Evaluation of a training program using the SBAR communication tool for caregivers managing acute respiratory distress in lung cancer patients: A pilot randomized controlled trial protocol.

Background: Family-based caregivers are increasingly important in the management of non-hospitalized lung cancer patients. However, lack of training can negatively impact care including diagnostic errors that can lead to delays in providing appropriate medical treatment. Acute respiratory failure (ARF) is common symptom of lung cancer and requires urgent intervention as well as adequate communication with healthcare professionals (HCPs) to enable appropriate decision-making and improve patient outcomes. Standardized tools such as the Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation (SBAR) tool and its French adaptation SAED, standing for Situation, Antécédent, Évaluation et Demande, are designed to facilitate communication among (HCPs).Additionally, digital interventions, such as serious games, are increasingly used to train HCPs though its use for caregivers has not been studied. This pilot study aims to assess an innovative serious game training using the SAED tool combined with standard instructions on self-efficacy for family-based caregivers of lung cancer patients when facing a simulated situation of ARF. The study also aims to examine caregivers' emotional state, quality of life, satisfaction and knowledge about the SBAR tool. Methods: A monocentric, randomized, controlled, open-label, superiority, parallel-arm trial will be conducted for 18 months with 3 mid-study assessments (NCT05839353). Family caregivers of lung cancer patients will be recruited at the University Hospital Center of Saint Pierre, Reunion Island, France. Participants will be randomized (1:1) into two groups: the experimental group receiving training using the SBAR/SAED tool and standard instructions for managing respiratory distress/dyspnea, and the control group, receiving standard instructions only. The primary outcome will be to determine perceived self-efficacy as measured by the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale. Discussion: This study will present a preliminary assessment of training family caregivers in using the SBAR/SAED tool in simulated episodes of ARF in lung cancer patients. Our findings may provide valuable insights into effective training methods for caregivers in critical home care situations and could be widely used for lung cancer management.

Use of the French National Health Data System (SNDS) in pharmacoepidemiology: A systematic review in its maturation phase.

AIM OF THE STUDY: The French National Health Data System (SNDS) comprises healthcare data that cover 99% of the population (over 67 million individuals) in France. The aim of this study was to present an overview of published pharmacoepidemiological studies using the SNDS in its maturation phase. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature review of original research articles in the Pubmed and EMBASE databases from January 2012 until August 2018. RESULTS: A total of 316 full-text articles were included, with an annual increase over the study period. Only 16 records were excluded after screening because they did not involve the SNDS but other French healthcare databases. The study design was clearly reported in only 66% of studies of which 57% were retrospective cohorts and 22% cross-sectional studies. The reported study objectives were drug utilization (65%), safety (22%) and effectiveness (9%). Almost all ATC groups were studied but the most frequent ones concerned the nervous system in 149 studies (49%), cardiovascular system drugs in 104 studies (34%) and anti-infectives for systemic use in 50 studies (16%). CONCLUSION: The SNDS is of growing interest for studies on drug use and safety, which could be conducted more in specific populations, including children, pregnant women and the elderly, as these populations are often not included in clinical trials.

Identifying individual and organizational predictors of accidental exposure to blood (AEB) among hospital healthcare workers: A longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Accidental exposure to blood (AEB) poses a risk of bloodborne infections for healthcare workers (HCWs) during hospital activities. In this study, we identified individual behavioral and organizational predictors of AEB among HCWs. METHODS: The study was a prospective, 1-year follow-up cohort study conducted in university hospitals in Paris, France. Data were collected from the Stress at Work and Infectious Risk in Patients and Caregivers (STRIPPS) study. Eligible participants included nurses, nursing assistants, midwives, and physicians from 32 randomly selected wards in 4 hospitals. AEB occurrences were reported at baseline, 4 months, 8 months, and 12 months, and descriptive statistical and multilevel risk-factor analyses were performed. RESULTS: The study included 730 HCWs from 32 wards, predominantly nurses (52.6%), nursing assistants (41.1%), physicians (4.8%), and midwives (1.5%). The incidence rate of AEB remained stable across the 4 visits. The multilevel longitudinal analysis identified several significant predictors of AEB occurrence. Individual-level predictors included younger age, occupation as nurses or midwives, irregular work schedule, rotating shifts, and lack of support from supervisors. The use of external nurses was the most significant ward-level predictor associated with AEB occurrence. CONCLUSIONS: AEBs among HCWs are strongly associated with organizational predictors, highlighting the importance of complementing infection control policies with improved staff management and targeted training. This approach can help reduce AEB occurrences and enhance workplace safety for HCWs.

Multilevel approach to individual and organisational predictors of stress and fatigue among healthcare workers of a university hospital: a longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at high risk of experiencing stress and fatigue due to the demands of their work within hospitals. Improving their physical and mental health and, in turn, the quality and safety of care requires considering factors at both individual and organisational/ward levels. Using a multicentre prospective cohort, this study aims to identify the individual and organisational predictors of stress and fatigue of HCWs in several wards from university hospitals. METHODS: Our cohort consists of 695 HCWs from 32 hospital wards drawn at random within four volunteer hospital centres in Paris-area. Three-level longitudinal analyses, accounting for repeated measures (level 1) across participants (level 2) nested within wards (level 3) and adjusted for relevant fixed and time-varying confounders, were performed. RESULTS: At baseline, the sample was composed by 384 registered nurses, 300 auxiliary nurses and 11 midwives. According to the three-level longitudinal models, some predictors were found in common for both stress and fatigue (low social support from supervisors, work overcommitment, sickness presenteeism and number of beds per ward). However, specific predictors for high level of stress (negative life events, low social support from colleagues and breaks frequently cancelled due to work overload) and fatigue (longer commuting duration, frequent use of interim staff in the ward) were also found. CONCLUSION: Our results may help identify at-risk HCWs and wards, where interventions to reduce stress and fatigue should be focused. These interventions could include manager training to favour better staff support and overall safety culture of HCWs.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and vascular liver disease: Eculizumab therapy decreases mortality and thrombotic complications.

A total of 2%-10% of patients with vascular liver disease (VLD) have paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Eculizumab reduces complement-mediated haemolytic activity in PNH. This study was aimed at assessing the impact of eculizumab on VLD outcome. Retrospective cohort of PNH patients, in Valdig registry, who had VLD diagnosed between 1997 and 2019 is considered. Eculizumab was the exposure of interest. Studied outcomes were death, venous thrombosis, bleeding, arterial ischemic event, infection, and liver-related complications. We compared survival and new thrombotic events from PNH/VLD cohort to Envie2 non-PNH cohort. Sixty-two patients (33 women), median age 35 years (28-48) and median follow-up VLD diagnosis 4.7 years (1.2-9.5), were included. Clone size was 80% (70-90), median hemoglobin concentration was 10.0 g/dl (8-11), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was 736 IU (482-1744). Forty-two patients (68%) had eculizumab; median exposure time was 40.1 [9.3-72.6] months. Mortality was significantly lower in exposed versus nonexposed period: 2.6 versus 8.7 per 100 (PY), incidence rate ratio (IRR) was 0.29, 95% CI (0.1-0.9), p = .035. Thrombosis recurrence occurred less frequently during the exposure to eculizumab: 0.5 versus 2.8 per 100 PY, IRR 0.22 (0.07-0.64). Other secondary end points (i.e., bleeding, arterial ischemic lesions, infection, and liver complications) were less common during the exposure to eculizumab, although not reaching statistical significance. Six-year thrombosis-free survival was 70%, 95% CI [0.60-0.83] for PNH cohort and 83%, 95% CI [0.70-1.00] for non-PNH Envie 2 patients, (p < .001). In conclusion, patients with PNH and VLD are at higher risk of recurrent thrombosis than non-PNH patients. Eculizumab is significantly associated with a lower mortality and less thrombotic recurrence in patients with PNH and VLD.

Meta-analyses frequently pooled different study types together: a meta-epidemiological study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the characteristics of therapeutic meta-analyses including both observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs), how these studies were combined and whether there were differences in treatment effects. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Meta-epidemiological study of meta-analyses, including both observational studies and RCTs. We searched MEDLINE for the five leading journals of each medical category according to Journal Citation Reports) and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, from 2014 to 2018 for eligible meta-analyses and extracted how observational studies and RCTs were combined and results for each study. RESULTS: Of the 102 included meta-analyses, observational studies and RCTs were combined together without a subgroup analysis in 39 (38%) and with subgroup analysis in 15 (15%); they were pooled separately for the same outcome in 11 (11%) and not for the same outcome in 9 (9%). In 28 (27%) meta-analyses, only RCTs were combined, with a qualitative description of observational studies. Treatment effect estimates did not differ between observational studies and RCTs (ratio of estimates = 0.98 [95% confidence interval 0.80-1.21]), with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 59%). CONCLUSION: Many meta-analyses, including both observational studies and RCTs pool results from both study types. Although treatment effects did not differ between them on average, we identified situations for which estimates differed.

Use of CT-SCAN score and volume measures to early identify restrictive allograft syndrome in single lung transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS) after lung transplantation (LTx) is associated with the poorer graft survival in patients with chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). Nevertheless, its diagnostic criteria have not been clearly defined after single-LTx (SLTx). Hence, we studied an SLTx cohort with CLAD to investigate the utility of both computed tomography (CT)-score/volume measures and functional spirometric criteria for the early identification of RAS in this population. METHODS: We included 51 patients with SLTx (17 RAS, 17 bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome [BOS], and 17 stable condition). The criteria for RAS diagnosis in SLTx included forced vital capacity (FVC) <80% baseline (BL) or forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) <80% BL with an FEV1/FVC ratiounchanged or >0.7 and persistent CT-scan-lung opacities. We defined 4 time points (T): T-baseline, T-onset (first CT-scan-opacities), T-follow-up, and T-last. RESULTS: In patients with RAS, the spirometric criteria for RAS at T-onset were reached in only 47% (FVC decline <80% BL [(29%] or FEV1 <80% BL/ratiounchanged or >0.7 [41%]), whereas at the same T-onset date, the graft CT-score increased to 5 (4-6) vs 1 (0-2) at baseline (p < 0.001) (CT - score ≥2 at T-onset in 100% and ΔCT - score ≥2 in 74% of patients with RAS), and the median CT-scan graft volume decreased to 1,722 ml (vs 1,796 ml at T-baseline, p = 0.003) (decreased CT-graft - volume <90% BL in 50% of patients). In contrast, in patients with BOS, CT-score/volume were unchanged at T-onset vs T-baseline (p = 0.8, p = 0.68, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the use of a simple CT-score and to a lesser extent, CT-volume measures, might allow for the early identification and/or prediction of RAS in SLTx rather than functional criteria.

A prescription support-tool for chronic management of oral antithrombotic combinations in adults based on a systematic review of international guidelines.

BACKGROUND: Oral antithrombotic (AT) drugs, which include antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies, are widely implicated in serious preventable bleeding events. Avoiding inappropriate oral AT combinations is a major concern. Numerous practical guidelines have been released; a document to enhance prescriptions of oral AT combinations for adults would be of great help. OBJECTIVE: To synthesize guidelines on the prescription of oral AT combinations in adults and to create a prescription support-tool for clinicians about chronic management (≥ one month) of oral AT combinations. METHODS: A systematic review of guidelines published between January 2012 and April 2017, in English or in French, from Trip database, Guideline International Network and PubMed, dealing with the prescription of oral ATs in adults was conducted. In-hospital management of ATs, bridging therapy and switches of ATs were not considered. Some specific topics requiring specialized follow-up (cancer, auto-immune disease, haemophilia, HIV, paediatrics and pregnancy) were excluded. Last update was made in November 2018. RESULTS: A total of 885 guidelines were identified and 70 met the eligibility criteria. A prescription support-tool summarizing medical conditions requiring chronic management of oral AT combinations in adults with drug types, dosage and duration, on a double-sided page, was provided and tested by an external committee of physicians. The lack of specific guidelines for old people (age 75 years and older) is questioned considering the specific vulnerability of this age group to serious bleedings. CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations on prescriptions about chronic management of oral AT combinations in adults were mainly consensual but dispersed in numerous guidelines according to the medical indication. We provide a prescription support-tool for clinicians. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of this tool on appropriate prescribing and the prevention of serious adverse drug events.

Association of cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein with total and phospho-tau181 protein concentrations and brain amyloid load in cognitively normal subjective memory complainers stratified by Alzheimer's disease biomarkers.

INTRODUCTION: Several neurodegenerative brain proteinopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), are associated with cerebral deposition of insoluble aggregates of α-synuclein. Previous studies reported a trend toward increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) α-synuclein (α-syn) concentrations in AD compared with other neurodegenerative diseases and healthy controls. METHODS: The pathophysiological role of CSF α-syn in asymptomatic subjects at risk of AD has not been explored. We performed a large-scale cross-sectional observational monocentric study of preclinical individuals at risk for AD (INSIGHT-preAD). RESULTS: We found a positive association between CSF α-syn concentrations and brain ß-amyloid deposition measures as mean cortical standard uptake value ratios. We demonstrate positive correlations between CSF α-syn and both CSF t-tau and p-tau181 concentrations. DISCUSSION: Animal models presented evidence, indicating that α-syn may synergistically and directly induce fibrillization of both tau and ß-amyloid. Our data indicate an association of CSF α-syn with AD-related pathophysiological mechanisms, during the preclinical phase of the disease.

Revolution of Alzheimer Precision Neurology. Passageway of Systems Biology and Neurophysiology.

The Precision Neurology development process implements systems theory with system biology and neurophysiology in a parallel, bidirectional research path: a combined hypothesis-driven investigation of systems dysfunction within distinct molecular, cellular, and large-scale neural network systems in both animal models as well as through tests for the usefulness of these candidate dynamic systems biomarkers in different diseases and subgroups at different stages of pathophysiological progression. This translational research path is paralleled by an "omics"-based, hypothesis-free, exploratory research pathway, which will collect multimodal data from progressing asymptomatic, preclinical, and clinical neurodegenerative disease (ND) populations, within the wide continuous biological and clinical spectrum of ND, applying high-throughput and high-content technologies combined with powerful computational and statistical modeling tools, aimed at identifying novel dysfunctional systems and predictive marker signatures associated with ND. The goals are to identify common biological denominators or differentiating classifiers across the continuum of ND during detectable stages of pathophysiological progression, characterize systems-based intermediate endophenotypes, validate multi-modal novel diagnostic systems biomarkers, and advance clinical intervention trial designs by utilizing systems-based intermediate endophenotypes and candidate surrogate markers. Achieving these goals is key to the ultimate development of early and effective individualized treatment of ND, such as Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer Precision Medicine Initiative (APMI) and cohort program (APMI-CP), as well as the Paris based core of the Sorbonne University Clinical Research Group "Alzheimer Precision Medicine" (GRC-APM) were recently launched to facilitate the passageway from conventional clinical diagnostic and drug development toward breakthrough innovation based on the investigation of the comprehensive biological nature of aging individuals. The APMI movement is gaining momentum to systematically apply both systems neurophysiology and systems biology in exploratory translational neuroscience research on ND.

Neoplasias anorrectales en pacientes HIV positivos / Management of anorectal neoplasms in HIV positive patients

Los avances en el tratamiento y prevención de las enfermedades oportunistas han incrementado la importancia relativa de algunos tumores como causa de morbimortalidad en pacientes HIV positivos. Objetivo: Comunicar nuestra experiencia en el manejo de neoplasias anorrectales en pacientes HIV positivos. Material y Métodos: Se revisaron retrospectivamente las historias clínicas de los pacientes HIV positivos asistidos entre enero de 1987 y diciembre de 1996. Los pacientes portadores de tumores de la región anorrectal fueron evaluados en relación a edad, sexo, factores de riesgo para la infección por HIV y antecedentes de enfermedades marcadoras. Se estudiaron el tipo de tumor, las características de presentación, la tolerancia al tratamiento antineoplásico, la morbimortalidad y la evolución temprana y alejada. Resultados: Sobre 513 pacientes que consultaron por patología anorrectal, se diagnosticaron 16 (3,1 por ciento) tumores: sarcoma de Kaposi (SK): 6, linfoma no Hodgkin (LNH): 3, carcinoma invasor de células escamosas (CCE): 3, adenocarcinoma de recto: 1, papilomatosis florida: 1, poroma ecrino maligno: 1, y enfermedad de Bowen: 1. La edad promedio fue de 33 años (rango 24-56). Todos eran homosexuales masculinos, excepto un bisexual y drogadicto endovenoso. Trece pacientes tenían SIDA. En todos los casos fueron llamativos la agresividad y rapidez del desarrollo tumoral. En los 3 pacientes sin SIDA previo la tolerancia a los tratamientos antineoplásicos convencionales fue buena, con remisión total y sin morbimortalidad atribuible a la terapia. De estos pacientes, 1 con un porocarcinoma ecrino, falleció al año con recurrencia tumoral y los otros 2, con carcinoma de ano, están vivos y libres de enfermedad neoplásica a los 6 y 8 meses. Por el contrario, 6 de los 13 pacientes con SIDA no recibieron las terapias convencionales. Las razones fueron evolución avanzada: 2, ausencia de síntomas: 2, TBC pulmonar intercurrente 1 y profunda depresión inmunológica y plaquetopenia debidos a LNH asociado: 1. El resto recibió variados tratamientos quirúrgicos, radiantes y quimioterápicos, que permitieron mejoría sintomática y control local en la evolución a corto plazo. Sin embargo, 10 pacientes fallecieron dentro del año por progresión o recurrencia tumoral y/o infecciones oportunistas intercurrentes. Conclusiones: En los últimos años hemos visto un incremento de las neoplasias anorrectales en individuos HIV positivos. El SK, el LNH y el CCE fueron los más frecuentes..

Neoplasias anorrectales en pacientes HIV positivos / Management of anorectal neoplasms in HIV positive patients

Los avances en el tratamiento y prevención de las enfermedades oportunistas han incrementado la importancia relativa de algunos tumores como causa de morbimortalidad en pacientes HIV positivos. Objetivo: Comunicar nuestra experiencia en el manejo de neoplasias anorrectales en pacientes HIV positivos. Material y Métodos: Se revisaron retrospectivamente las historias clínicas de los pacientes HIV positivos asistidos entre enero de 1987 y diciembre de 1996. Los pacientes portadores de tumores de la región anorrectal fueron evaluados en relación a edad, sexo, factores de riesgo para la infección por HIV y antecedentes de enfermedades marcadoras. Se estudiaron el tipo de tumor, las características de presentación, la tolerancia al tratamiento antineoplásico, la morbimortalidad y la evolución temprana y alejada. Resultados: Sobre 513 pacientes que consultaron por patología anorrectal, se diagnosticaron 16 (3,1 por ciento) tumores: sarcoma de Kaposi (SK): 6, linfoma no Hodgkin (LNH): 3, carcinoma invasor de células escamosas (CCE): 3, adenocarcinoma de recto: 1, papilomatosis florida: 1, poroma ecrino maligno: 1, y enfermedad de Bowen: 1. La edad promedio fue de 33 años (rango 24-56). Todos eran homosexuales masculinos, excepto un bisexual y drogadicto endovenoso. Trece pacientes tenían SIDA. En todos los casos fueron llamativos la agresividad y rapidez del desarrollo tumoral. En los 3 pacientes sin SIDA previo la tolerancia a los tratamientos antineoplásicos convencionales fue buena, con remisión total y sin morbimortalidad atribuible a la terapia. De estos pacientes, 1 con un porocarcinoma ecrino, falleció al año con recurrencia tumoral y los otros 2, con carcinoma de ano, están vivos y libres de enfermedad neoplásica a los 6 y 8 meses. Por el contrario, 6 de los 13 pacientes con SIDA no recibieron las terapias convencionales. Las razones fueron evolución avanzada: 2, ausencia de síntomas: 2, TBC pulmonar intercurrente 1 y profunda depresión inmunológica y plaquetopenia debidos a LNH asociado: 1. El resto recibió variados tratamientos quirúrgicos, radiantes y quimioterápicos, que permitieron mejoría sintomática y control local en la evolución a corto plazo. Sin embargo, 10 pacientes fallecieron dentro del año por progresión o recurrencia tumoral y/o infecciones oportunistas intercurrentes. Conclusiones: En los últimos años hemos visto un incremento de las neoplasias anorrectales en individuos HIV positivos. El SK, el LNH y el CCE fueron los más frecuentes..(AU)

Abdomen agudo quirúrgico en el sida / AIDS and acute abdomen

Se presenta la experiencia de la guardia del Hospital Fernández en el tratamiento del abdomen agudo quirúrgico de pacientes HIV y enfermedad de SIDA. Entre el 1º de enero de 1991 y el 31 de diciembre de 1993, se realizaron 34 operaciones en 32 pacientes sobre el total de 2100 laparostomías ejecutadas en el mismo período. Se analizan los criterios de diagnóstico y las operaciones efectuadas, así como la morbilidad y mortalidad de este grupo de pacientes

Abdomen agudo quirúrgico en el sida / AIDS and acute abdomen

Se presenta la experiencia de la guardia del Hospital Fernández en el tratamiento del abdomen agudo quirúrgico de pacientes HIV y enfermedad de SIDA. Entre el 1º de enero de 1991 y el 31 de diciembre de 1993, se realizaron 34 operaciones en 32 pacientes sobre el total de 2100 laparostomías ejecutadas en el mismo período. Se analizan los criterios de diagnóstico y las operaciones efectuadas, así como la morbilidad y mortalidad de este grupo de pacientes (AU)

SIDA en proctología / AIDS in proctology

Un equipo multidisciplinario ha tratado 257 pacientes de riesgo de infección por HIV en los últimos 6 años. El número de estos pacientes se ha incrementado anualmente y duplicado en el último año. El 86 por ciento pertenece al sexo masculino y la edad promedio es de 30,3 años. El grupo más numeroso esta constituido por varones homosexuales (164 pacientes, 64 por ciento ) en orden de frecuencia siguen los heterosexuales drogadictos (65 pacientes, 35 por ciento ) y los hemofílicos (28 pacientes, 11 por ciento ). Las úlceras anales y rectales constituyen la patología proctológica hallada con mayor frecuencia (105 pacientes, 41 por ciento ) siguen los condilomas acuminados (73 pacientes, 28 por ciento ) y las proctitis y proctocolitis (51 pacientes, 19 por ciento ). En los períodos avanzados de la enfermedad la patología anal es múltiple. La piel perianal esta húmeda, enrojecida por la micosis, el ano congestivo con exudado purupento, plicomas turgentes, condilomas y úlceras. Es aconsejable insistir en el tratamiento médico específico o sintomático de la patología proctológica que obtiene notables remisiones y mejora la calidad de vida y reservar la cirugía, atemperada en cuanto a la magnitud de las incisiones, para los procesos agudos y la cirugía electiva indispensable

SIDA en proctología / AIDS in proctology

Un equipo multidisciplinario ha tratado 257 pacientes de riesgo de infección por HIV en los últimos 6 años. El número de estos pacientes se ha incrementado anualmente y duplicado en el último año. El 86 por ciento pertenece al sexo masculino y la edad promedio es de 30,3 años. El grupo más numeroso esta constituido por varones homosexuales (164 pacientes, 64 por ciento ) en orden de frecuencia siguen los heterosexuales drogadictos (65 pacientes, 35 por ciento ) y los hemofílicos (28 pacientes, 11 por ciento ). Las úlceras anales y rectales constituyen la patología proctológica hallada con mayor frecuencia (105 pacientes, 41 por ciento ) siguen los condilomas acuminados (73 pacientes, 28 por ciento ) y las proctitis y proctocolitis (51 pacientes, 19 por ciento ). En los períodos avanzados de la enfermedad la patología anal es múltiple. La piel perianal esta húmeda, enrojecida por la micosis, el ano congestivo con exudado purupento, plicomas turgentes, condilomas y úlceras. Es aconsejable insistir en el tratamiento médico específico o sintomático de la patología proctológica que obtiene notables remisiones y mejora la calidad de vida y reservar la cirugía, atemperada en cuanto a la magnitud de las incisiones, para los procesos agudos y la cirugía electiva indispensable (AU)