Factors Associated With Oral Mucositis Severity in Children Who Have Received Chemotherapy.

Oral mucositis (OM) is a major complication for pediatric oncology patients undergoing cancer therapy. This paper aimed to report on the relationship between OM severity and various patient factors as well as to compare 2 scales used to assess OM severity. The severity of 68 separate episodes of OM in 47 pediatric oncology patients who had received chemotherapy was regularly assessed using the Children's International Mucositis Evaluation Scale (ChIMES) and World Health Organization (WHO) scale. The mean time from the start of the patients' chemotherapy block to the onset of OM was 8.4 days (±4.0), the median duration of OM was 7.0 days (4.0, 10.5) and median admission duration was 7.0 days (4.5, 13.5). There was a significant relationship between the severity of OM and the duration of symptoms ( P <0.001), patient's admission length ( P <0.001) and low neutrophil count. With decreasing neutrophil count, the severity of OM and number of pain medications used increased. Neutrophil count recovery coincided with resolution of OM. No significant relationship was found between OM severity and the child's cancer diagnosis. The 2 scales used to measure OM severity showed substantial agreement.

LMA® Gastro™: A paediatric experience.

The laryngeal mask airway, the LMA® Gastro™ (Teleflex Medical, Athlone, Ireland), is a novel airway device which permits upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy to be performed via a dedicated large calibre oesophageal lumen. It has been validated in adult studies, but to our knowledge, there have been no data published regarding its use in a paediatric population. Following a brief education programme, the LMA Gastro was introduced on a trial basis at our institution and made freely available. Over a four-month period, our pre-existing endoscopy audit framework captured data on a total of 55 patients who had the LMA Gastro device chosen as the primary airway for elective upper GI endoscopy. These data were collected prospectively by the treating anaesthetist and included a range of airway and endoscopy outcomes. Of the 55 patients, the LMA Gastro provided an adequate airway in 52 (94.5%). Forty-six (88.5%) were sited on first attempt, and 50 (96.2%) insertions were rated 'easy' by the anaesthetist. Aside from three insertion failures, there were no airway events. The endoscopy success rate was 100% in the 52 patients who had an LMA Gastro airway successfully inserted. First-pass oesophageal access was achieved in 51 (98%) cases, and 100% of insertions were rated 'easy' by the gastroenterologist. Despite our relative inexperience with it, the device had a high success rate for airway maintenance and oesophageal access in our paediatric patient population. In our institution, the LMA Gastro provided a useful airway option in older children undergoing elective upper GI endoscopy.

Invasive placebos in research on peripheral nerve blocks: a follow-up study.

INTRODUCTION: The Serious Harm and Morbidity "SHAM" grading system has previously been proposed to categorize the risks associated with the use of invasive placebos in peripheral nerve block research. SHAM grades range from 0 (no potential complications, eg, using standard analgesia techniques as a comparator) through to 4 (risk of major complications, eg, performing a sub-Tenon's block and injecting normal saline). A study in 2011 found that 52% of studies of peripheral nerve blocks had SHAM grades of 3 or more. METHODS: We repeated the original study by allocating SHAM grades to randomized controlled studies of peripheral nerve blocks published in English over a 22-month period. Documentation was made of the number of study participants, age, number of controls, body region, adverse events due to invasive placebos and any discussion regarding the ethics of using invasive placebos. We compared the proportion of studies with SHAM grades of 3 or more with the original study. RESULTS: In this current study, 114 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, 5 pediatric and 109 adult. The SHAM grade was ≥3 in 38 studies (33.3%), with 1494 patients in these control groups collectively. Several studies discussed their reasons for choosing a non-invasive placebo. No pediatric studies had a SHAM grade of ≥3. CONCLUSIONS: The use of invasive placebos that may be associated with serious risks in peripheral nerve block research has decreased in contemporary peripheral nerve block research.

Infant peripherally inserted central catheter insertion without general anesthesia.

BACKGROUND: Avoiding anesthesia for infant peripherally inserted central catheter insertion beyond the neonatal period has been the subject of very little research despite this being a high-risk age group. In our institution, we introduced a "Fast, Feed, and Wrap" technique, previously described for magnetic resonance imaging scans, for infants up to 6 months and weighing under 5.5 kg undergoing peripherally inserted central catheter insertion. AIMS: The aim was to report our experience using "Fast, Feed, and Wrap," in particular the success rate and proportion of qualifying infants who were managed this way. METHODS: A retrospective study was undertaken using electronic records and case notes to determine patient age, weight, indication for procedure, anesthetic technique (general anesthesia or "Fast, Feed, and Wrap"), peripherally inserted central catheter details (site of insertion, gauge, and number of lumens), and length of procedure. RESULTS: Fifty-one infants qualified for "Fast, Feed, and Wrap" over a 42-month period, 43 were attempted this way and 40 were successful. All infants were greater than 40 weeks postconceptual age at the time of peripherally inserted central catheter insertion under "Fast, Feed, and Wrap," though 26% were preterm. The average age of babies undergoing "Fast, Feed, and Wrap" was 35 days (IQR 18-55), and the median weight was 3.78 kg (IQR 3.48-4.77). CONCLUSIONS: Infants younger than 6 months and under 5.5 kg can be managed without general anesthesia for peripherally inserted central catheter insertion using a Fast, Feed, and Wrap technique.

Talking to Teens about Pain: A Modified Delphi Study of Adolescent Pain Science Education.

Background: Persistent pain is a prevalent condition that negatively influences physical, emotional, social and family functioning in adolescents. Pain science education is a promising therapy for adults, yet to be thoroughly investigated for persistent pain in adolescents. There is a need to develop suitable curricula for adolescent pain science education. Methods: An interdisciplinary meeting of 12 clinicians and researchers was held during March 2018 in Adelaide, South Australia. An a priori objective of the meeting was to identify and gain consensus on key learning objectives for adolescent pain science education using a modified-Delphi process. Results and Conclusion: Consensus was reached via a modified Delphi process for seven learning objectives to form the foundation of a curriculum: 1) Pain is a protector; 2) The pain system can become overprotective; 3) Pain is a brain output; 4) Pain is not an accurate marker of tissue state; 5) There are many potential contributors to anyone's pain; 6) We are all bioplastic and; 7) Pain education is treatment. Recommendations are made for promising areas for future research in adolescent pain science education.

Contexte: La douleur persistante est une pathologie répandue qui influence négativement le fonctionnement physique, émotionnel, social et familial chez les adolescents. L'éducation à la science de la douleur est une thérapie prometteuse pour les adultes, mais doit encore faire l'objet d'études plus approfondies en ce qui concerne la douleur persistante chez les adolescents. Il est nécessaire d'élaborer des programmes d'études appropriés pour l'éducation aux sciences de la douleur chez les adolescents.Méthodes: Une réunion interdisciplinaire de 12 cliniciens et chercheurs s'est tenue en mars 2018 à Adélaïde, en Australie du Sud. L'un des objectifs de la réunion fixé a priori était de déterminer par consensus les principaux objectifs d'apprentissage de l'éducation à la science de la douleur chez les adolescents à l'aide d'un processus Delphi modifié.Résultats et conclusion: Un processus Delphi modifié a permis d'atteindre un consensus sur les sept objectifs d'apprentissage qui devraient constituer la base d'un programme d'études : 1) La douleur est un protecteur ; 2) Le système de la douleur peut devenir surprotecteur ; 3) La douleur est un produit du cerveau; 4) La douleur n'est pas un marqueur précis de l'état des tissus ; 5) Il y a beaucoup de acteurs contributifs potentiels à la douleur de chaque personne; 6) Nous sommes biologiquement plastiques et; 7) L'éducation à la douleur est un traitement. Des recommandations sont formulées en ce qui concerne les domaines les plus prometteurs sur lesquels devraient porter les futures études en matière d'éducation des adolescents à la science de la douleur.

Fast-track surgery for uncomplicated appendicitis in children: a matched case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Standardized post-operative protocols reduce variation and enhance efficiency in patient care. Patients may benefit from these initiatives by improved quality of care. This matched case-control study investigates the effect of a multidisciplinary criteria-led discharge protocol for uncomplicated appendicitis in children. METHODS: Key protocol components included limiting post-operative antibiotics to two intravenous doses, avoidance of intravenous opioid analgesia, prompt resumption of diet, active encouragement of early ambulation and nursing staff autonomy to discharge patients that met assigned criteria. The study period was from August 2015 to February 2016. Outcomes were compared with a historical control group matched for operative approach. RESULTS: Outcomes for 83 patients enrolled to our protocol were compared with those of 83 controls. There was a 29.2% reduction in median post-operative length of stay in our protocol-based care group (19.6 versus 27.7 h; P < 0.001). The rate of discharges within 24 h improved from 12 to 42%. There was no significant difference in complication rate (4.8 versus 7.2%; P = 0.51). Mean oral morphine dose equivalent per kilogram requirement was less than half (46%) that of control group patients (P < 0.001). Mean number of ondansetron doses was also significantly lower. Projected annual direct cost savings following protocol implementation was AUD$77 057. CONCLUSION: Implementation of a criteria-led discharge protocol at our hospital decreased length of stay, reduced variation in care, preserved existing low morbidity, incurred substantial cost savings, and safely rationalized opioid and antiemetic medication. These protocols are inexpensive and offer tangible benefits that are accessible to all health care settings.

An audit of patient-controlled analgesia after appendicectomy in children.

BACKGROUND: Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is commonly used after appendicectomy in children. AIM: The aim of this study was to characterize the analgesic use of children prescribed PCA after appendicetomy, in order to rationalize future use of this modality. METHODS: We retrospectively audited all cases of acute appendicitis over a 4-year period in a single pediatric hospital, recording demographics, surgical approach, pathology, analgesia use, pain scores, and duration of PCA. We preplanned subgroup analyses for surgical approach, pathology, and intraoperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) administration. We subsequently identified a patient subgroup who were unlikely to require PCA and conducted a (2 months) prospective audit of such patients (uncomplicated appendicitis with intraoperative NSAID) having non-PCA (oral) analgesia. RESULTS: Of the 649 patients undergoing appendicectomy for acute appendicitis, 85% were prescribed an opioid PCA, 8% received an opioid infusion (younger patients), and 7% received neither PCA nor infusion. Of the 541 bolus only PCA patients, 49% had laparoscopic surgery, 36% had complicated appendicitis, and 49% received intraoperative NSAID (diclofenac). Mean (SD) duration of PCA was shorter with uncomplicated vs complicated appendicitis (21.9 ± 10.7 vs 32.8 ± 21.1 h, P < 0.001, difference in means [95% CI]: 10.9 [7.7-14.1]), and with intraoperative NSAID (23.2 ± 14.4 vs 28.4 ± 17.4 h, P < 0.001, difference in means [95% CI]: 5.2 [2.5-7.9]). There was no difference in the time to PCA cessation between laparoscopic and open approach. Morphine consumption and pain scores were lower in the early postoperative period for those patients receiving intraoperative NSAID. In the prospective audit, 44 of 69 patients had uncomplicated appendicitis. Thirty-eight of these were prescribed oral analgesia and none required any parenteral opioid or acute pain service intervention postoperatively. Parental satisfaction level was high (>90%) with oral analgesia. CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible that children with uncomplicated appendicitis given intraoperative NSAID can be successfully managed without PCA.

Effects of sevoflurane versus other general anaesthesia on emergence agitation in children.

BACKGROUND: Sevoflurane is an inhaled volatile anaesthetic that is widely used in paediatric anaesthetic practice. Since its introduction, postoperative behavioural disturbance known as emergence agitation (EA) or emergence delirium (ED) has been recognized as a problem that may occur during recovery from sevoflurane anaesthesia. For the purpose of this systematic review, EA has been used to describe this clinical entity. A child with EA may be restless, may cause self-injury or may disrupt the dressing, surgical site or indwelling devices, leading to the potential for parents to be dissatisfied with their child's anaesthetic. To prevent such outcomes, the child may require pharmacological or physical restraint. Sevoflurane may be a major contributing factor in the development of EA. Therefore, an evidence-based understanding of the risk/benefit profile regarding sevoflurane compared with other general anaesthetic agents and adjuncts would facilitate its rational and optimal use. OBJECTIVES: To compare sevoflurane with other general anaesthetic (GA) agents, with or without pharmacological or non-pharmacological adjuncts, with regard to risk of EA in children during emergence from anaesthesia. The primary outcome was risk of EA; secondary outcome was agitation score. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the following databases from the date of inception to 19 January 2013: CENTRAL, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) (EBSCOhost), Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews (EBMR) and the Web of Science, as well as the reference lists of other relevant articles and online trial registers. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomized (or quasi-randomized) controlled trials investigating children < 18 years of age presenting for general anaesthesia with or without surgical intervention. We included any study in which a sevoflurane anaesthetic was compared with any other GA, and any study in which researchers investigated adjuncts (pharmacological or non-pharmacological) to sevoflurane anaesthesia compared with no adjunct or placebo. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently searched the databases, decided on inclusion eligibility of publications, ascertained study quality and extracted data. They then resolved differences between their results by discussion. Data were entered into RevMan 5.2 for analyses and presentation. Comparisons of the risk of EA were presented as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Sevoflurane is treated as the control anaesthesia in this review. Sensitivity analyses were performed as appropriate, to exclude studies with a high risk of bias and to investigate heterogeneity. MAIN RESULTS: We included 158 studies involving 14,045 children. Interventions to prevent EA fell into two broad groups. First, alternative GA compared with sevoflurane anaesthesia (69 studies), and second, use of an adjunct with sevoflurane anaesthesia versus sevoflurane without an adjunct (100 studies). The overall risk of bias in included studies was low. The overall Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group (GRADE) assessment of the quality of the evidence was moderate to high. A wide range of EA scales were used, as were different levels of cutoff, to determine the presence or absence of EA. Some studies involved children receiving potentially inadequate or no analgesia intraoperatively during painful procedures.Halothane (RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.63, 3534 participants, high quality of evidence) and propofol anaesthesia were associated with a lower risk of EA than sevoflurane anaesthesia. Propofol was effective when used throughout anaesthesia (RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.51, 1098 participants, high quality of evidence) and when used only during the maintenance phase of anaesthesia after sevoflurane induction (RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.76, 738 participants, high quality of evidence). No clear evidence was found of an effect on risk of EA of desflurane (RR 1.46, 95% CI 0.92 to 2.31, 408 participants, moderate quality of evidence) or isoflurane (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.23, 379 participants, moderate quality of evidence) versus sevoflurane.Compared with no adjunct, effective adjuncts for reducing the risk of EA during sevoflurane anaesthesia included dexmedetomidine (RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.47, 851 participants, high quality of evidence), clonidine (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.66, 739 participants, high quality of evidence), opioids, in particular fentanyl (RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.50, 1247 participants, high quality of evidence) and a bolus of propofol (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.89, 394 participants, moderate quality of evidence), ketamine (RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.69, 231 participants, moderate quality of evidence) or midazolam (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.81, 116 participants, moderate quality of evidence) at the end of anaesthesia. Midazolam oral premedication (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.12, 370 participants, moderate quality of evidence) and parental presence at emergence (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.60, 180 participants, moderate quality of evidence) did not reduce the risk of EA.One or more factors designated as high risk of bias were noted in less than 10% of the included studies. Sensitivity analyses of these studies showed no clinically relevant changes in the risk of EA. Heterogeneity was significant with respect to these comparisons: halothane; clonidine; fentanyl; midazolam premedication; propofol 1 mg/kg bolus at end; and ketamine 0.25 mg/kg bolus at end of anaesthesia. With investigation of heterogeneity, the only clinically relevant changes to findings were seen in the context of potential pain, namely, the setting of adenoidectomy/adenotonsillectomy (propofol bolus; midazolam premedication) and the absence of a regional block (clonidine). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Propofol, halothane, alpha-2 agonists (dexmedetomidine, clonidine), opioids (e.g. fentanyl) and ketamine reduce the risk of EA compared with sevoflurane anaesthesia, whereas no clear evidence shows an effect for desflurane, isoflurane, midazolam premedication and parental presence at emergence. Therefore anaesthetists can consider several effective strategies to reduce the risk of EA in their clinical practice. Future studies should ensure adequate analgesia in the control group, for which pain may be a contributing or confounding factor in the diagnosis of EA. Regardless of the EA scale used, it would be helpful for study authors to report the risk of EA, so that this might be included in future meta-analyses. Researchers should also consider combining effective interventions as a multi-modal approach to further reduce the risk of EA.

Neuropathic pain referrals to a multidisciplinary pediatric cancer pain service.

Neuropathic pain (NP) in children with cancer is not well characterized. In a retrospective review of patient data from a 3.5-year period, we describe the prevalence of NP and the characteristics, duration of follow-up, and interventions provided for NP among patients referred to a pediatric oncology center's pain management service. Fifteen percent (66/439) of all referrals to our pain service were for NP (56/323 patients [17%]; 34 male, 22 female). The NP patient group had 1,401 clinical visits (778 inpatient visits [55.5%] and 623 outpatient visits [44.5%]). Patients with NP had a significantly greater mean number of pain visits per consultation (p = .008) and significantly more days of pain service follow-up (p < .001) than did other patients. The most common cause of NP was cancer treatment rather than the underlying malignancy. Pharmacologic management of NP was complex, often comprising three medications. Nonpharmacologic approaches were used for 57.6% of NP referrals. Neuropathic pain is less frequently encountered than non-NP in children with cancer; nevertheless, it is more difficult to treat, requiring longer follow-up, more clinical visits, complex pharmacologic management, and the frequent addition of nonpharmacologic interventions.

Prospective randomized crossover evaluation of three anesthetic regimens for painful procedures in children with cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the most effective sedation regimen for bone marrow aspiration and lumbar puncture procedures with a prospective trial of 3 combinations of sedation/analgesia. STUDY DESIGN: In this double-blind crossover study, we randomly assigned 162 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoblastic lymphoma to receive fentanyl 1 mcg/kg, fentanyl 0.5 mcg/kg, or placebo, in addition to propofol and topical anesthetic for 355 procedures. RESULTS: We found no significant differences among the 3 regimens in the frequency of pain (pain score > 0) or severe pain (pain score ≥ 5) during recovery, or a >20% increase in hemodynamic/respiratory variables during anesthesia. Treatment with fentanyl 1 mcg/kg was associated with a lower frequency of movement during procedure compared with treatment with fentanyl 0.5 mcg/kg (P = .0476) or treatment with placebo (P = .0545). The placebo group required longer time to recover (median, 18 minutes) compared with the fentanyl 0.5 mcg/kg group (median, 9 minutes) (median difference 2.0, P = .007) and the fentanyl 1 mcg/kg (median 8 minutes), (median difference 2.0, P = .15). The placebo group also required larger total dose of propofol (median 5 mg/kg) compared with that of the fentanyl 1 mcg/kg group (median, 3.5 mg/kg) and the fentanyl 0.5 mcg/kg group (median 3.5 mg/kg) (median differences 1.5, P < .00005, in both comparisons). CONCLUSION: The addition of fentanyl 1 mcg/kg to propofol for brief painful procedures reduces movement, propofol dose, and recovery time.

Parent-controlled PCA for pain management in pediatric oncology: is it safe?

Patient-controlled analgesia offers safe and effective pain control for children who can self-administer medication. Some children may not be candidates for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) unless a proxy can administer doses. The safety of proxy-administered PCA has been studied, but the safety of parent-administered PCA in children with cancer has not been reported. In this study, we compare the rate of complications in PCA by parent proxy versus PCA by clinician (nurse) proxy and self-administered PCA. Our pediatric institution's quality improvement database was reviewed for adverse events associated with PCA from 2004 through 2010. Each PCA day was categorized according to patient or proxy authorization. Data from 6151 PCA observation days were included; 61.3% of these days were standard PCA, 23.5% were parent-proxy PCA, and 15.2% were clinician-proxy PCA days. The mean duration of PCA use was 12.1 days, and the mean patient age was 12.3 years. The mean patient age was lower in the clinician-proxy (9.4 y) and parent-proxy (5.1 y) groups, respectively. The complication rate was lowest in the parent-proxy group (0.62%). We found that proxy administration of PCA by authorized parents is as safe as clinician administered and standard PCA at our pediatric institution.

A randomized controlled trial comparing the AccuVein AV300 device to standard insertion technique for intravenous cannulation of anesthetized children.

OBJECTIVES AND AIMS: To evaluate the efficacy of the AccuVein AV300 device in improving the first-time success rate of intravenous cannulation of anesthetized pediatric patients. BACKGROUND: The AccuVein AV300 device was developed to assist venepuncture and intravenous cannulation by enhancing the visibility of superficial veins. It uses infrared light to highlight hemoglobin so that blood vessels are darkly delineated against a red background. METHODS/MATERIALS: Patients were randomized to cannulation with the AccuVein AV300 device or standard insertion by experienced pediatric anesthesiologists. An observer recorded the number of skin punctures and cannulation attempts required, and the time between tourniquet application and successful cannulation or four skin punctures, whichever came first. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: There were 146 patients with a median age of 4.6 years (range, 0.18-17.1 years), 46.6% were male, 80.8% were light skin colored, and 15.7% were younger than 2 years. The first-attempt success rates were 75% (95% CI, 63.8-84.2%) using AV300 and 73% (95% CI, 61.9-81.9%) using the standard method (P = 0.85). Patients with dark or medium skin color were 0.38 times less likely to have a successful first attempt than patients with light skin color. The difference between the two treatment groups in number of skin punctures and the time to insertion was not significant. Although the AV300 was easy to use and improved visualization of the veins, we found no evidence that it was superior to the standard method of intravenous cannulation in unselected pediatric patients under anesthesia.

Phantom limb pain in young cancer-related amputees: recent experience at St Jude children's research hospital.

OBJECTIVES: This study in children and young adults having cancer-related amputation aimed to examine the incidence of phantom limb pain (PLP) in the first year after amputation and also the proportion of patients who had preamputation pain. METHODS: A retrospective review of medical records was undertaken. The proportion of patients with PLP was reported. Fisher exact test was used to examine the association between PLP and the presence of preamputation pain and between PLP and age (≤ 18 y vs. >18 y). RESULTS: Twenty-six amputations were performed on 25 patients. During the year after amputation, 76% of patients had experienced PLP at some time. After 1 year, though, only 10% still had PLP. Preamputation pain was present in 64% of patients. Although both of our patients with PLP at 1 year were young adults (older than or equal to 18 y) and both had preamputation pain, we found no statistically significant associations between age or the presence of preamputation pain with PLP. DISCUSSION: PLP after cancer-related amputation in children and young adults seems to be common but generally short lived in most patients.

Complications of anesthesia for children with malignant infantile osteopetrosis before and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

OBJECTIVES AND AIMS: The primary aim was to determine the frequency of anesthetic-related complications for patients with malignant infantile osteopetrosis (MIOP) before and after hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). The secondary aims were to describe the types of complications that occurred, to determine whether the risk of anesthetic complications was altered by HSCT, and to determine the frequency of difficult intubation. BACKGROUND: Patients with MIOP undergo HSCT, often in infancy, and anesthesia is frequently required for investigations and procedures associated with transplantation. Although MIOP has adverse implications for anesthetic management, the literature describing the anesthetic management of MIOP patients is limited. METHODS: A retrospective review of medical and anesthetic records was undertaken between November 2000 and March 2008. RESULTS: Eleven patients underwent 127 anesthetics. The overall complication rate was 11%. Before HSCT, there were 12 complications in 62 anesthetics (19.3%). After HSCT, there were two complications in 65 anesthetics (3.2%). This difference was not statistically significant. All of the complications were airway or respiratory events. Of the 26 intubations associated with anesthesia, 23 (88.5%) were easy, 1 (3.8%) was moderately difficult, and 2 (7.7%) were difficult. CONCLUSION: Complications associated with anesthesia for infants and children with MIOP having HSCT are fairly common and are usually airway or respiratory related. Difficult endotracheal intubation is also common.

Intervention steps for treating laryngospasm in pediatric patients.

BACKGROUND: Laryngospasm, a potentially life-threatening complication of anesthesia, is reported more commonly in children (17.4/1000) than in the general population (8.7/1000). However, there are no clinical data on the optimal type and sequence of therapeutic interventions. We therefore characterized the interventions used at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. METHODS: The institutional quality improvement database was reviewed to identify cases of laryngospasm that occurred from July 1999 through December 2002. Patient records were examined to determine the timing of laryngospasm, the airway management technique in use and the type of intervention used to treat the episode. RESULTS: Twenty one cases of laryngospasm occurred (1/1000) during 21 452 anesthetics delivered in the operating room (19%) or for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures outside of the operating room (81%). Episodes occurred during emergence (47.6%), induction (28.6%) and maintenance (23.8%). Thirty-eight percent of patients responded to airway repositioning and continuous positive airway pressure. Ten patients (47.6%) were given muscle relaxants and five (23.8%) were intubated. CONCLUSIONS: In the largest single-institution study to date of laryngospasm in pediatric patients, we found a rate of 1/1000 cases. Treatment followed a basic algorithm comprising continuous positive airway pressure, deepening of anesthesia, muscle relaxation and tracheal intubation.

The safety of concurrent administration of opioids via epidural and intravenous routes for postoperative pain in pediatric oncology patients.

Supplementation of epidural opioid analgesia with intravenous opioids is usually avoided because of concern about respiratory depression. However, the choice of adjunct analgesic agents for pediatric oncology patients is limited. Antipyretic drugs may mask fever in neutropenic patients, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents may exert antiplatelet effects and interact with chemotherapeutic agents. We examined the safety of concurrent use of epidural and intravenous opioids in a consecutive series of 117 epidural infusions in pediatric patients and compared our findings to those reported by other investigators. We observed a 0.85% rate of clinically significant respiratory complications. The single adverse event was associated with an error in dosage. In our experience, the supplementation of epidural opioid analgesia with intravenous opioids has been a safe method of postoperative pain control for pediatric patients with cancer.