Pathological potential of astroglia.

The pathological potential of glial cells was recognized already by Rudolf Virchow, Santiago Ramon y Cajal and Pio Del Rio-Ortega. Many functions and roles performed by astroglia in the healthy brain determine their involvement in brain diseases; as indeed any kind of brain insult does affect astrocytes, and their performance in pathological conditions, to a very large extent, determines the survival of the brain parenchyma, the degree of damage and neurological defect. Astrocytes being in general responsible for overall brain homeostasis are involved in virtually every form of brain pathology. Here we provide an overview of recent developments in identifying the role and mechanisms of the pathological potential of astroglia.

[New species of mites of the genus Ptilonyssus (Gamasina: Rhinonyssidae) isolated from Passeriformes (Aves: Passeriformes) from Russia and neighboring countries]. / Novye vidy kleshchei roda Ptilonyssus (Gamasina: Rhinonyssidae) iz vorob'inykh (Aves: Passeriformes) Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran.

Eight new species of the genus Ptilonyssus (Berl. et Troues.) (Gamasina: Rhinonyssidae) from nasal cavities of the passeriformes from territory of the former USSR are described: P. ammomani sp. n. from Ammomanus deserti (Alaudidae) collected in Turkmenistan; P. spini sp. n. from Spinus spinus (Fringillidae) of Kaliningrad district (Russia); P. ripariae sp. n. from Riparia riparia (Hirundinidae) and P. acanthopneustes sp. n. from Phylloscopus borealis (Sylviidae) collected in Tjumen district (Russia); P. pyrrhulinus sp. n. from Pyrrhula pyrrhula (Fringillidae) and P. anthi sp. n. from Anthus trivialis (Motacillidae) of Rjazan district; P. sylviicola sp. n. from Sylviae communis (Sylviidae) collected in Tatarstan; P. cyanosylviae sp. n. from Cyanosylvia svecica (Turdidae) collected from Novosibirsk district.

[New species of the Rhinonyssid mites (Gamasina: Rhinonyssidae) from birds of Russia and neighboring countries]. / Novye vidy kleshchei-rinonissid (Gamasina: Rhinonyssidae) ptits Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran.

Four new species of the nasal mite family Rhinonyssidae collected in different regions of the former USSR are described: Neonyssus (Otocorinyssus) alaudae sp. n. from Alauda arvensis L. (Alaudidae, Passeriformes) from Turkmenistan; Rhinonyssus clangulae sp. n. from Clangula hyemalis (L.) (Anatidae, Anseriformes) from Yakutia; R. marilae sp. n. from Aythya marilae L. (Anatidae, Anseriformes) from the Russian Far East; Locustellonyssus sibiricus sp. n. from Locustella certhiola (Pall.) (Sylviidae, Passeriformes) from Siberia.

[Peripheral hemodynamics and the orthostatic phenomenon in patients chronic arterial obliterative diseases of the lower extremities with severe ischemia]. / Perifericheskaia gemodinamika i ortostaticheskii fenomen u bol'nykh khronicheskimi obliteriruiushchimi zabolevaniiami arterii nizhnikh konechnostei s tiazheloi ishemiei ikh.

The authors offer a new approach to dividing patients with pain at rest into groups with stage IIIa and IIIb as they think it inappropriate to base on the values of regional arterial pressure. The above differentiation is needed because there exist qualitative differences between these stages, for instance, in stage IIIb a new factor appears --ischemic edema. The results obtained can be used for more adequate definition of the notion "critical ischemia" of the legs.

[The effect of stimulation and blockade of the dopaminergic system on the choice of behavioral strategy by rats in the shuttle box]. / Vliianie stimuliatsii i blokady dofaminergicheskoi sistemy na vybor strategii povedeniia krys v chelnochnoi kamere.

Upon stimulation and blockade of dopaminergic system of rats in the shuttle box the correlation between the strategy of escape behavior and functional state of dopaminergic system has been found. The modulatory effect of these systems on the mechanism of the adequate choice is suggested.

[The action of korazol on the defensive behavior of rats]. / Vliianie korazola na oboronitel'noe povedenie krys.

The paper shows the dependence of behavioral changes provoked by corazol on individual characteristics of the animals. The rats with high activity in the ATS demonstrated the highest response to the drugs.

[Prolonged action of tuftsin in penicillin epilepsy]. / Prolongirovannoe deistvie taftsina v usloviiakh penitsillinovoi épilepsii.

The free behaviour experiments on rats showed during the first day the tuftsin-induced (0.3 mg/kg i. p.) increment of epileptic discharge in all the structures simultaneously. Open field behaviour depended on the sequence of penicillin and tuftsin injections. The rats with tuftsin used after the epileptiformic activity has been developed showed the behaviour analogical to the penicillin-injected animals. The preventive injections of tuftsin resulted in restoration of all behavioural indications by the third day. The optimal corrective effect has been obtained with tuftsin used preventively.

[Effect of the destruction of the entorhinal region of the cortex on the conditioned reflex activity of animals]. / Vliianie razrusheniia éntorinal'noi oblasti kory na uslovnoreflektornuiu deiatel'nost' zhivotnykh.

A study was made of the influence of ablation of the entorhinal cortex on conditioned reflexes to present and trace stimuli. Ablation resulted in a long-lasting and considerable disturbance of differentiation of time macrointervals. After the operation, elaboration or restoration of the conditioned reflex to time was delayed five or six times as compared with intact animals. There was no change in the state of motor alimentary conditioned reflex to different (single or complex) present stimuli regardless of whether the ablation was performed after or before the elaboration of conditioned reflexes. Similar results were obtained in animals of different phylogenetic groups (rats and dogs).

[Rhinonyssid mites (Gamasoidea : Rhinonyssidae), parasites of rails in the area of the Lenkoran wintering site]. / Kleshchi-rinonissidy (Gamasoidea : Rhinonyssidae)--parazity pastushkovykh ptits raiona Lenkoranskoi zimovki

In birds of the order Ralliformes inhabiting the southwestern part of the Caspian Sea there were found four species of mites of the family Rhinonyssidae, parasites of the nasal cavity: Sternostoma fulicae Fain et Bafort and Rallinyssus caudistigmus Strandtmann in Fulica atra L., R. caspicus sp. n. in Gallinula chloropus (L.), R. gallinulae Fain in porphyrio polyocephalus (Lath.).

[The systematic position of mites of the genus Larinyssus Strandtmann (Gamasoidea, Rhinonyssidae), parasitizing gulls]. / O sistematicheskom polozhenii kleshchei roda Larinyssus Strandtmann (Gamasoidea, Rhinonyssidae), parazitiruiushchikh u chaikovykh ptits

A study was carried out of the variability of mited colledted from 6 species of birds as follows: Larus argentatus Pontopp., L. minutus Pall., Gelochelidon nilotica Gm., Chlidonias leucoptera (Temm.), Ch. nigra (L.) and Sterna hirundo L. Structural peculiarities characteristic of the parasites of the above species have been revealed. The mites from St. hirundo were isolated into a distinct species, Larinyssus substerna sp. n., which is most close to L. sterna Fain, 1972. The new species differs from L. sterna in a smaller size of gnathosoma and chelicerae, lesser number of hypostomal setae and the presence of pigidial shields.