMD but not with spinal BMD. There was a negative correlation with the cumulative steroid dose and BMD only for femur trochanter BMD. Total myalgia scores for paravertebral muscles correlated significantly with spinal BMD. In conclusion, BMD is significantly lower in MS patients than in healthy controls, vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in MS, and ambulatory status is a determinative factor for osteoporosis in MS. Patients should be encouraged to have adequate sunlight exposure and to increase their mobility. Specific strengthening exercises for hip and back muscles in MS patients would have a substantial impact on bone density, osteoporosis, fracture risk, and mobility.