Quality assessment of available Internet information on early orthodontic treatment.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the content, reliability, quality and readability of information on Internet websites about early orthodontic treatment. METHODS: The "early orthodontic treatment" search term was individually entered into four web search engines. The content quality and reliability were reviewed with DISCERN, Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA), and Health on the Net code (HONcode) tools using the contents of websites meeting predetermined criteria. The readability of websites was evaluated with Flesch Reading Facilitate Score (FRES) and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL). RESULTS: Eighty-six websites were suitable for inclusion and scoring of the 200 websites. 80.2% of websites belonged to orthodontists, 15.1% to multidisciplinary dental clinics and 4.7% to professional organizations. The mean DISCERN score of all websites (parts 1 and 2) was 27.98/75, ranging between 19 and 67. Professional organization websites had the highest scores for DISCERN criteria. Moreover, 45.3% of websites were compatible with JAMA's disclosure criterion, 7% with the currency criterion, 5.8% with the authorship criterion and 5.8% with the attribution criterion. Only three websites met all JAMA criteria, and these websites belonged to professional organizations. None of the websites had the HONcode logo. Mean FRES and FKGL were 47.6 and 11.6, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of web-based information about early orthodontic treatment is poor, and readability is insufficient. More accurate and higher quality Internet sources are required on the web.

Evaluation of the effects of different distalization systems on dentoalveolar structures in Class II malocclusions using finite element analysis.

This study aimed to evaluate the movement pattern of two different distalization systems during the distalization of the maxillary dentition from the maxillary canine to the second molar tooth and the stresses in the periodontal ligament by anchoring the mandibular dentition using the finite element analysis method. A standard three-dimensional finite element model was created that simulates the mechanics planned to be implemented with maxillary and mandibular teeth, periodontal ligaments, cortical and trabecular bones. Two different distalization mechanics were applied to this model with the Carriere Distalizer appliance (CDA) and the clear splint appliance (CSA), and two scenarios were created. The amount of displacement of the teeth from the maxillary canine to the second molar tooth was calculated, and the von Mises stress distribution in the periodontal ligament of the relevant teeth was visualized with a color scale. The current study found that the distalization movement of the CDA and the CSA after the force applied by anchoring from the mandibular dentition was similar. Although the amount of distalization obtained with the CDA is higher, it is seen that the mass movement is more significant in the CSA. The CDA and CSA showed a similar distalization pattern. The current study findings suggest that the CSA can be added to the Class II distalization treatment options such as the CDA.

Does childhood maltreatment play a role in temporomandibular disorders?

The aim of this study was to find out if experiences of maltreatment in childhood have an effect on the occurrence of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). The study was conducted on 380 volunteer adults (252 females and 128 males), with a mean (SD) age of 27.63 (9.06) years. The level of TMD was assessed using the Fonseca Anamnestic Index (FAI). Childhood Trauma Questionnaires (CTQ) were completed by the participants and their marital status and educational level were recorded. FAI scores were significantly higher in females than in males. There was no statistically significant difference between gender and total CTQ score. Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference between educational status, marital status, and total CTQ score. FAI scores correlated positively with total CTQ scores in all individuals. Similarly FAI scores correlated positively with total CTQ scores in males and females. Childhood maltreatment is associated with TMDs. Dentists should be aware that possible collaboration with psychiatrists and/or psychologists when treating patients with TMD could increase the success of their treatment.

Evaluation of mandibular osseous structure in patients with mandibular asymmetry: a fractal analysis study.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effect of mandibular asymmetry on the trabecular structure of the mandible as measured through fractal analysis (FA). STUDY DESIGN: We divided a sample of 105 patients with skeletal class I occlusion, cervical vertebral maturation CS6, and skeletal vertical dimension ratios within normal limits into right asymmetric, left asymmetric, and symmetric groups. We performed FA on 6 bilateral regions of interest on panoramic radiographs of the patients and calculated the mean fractal dimension (FD) for each region. We performed the Wilcoxon signed-rank and paired t tests to compare the significance of differences in FD between sides within each group and between groups for all regions. Statistical significance was established at P < .05. RESULTS: We found statistically significant differences in mean FD values between the right and left condyles of the 2 asymmetric patient groups. The FD was greater in the left condyle of patients with right asymmetry and in the right condyle of patients with left asymmetry. The right condyle had a significantly greater FD in left asymmetric patients than in right asymmetric patients. CONCLUSIONS: The results of FA indicate that asymmetry is characterized by an increase in the mean FD of the condyle that is responsible for the asymmetry. Fractal analysis can be a valuable diagnostic technique in distinguishing trabecular differences in the condylar areas of asymmetric individuals.

Evaluation of reused orthodontic mini-implants on stability: An in-vivo study.

INTRODUCTION: During treatment, some patients may need to change the location of mini-implants (MIs). This study investigated the stability of MIs relocated to another position in the same patient using the periotest and torque device. METHODS: Twenty-nine MIs were applied randomly to 1 side of the maxillary region, and torque and periotest values were recorded. The patients were followed-up at 4-week intervals, and periotest measurements were performed at each session. After recording the torque and periotest values in the fourth session, the MIs were removed. After applying the appropriate sterilization procedure, the same MIs were relocated to the contralateral side of the patients' jaw, and distalization was achieved using a similar procedure for the group of as-received MIs. RESULTS: Negative correlations were obtained between the torque meter and periotest data for both MI groups. We observed no significant effect of the MI group on periotest measurements (P >0.05). The effect of the MI group on torque values and the interaction effect of the MI group and torque values were not statistically significant (P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to achieve similar stability values with as-received and retrieved MIs when appropriate cleaning and sterilization protocols are performed.

Obstetrician-Gynecologists' Knowledge and Awareness on Nasoalveolar Molding in Newborns with Cleft Lip and Palate.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the level of knowledge and awareness of obstetrician-gynecologists (OB-GYNs) about the presurgical orthopedic treatment of newborns with cleft lip and palate (CLP). METHODS: We conducted a 12-question survey by email to 532 OB-GYNs who were members of the Turkish Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Association. The participants were asked about their years in practice, region of practice, and knowledge of CLP and nasoalveolar molding (NAM). RESULTS: A total of 141 OB-GYNs agreed to participate and completed the survey. Fifty-nine (42%) of 141 OB-GYNs had never heard of NAM treatment in newborns with CLP. Twenty-seven percent had information about NAM, and 23% referred newborns with CLP for NAM. No statistically significant difference existed in the knowledge level about the preoperative treatment of newborns with CLP between experienced and inexperienced OB-GYNs (P > .05). CONCLUSION: The knowledge levels of OB-GYNs about NAM were insufficient. We hope that this study will provide more effective results in OB-GYNs referring newborns with CLP for NAM.

Information on the Internet about clear aligner treatment-an assessment of content, quality, and readability.

PURPOSE: The goal was to evaluate the content, quality, and readability of the information available about clear aligner treatment on the Internet. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The search terms "aligner," "clear aligner," and "Invisalign" (Align Technology, Tempe, AZ, USA) were analyzed in three search engines (Google [Google LLC, Mountain View, CA, USA], Bing [Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA], and Yahoo [Yahoo, Sunnyvale, CA, USA]). The first 50 websites for each keyword in each search engine were screened. Duplicate websites, advertisements, links to scientific articles, videos, and other irrelevant websites were excluded. The quality of the remaining websites was analyzed using the DISCERN and Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark instruments together with the Health on the Net code (HONcode, Health On the Net Foundation, Geneva, Switzerland). The readability of the websites was evaluated by the Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES) and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL). Statistical analyses were performed by one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis and Fischer's exact tests, with p < 0.05 accepted to be statistically significant. RESULTS: Among 111 evaluated websites, most belonged to multidisciplinary dental clinics (n = 49; 44.2%), followed by aligner companies (n = 26; 23.4%), orthodontists (n = 26; 23.4%), and professional organizations (n = 10; 9%). The mean DISCERN score (sections 1 and 2) for all websites was 29.95/75. The average FRES and FKGL were 55.77 and 9.74, respectively. Professional organization websites had significantly higher DISCERN scores than others (p < 0.001), and together with multidisciplinary dental clinic websites, they showed better compliance with JAMA benchmark criteria. Professional organization websites' FRES and FKGL were also higher than other websites (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the quality of web-based information about clear aligners was poor and the readability of the data was insufficient. Websites presenting high-quality data with better readability are needed for potential aligner patients.

Bullying in individuals with cleft lip and palate: A Twitter analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate bullying in individuals with cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) using Twitter analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: By using Twitter's advanced search feature, the four selected keywords; "bully", "bullying", "bullied" and "teased" were searched along with the terms "cleft lip and palate", "cleft lip" and "cleft palate", respectively. A total of 1010 tweets meeting the criteria were selected. The data were evaluated qualitatively using thematic analysis and the determination of the themes were based on this analysis. RESULTS: Most of the tweets were posted by a layperson (80.8%), while most of the tweets were categorised in the theme "criticism of bullying" (36%). The tweets were distributed according to their uploader status as irrelevant individuals (60.6%), CLP subjects (26.9%), family of CLP subjects' (12.5%). Of the 1010 tweets evaluated, 707 were identified as negative, while 90 were identified as neutral and 213 were identified as positive. No significant differences were detected in retweet and like numbers between negative, neutral and positive comments (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Twitter is an important platform, in which the bullying victims with CLP and their families feel free to share their personal experiences of being bullied and how they feel about it, while the others are standing against bullying and promoting social support for these individuals.

YouTube as a Source of Information for Craniofacial Distraction Osteogenesis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the content and quality of YouTube videos about distraction osteogenesis (DO) in the craniofacial region. METHODS: The term "distraction osteogenesis" was searched on YouTube. After sorting by relevance, 80 videos were selected from 128 search results for analysis of general characteristics, primary purpose, information reliability, audiovisual quality, global quality scale (GQS), and viewers' interaction index. Viewing rate formulae were calculated for each YouTube video. The Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: We classified 22 (27.5%) of the 80 videos as moderate/high-content and 58 (72.5%) as low-content. Most YouTube videos about DO were uploaded by doctors (45%) and information about DO was the most covered topic (61%). Videos from commercial companies had significantly higher GQS scores than videos uploaded by other groups (P = 0.040). In low-information content videos, GQS was highly correlated with the number of likes, whereas in moderate/high-content videos it was highly correlated with viewing rates. CONCLUSIONS: YouTube is insufficient source of information about DO and academic institutions have more responsibility in developing this situation and directing patients to reliable social media or Internet sources.

Quality of Information on YouTube™ about Rapid Maxillary Expansion.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the content and quality of YouTube™ videos about rapid maxillary expansion (RME). METHODS: Videos on YouTube™ were searched using the term "palatal expansion." After sorting by relevance, the final 100 videos were analyzed for video demographics, primary purpose, information reliability, audiovisual quality, and Global Quality Scale (GQS). Also, viewers' interaction index and viewing rate formulas were calculated for each YouTube™ video. Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman's correlation coefficient and Intra-class Correlation Coefficient were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: YouTube™ videos about palatal expansion were mostly uploaded by patients and their relatives (51%). The reliability of the information in the videos with a GQS value >3 was significantly higher than those with a GQS value ≤3 (4.33 vs. 1.69) (P < .001). There was an excellent correlation between information reliability and GQS in videos uploaded by orthodontists and dentistry professionals (r=0.878, P < .01). CONCLUSION: YouTube™ is currently not an appropriate source of information about RME for patients. Orthodontists should refer patients to reliable sources of information on social media platforms.

YouTube™ as a source of information on oral habits.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of oral habit videos on YouTube™. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The four keywords "Oral Habits," "Thumb Sucking," "Tongue Thrust", and "Finger Sucking" relevant terms oral habits were searched on YouTube™. The videos sorted by view count were screened and evaluated. The following exclusion criteria were defined as; non-English videos, unrelated to a topic, poor audio-video quality, and duplication. A hundred videos were analyzed for general video characteristics (number of views, likes, dislikes, number of comments, and uploaded date) the purpose of the video, information content, audio-visual quality, and viewers' interaction index. RESULTS: The top hundred videos have been viewed an average of 26,870.83 times. Most videos were uploaded by dentists (n = 29; 29.0%). Most of the videos (44.0%) were classified as having moderate general information content and 38.0% were rated as good, and 18.0% were rated as poor. Videos generally involved information about oral habits (82.0%), followed by personal experience (12.0%). The viewers' interaction index of all evaluated YouTube™ videos was 0.59. Good content videos had a significantly higher interaction index than the other groups (P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: YouTube™ videos about the oral habits are generally inadequate and patients must be recommended to view them with caution. High quality and more informative videos about oral habits in dentistry should be uploaded to YouTube™ by professionals.

"How I whiten my teeth": YouTube™ as a patient information resource for teeth whitening.

BACKGROUND: YouTube™ is the world's second most popular website after Google on the Internet. The aim of this study was to assess the quality and content of information YouTube™ videos for patients seeking information about teeth whitening. METHODS: The keyword 'teeth whitening' was searched on YouTube™. YouTube™ was filtered by the relevance, and the first 100 videos that met the inclusion criteria were evaluated. The included videos were analyzed for views, duration, time since video upload, likes/dislikes, number of comments, source, material types (dental, natural, and other). Also, video purpose was analyzed under nine categories (definition, material preparation, the procedure of application, material comparison, before/after comparison, symptoms, post-op experience, commercial, educational). Each video was classified according to the quality of information content as 'good', 'moderate', or 'poor'. The Kruskal-Wallis test, Fischer's Exact test and Spearman correlation analyses were performed. RESULTS: Most videos were uploaded by laypersons (60.0%). The definition of teeth whitening was the most commonly covered topic (74.0%), followed by the procedure of application (54.0%), and post-op experience (36.0%). Only 12% of videos were classified as having good information quality content, 53% moderate, and 35% were rated as poor information content. Poor-information content videos had a significantly higher number of viewing rates than the other groups (P = 0.002), besides the duration was significantly higher in poor-information content videos (P =0.002). There was a significant relationship between the quality of video information and material types (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: YouTube™ should not be used as a thoroughly reliable and accurate source for patient information about teeth whitening. More informative and reliable content YouTube™ videos about teeth whitening should be uploaded by professionals.

Comparison of hyoid bone positions and pharyngeal airway dimensions in different body mass index percentile adolescent subjects.

OBJECTIVE: Increased body mass index (BMI) is a growing problem worldwide and can affect medical conditions through morphological structures. The purpose of this study was to examine the hyoid bone position and pharyngeal airway dimensions on the sagittal section in different BMI percentile adolescent subjects. METHODS: Fifty-five adolescent patients were subdivided into three groups, considering their BMI percentiles: Normal-weight (16 subjects), overweight (20 subjects), and obese (19 subjects). A total of 13 linear and angular parameters of head posture angle, pharyngeal airway dimensions, and hyoid bone positions were investigated on 55 lateral cephalometric radiographs. RESULTS: Except for one hyoid bone measurement (RGN-H), there was no significant difference among groups. The RGN-H distances of obese and overweight adolescent subjects were higher than normal-weight adolescent subjects. CONCLUSION: Obese, overweight, and normal-weight adolescent subjects were likely to have similar hyoid bone position and pharyngeal airway dimensions.

YouTube as a Patient-Information Source for Cleft Lip and Palate.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the content and quality of the popular videos on YouTubeTM about the treatment of cleft lip and palate. DESIGN: Retrospective, YouTubeTM video analysis. METHODS: The 3 keywords "cleft lip and palate surgery," "cleft lip and palate treatment," and "cleft lip and palate repair" were searched on YouTubeTM. After sorted by view-count, final 50 videos were analyzed for general characteristics, primary purpose, information content, relevance, audiovisual quality, and also viewers' interaction index, and viewing rate formulas were calculated for each video. Kruskal Wallis and one-way analysis of variance tests were used to compare the video parameters between good, moderate, and poor information content videos. RESULTS: The viewing rate was significantly higher in good content videos (P = .003). Most of the videos were uploaded by a clinic (32%), a surgeon (20%), or individuals (22%) who shared their own experience. Most of the videos (54.00%) were classified as moderate general information content and 26.00% were rated as poor, and 20.00% were rated as good. Videos generally involved patient information (60.00%), followed by patient parent's experience (14.00%), and cleft lip and palate surgery (12.00%). The average viewers' interaction index of all evaluated YouTubeTM videos was 0.36. CONCLUSIONS: Although most of the videos were rated as moderate regarding the sufficiency of the information, the results of this study showed that YouTubeTM could still not be considered as a fully reliable source of information for patients on treatment of cleft lip and palate.

Comparison of mandibular cortical bone among obese, overweight, and normal weight adolescents using panoramic mandibular index and mental index.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the mental index (MI) and panoramic mandibular index (PMI) of a group of adolescent patients in different body mass index (BMI) percentile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Subjects were divided into three different groups in accordance to their BMI percentile status: normal weight (35 subjects; mean age, 14.81 ± 2.12 years), overweight (32 subjects; mean age, 14.77 ± 2.56 years), and obese (33 subjects; mean age, 14.06 ± 2.59 years) groups. Mental index (MI) and panoramic mandibular index (PMI) were assessed on panoramic radiographs. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in PMI and MI that were observed among groups (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.001, respectivel). MI and PMI are higher in overweight and obese individuals than in normal-weight. CONCLUSIONS: Mandibular cortex was found thicker in patients who are obese and overweight compared to normal weight patients. We can suggest that young obese individuals' bone structure can be take in consideration in orthodontic or dental surgical treatment planning. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dense cortical bone may cause some difficulties in orthodontic and surgical treatment. Clinicians should understand obesity and overweight-related jaw bone changes and consider these factors to treat their patients.

Does YouTube™ offer high quality information? Evaluation of accelerated orthodontics videos.

BACKGROUND: YouTube™ is the foremost source of videos of all kinds of issues. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate videos related to accelerated orthodontic treatment on YouTube™ in terms of characteristics, content, popularity and viewers' assessments. METHODS: Six keywords related to accelerated orthodontic treatment were searched on YouTube™. After sorting by view-count, all 116 videos were evaluated, and the exclusion criteria were defined as: another language than English, unrelated to the topic, poor video quality and duplication. The remaining 80 videos were analyzed for general characteristics, primary purpose, information content, audio-visual quality. Also, viewers' interaction index, and viewing rate formulas were calculated for each video. RESULTS: The final 80 videos were viewed by users for 177,328 times in total. Most videos were uploaded by an educational institution (n = 40; 50.0%), followed by orthodontists (n = 20; 25.0%). Most of the videos (51.25%) were classified as having excellent general information content, 30.00% were rated as moderate, and 18.75% were rated as poor. The videos generally involved educational content (47.50%), followed by product presentation (20.00%), and then technical details about accelerated orthodontics (11.25%). Only 6.25% of the videos (n = 5) had viewers' interaction index values of greater than 3.00. Videos with excellent content had significantly higher interaction index values than others (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: YouTube™ could be preferred as an important source for patient information about accelerated orthodontics. Reliable informative videos should be uploaded by orthodontists or dental professionals in accelerated orthodontics.

Effects of adhesive systems at different temperatures on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets.

Background. The temperature might affect the physical and mechanical properties of adhesive materials by reducing the polymerization rate. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of temperature on the shear bond strength of metallic orthodontic brackets using various adhesive resin systems. Methods. Extracted human premolar teeth were randomly assigned to 8 groups (n=10) for bonding with the two available orthodontics adhesive systems (Transbond XT and NeoBond) at different temperatures: refrigeration temperature (4°C), room temperature (20°C), human body temperature (36°C) and high temperature (55°C). The shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was assigned to the fractured orthodontic brackets. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey tests and independent t-test. Results. Transbond XT exhibited higher SBS values compared to Neobond at all the tested temperatures; however, a statistically significant difference was not observed (P>0.05). The SBS results were minimum at 4°C and maximum at 36°C in both the adhesive groups (P<0.05). Conclusion. Pre-heating orthodontic adhesives up to the body temperature prior to bonding the brackets in orthodontic treatment increased the bond strength of orthodontic brackets.

Quantitative light-induced fluorescence assessment of white spots following semi-rapid maxillary expansion.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate if the semi-rapid maxillary expansion (SRME) can cause white spot lesion (WSL) formation using quantitative light-induced fluorescence digital (QLF-D). METHODS: The SRME group comprised 15 patients (9 girls, 6 boys; 13.5 ± 1 years) who had transverse maxillary deficiency and underwent expansion with full-coverage expanders. The screw of the expanders in the SRME group was activated twice a day for the first week. After decementation at the end of the first week, the screw activation protocol was changed to 3 turns/ week. In the SRME group, the QLF-D images were captured before starting treatment and 3.18 ± 0.32 months later when the expansion treatment was completed. The control group consisted of 15 subjects (8 girls, 7 boys; mean age 14.2 ± 1.9 years) who never had orthodontic treatment. The images of the control group were obtained with 3 months interval. The images were analyzed in terms of demineralization using analysis software. RESULTS: The left central incisor was the only tooth that was affected by WSL formation in the SRME group after expansion. The left central incisor tooth's fluorescence levels were decreased and the lesion area increased significantly (p < 0.05). No significant mineralization changes occurred in the control group (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: SRME resulted in WSL formation in the left central incisor, while other teeth were not affected by demineralization. Although providing adequate oral hygiene is easier during SRME due to the removable appliance, the orthodontist should still be aware that it may cause demineralization.

Relationship between sella turcica bridging and cephalometric parameters in adolescents and young adults.

OBJECTIVES: Sella turcica bridging occurs with fusion or calcification of the anterior and posterior clinoid processes in the middle cranial region. This study aimed to compare the cephalometric parameters among normal shape, partial bridge, and total bridge of the sella turcica in adolescent and young adult subjects. METHODS: This retrospective study was performed on the lateral cephalometric radiographs of 410 Turkish adolescent and young adult subjects. The subjects were divided into three groups: normal sella turcica shape (128 females, 32 males; mean age: 17.7 ± 1.54 years), partial sella turcica bridge (129 females, 32 males; mean age: 17.8 ± 2.15 years), and total sella turcica bridge (66 females, 23 males; mean age: 18.2 ± 1.82 years). Thirteen angular and eight linear cephalometric measurements were performed using a cephalometric software program. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, and the Kruskal-Wallis test with the Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: Significant differences were found for Nperp-A distance, Nperp-Pg distance, and palatal plane-to-anterior cranial base angle among the groups (p < 0.016). There were no significant differences in the cephalometric parameters between the partial and total sella turcica bridging groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study evaluated a large amount of data for cephalometric measurements focusing on the degree of calcification of the sella turcica in adolescent and young adult subjects. The maxilla and mandible were located in a sagittally retrusive position in the partial and total sella turcica bridge subjects compared with the normal sella turcica shape subjects.

Effect of arch wire size on orthodontic reverse closing loop and retraction force in canine tooth distalization : Three-dimensional finite element analysis.

AIM: The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of different wire size reverse closing loop and retraction forces in canine tooth distalization using the finite element analysis method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Maxillary alveolar bone, maxillary first molar, second premolar and canine teeth were constructed in three dimensions along with their periodontal ligaments and standard edgewise brackets of 0.022 inch and stainless-steel reverse closing loop of 0.016â€¯× 0.022 inch and 0.019â€¯× 0.025 inch were designed. Force of 0.98 N and 1.96 N were applied to the arch wire from the posterior region of the molar tooth in the distal direction for activating the reverse closing loop. The stress distribution and displacement of the maxillary canine tooth were performed using the three-dimensional finite element analysis method. RESULTS: The maximum deformation on the canine tooth was higher in the x­, y­, and z­axes in both arch wires with 1.96 N force activation. Moreover, 1.96 N caused more stress on the canine tooth in both arch wires compared to the application of 0.98 N. In terms of von Mises stress distribution on alveolar bones, the amount of stress was higher during the application of 1.96 N than the application of 0.98 N. CONCLUSION: The finite element method is a reliable instrument which allows the effects of biomechanics applied in orthodontics to be evaluated. The finite element analysis method precisely predicted the mechanical effects of reverse closing loop of different wire sizes and different retraction forces.