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1.
Rev Panam Salud Publica ; 20(1): 9-21, 2006 Jul.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17018220

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To establish an in-hospital surveillance system for diarrhea in children under five, to estimate the burden of rotavirus-related disease, and to identify the most common rotavirus genotypes. METHODS: Included in the study were children who were hospitalized for serious complications of diarrhea in three medical care facilities in Bogotá, Barranquilla, and Cali, Colombia. A solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect rotavirus, and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was the genotyping method employed. The frequencies, central tendency, and dispersion of the variables were determined. Stratified analysis and bivariate analysis were performed by applying a chi squared test or Fisher's exact test, or a chi squared test for trends, depending on the type of data analyzed. Relative risks were established. For analyzing trends we performed linear regression and calculated correlation coefficients and P values. RESULTS: Between December 2003 and November 2004, 893 children were hospitalized in the three participating centers included in the study. Of these children, 68% were between 6 and 23 months of age; 2.7% of hospitalized patients showed clinical signs of hypovolemic shock, and 1.2% died. Only 57% of the mothers had given their children an oral rehydration solution before hospitalization. Rotavirus infection was the cause of 50% of hospitalizations (correlation coefficient [r] > 0.8) and was linked to an inability to hold down orally-ingested fluids (relative risk [RR] = 1.45; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.24 to 1.69; P < 0.0000) and to intractable vomiting (RR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.16 to 1.86; P < 0.01). Rotavirus infection led to one death per 2 000 children; 16 hospitalizations per 1 000 children, and 631 medical visits per 1 000 children. A seasonal trend was noted for G1P[8], G2P[4], and G3P[8] rotavirus genotypes, and this did not vary as a result of geographic distance or differences in temperature, humidity, and rainfall among cities. CONCLUSIONS: Rotavirus infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality from diarrhea, particularly during the first years of life, when children are more susceptible to serious complications. It is important for prevention strategies to have a high impact before 6 months of age, and vaccination against rotavirus can be a good complementary intervention strategy. No description was found in the international scientific literature of the seasonal variations in rotavirus genotypes. It is important to carry out cost-effectiveness studies in order to promote the investment of resources in accordance with population needs, and to continue surveillance activities so as to better understand how the virus behaves.


Assuntos
Diarreia Infantil/epidemiologia , Diarreia Infantil/virologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia , Diarreia Infantil/terapia , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Rotavirus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Rotavirus/complicações , Infecções por Rotavirus/terapia , Infecções por Rotavirus/virologia
2.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 20(1): 9-21, jul. 2006. graf, tab
Artigo em Espanhol, Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-436409

RESUMO

OBJETIVOS: Establecer un sistema de vigilancia intrahospitalaria de la diarrea en niños menores de 5 años, estimar la carga de la enfermedad por rotavirus e identificar los genotipos más frecuentes de rotavirus. MÉTODOS: Se incluyó en este estudio a niños hospitalizados por complicaciones graves de la diarrea en tres centros asistenciales de Santa Fe de Bogotá, Barranquilla y Cali, Colombia. Se utilizó un método de enzimoinmunoanálisis en fase sólida (ELISA) para la detección de rotavirus y un método de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcripción inversa (RT-PCR) para la genotipificación. Se determinaron las frecuencias, la tendencia central y la dispersión de las variables. Se realizó un análisis estratificado y un análisis con dos variables, mediante una prueba de la ji2 o una prueba exacta de Fisher, o una prueba de la ji2 para evaluar la tendencia, según los datos. Se establecieron los riesgos relativos. Para el análisis de la tendencia, se utilizaron la regresión lineal, los coeficientes de correlación y los valores de P. RESULTADOS: Entre diciembre de 2003 y noviembre de 2004 se hospitalizó a 893 niños en los tres centros participantes en el estudio, de los cuales el 68 por ciento tenía entre 6 y 23 meses de edad. Un 2,7 por ciento de los pacientes ingresados presentaba un cuadro de choque hipovolémico y un 1,2 por ciento falleció. Solo un 57 por ciento de las madres había administrado a sus hijos una solución de rehidratación oral antes de la hospitalización. La infección por rotavirus motivó un 50 por ciento de las hospitalizaciones (coeficiente de correlación [r] > 0,8) y se relacionó con intolerancia a la vía oral (riesgo relativo [RR] = 1,45; intervalo de confianza del 95 por ciento [IC95 por ciento]: 1,24 - 1,69; P < 0,0000) y vómito incoercible (RR = 1,47; IC95 por ciento: 1,16 - 1,86; P < 0,01). La infección por rotavirus ocasionó una muerte por cada 2 000 niños; 16 hospitalizaciones por cada 1 000 niños y 631 consultas por cada 1 000 niños. Se identificó estacionalidad en los genotipos G1P[8], G2P[4] y G3P[8] de rotavirus, que no varió a pesar de la distancia geográfica y las diferencias de temperatura, humedad y precipitación entre las tres ciudades.CONCLUSIONES: La infección por rotavirus es una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad por diarrea, especialmente en los primeros años de vida, cuando los niños están más expuestos a las complicaciones graves. Es necesario que las estrategias de prevención tengan un alto impacto antes de los 6 meses de edad. La vacunación contra el rotavirus puede ser una buena estrategia complementaria de intervención. No se encontró en la literatura internacional ninguna descripción anterior de la estacionalidad de los genotipos de rotavirus. Es importante hacer estudios de costo-efectividad para favorecer la inversión de recursos según las necesidades de la población y continuar la vigilancia para ampliar el conocimiento del comportamiento de este virus.


OBJECTIVES: To establish an in-hospital surveillance system for diarrhea in children under five, to estimate the burden of rotavirus-related disease, and to identify the most common rotavirus genotypes. METHODS: Included in the study were children who were hospitalized for serious complications of diarrhea in three medical care facilities in Bogotá, Barranquilla, and Cali, Colombia. A solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect rotavirus, and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was the genotyping method employed. The frequencies, central tendency, and dispersion of the variables were determined. Stratified analysis and bivariate analysis were performed by applying a chi squared test or Fisher's exact test, or a chi squared test for trends, depending on the type of data analyzed. Relative risks were established. For analyzing trends we performed linear regression and calculated correlation coefficients and P values. RESULTS: Between December 2003 and November 2004, 893 children were hospitalized in the three participating centers included in the study. Of these children, 68 percent were between 6 and 23 months of age; 2.7 percent of hospitalized patients showed clinical signs of hypovolemic shock, and 1.2 percent died. Only 57 percent of the mothers had given their children an oral rehydration solution before hospitalization. Rotavirus infection was the cause of 50 percent of hospitalizations (correlation coefficient [r] > 0.8) and was linked to an inability to hold down orally-ingested fluids (relative risk [RR] = 1.45; 95 percent confidence interval [95 percent CI]: 1.24 to 1.69; P < 0.0000) and to intractable vomiting (RR = 1.47; 95 percent CI: 1.16 to 1.86; P < 0.01). Rotavirus infection led to one death per 2 000 children; 16 hospitalizations per 1 000 children, and 631 medical visits per 1 000 children. A seasonal trend was noted for G1P[8], G2P[4], and G3P[8] rotavirus genotypes, and this did not vary as a result of geographic distance or differences in temperature, humidity, and rainfall among cities.CONCLUSIONS: Rotavirus infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality from diarrhea, particularly during the first years of life, when children are more susceptible to serious complications. It is important for prevention strategies to have a high impact before 6 months of age, and vaccination against rotavirus can be a good complementary intervention strategy. No description was found in the international scientific literature of the seasonal variations in rotavirus genotypes. It is important to carry out cost-effectiveness studies in order to promote the investment of resources in accordance with population needs, and to continue surveillance activities so as to better understand how the virus behaves.


Assuntos
Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Diarreia Infantil/epidemiologia , Diarreia Infantil/virologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/epidemiologia , Colômbia , Diarreia Infantil/terapia , Hospitalização , Infecções por Rotavirus/complicações , Infecções por Rotavirus/terapia , Infecções por Rotavirus/virologia , Rotavirus/isolamento & purificação
3.
NOVA publ. cient ; 4(5): 82-90, jun. 2006.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-474713

RESUMO

El manejo inadecuado de los materiales y residuos peligrosos ha generado a escala mundial, un problemade contaminación de suelos, aire y agua. Entre las más severas contaminaciones se destacan las que seprodujeron y todavía se producen a causa de la extracción y el manejo del petróleo en todos los países productores de hidrocarburos. En nuestro país, el transporte de crudo y sus derivados se ha visto afectado considerablemente durante los últimos 18 años, por una permanente actividad terrorista contra los oleoductos e instalaciones petroleras. En el suelo los hidrocarburos impiden el intercambio gaseoso con la atmósfera, iniciando una serie de procesos físico-químicos simultáneos como evaporación y penetración, que dependiendo del tipo de hidrocarburo, temperatura, humedad, textura del suelo y cantidad vertida puede ser mas o menos lentos, ocasionando una mayor toxicidad, además de tener una moderada, alta o extrema salinidad, dificultando su tratamiento. Altos gradientes de salinidad pueden destruir la estructura terciaria de las proteínas, desnaturalizar enzimas y deshidratar células, lo cual es letal para muchos microorganismos usados para el tratamiento de aguas y suelos contaminados. En la presente revisión se analiza la biorremediacion como una alternativa saludable frente al deterioro progresivo de la calidad del medio ambiente por el derramamiento de crudos, ya que la esta problemática genera una amenaza real a la salud publica, así como la extinción de gran cantidad de especies vegetales y animales.


Assuntos
Poluição por Petróleo , Poluição Ambiental , Poluentes do Solo , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos
5.
Rev Panam Salud Publica ; 17(1): 6-14, 2005 Jan.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15720876

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To establish the relationship between rotavirus infection and dehydration from diarrhea in Colombian children under 5 years of age, and to identify risk factors for diarrhea with dehydration. METHODS: A case-control study was performed in an urban hospital in Bogota, Colombia, between April 2000 and February 2001. The sample was composed of 290 children of both sexes under 5 years of age; of these children, 145 of them were hospitalized for acute diarrheal disease (ADD) with dehydration (cases), and 145 had a diagnosis of ADD but no signs of dehydration (controls). All children underwent a complete physical examination. Mothers responded to a questionnaire containing items on demographic and socioeconomic variables, as well as on knowledge, attitudes, and practices with regard to hygiene, and on access to health services. RESULTS: An association was detected between diarrhea with dehydration and the presence of rotavirus in fecal samples (odds ratio [OR] = 3.46; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.71 to 7.00), birth weight < 2 600 g (OR = 7.79; 95% CI: 3.47 to 18.01), and breastfeeding for less than 3 months (OR = 3.17; 95% CI: 1.66 to 6.13). The risk of having dehydration was associated with low socioeconomic status, poor hygienic practices among the child's family members, and mother's low educational level. CONCLUSIONS: The ineffectiveness of health promotion and disease prevention activities in a population with easy access to health services set the stage for the appearance of cases of diarrhea with dehydration. Rotavirus infection plays an important role in the severity of ADD among Colombian children.


Assuntos
Desidratação/virologia , Diarreia Infantil/virologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/complicações , Rotavirus/isolamento & purificação , Doença Aguda , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Desidratação/epidemiologia , Diarreia Infantil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Mães , Saúde Pública , Fatores de Risco , Infecções por Rotavirus/epidemiologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos
9.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 22(supl.2): 425-444, dic. 2002. mapas, tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-356738

RESUMO

Colombia es un país afectado por el desplazamiento como consecuencia del conflicto armado interno; desde 1985 hasta la fecha, se estima que se han desplazado 1'500.000 personas. Con el fin de caracterizar la situación de salud de esta población altamente vulnerable y con tendencia al incremento, se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en un barrio de Cartagena entre septiembre y diciembre de 2000. El tamaño de la muestra se calculó para una precisión del 2 por ciento, 40 por ciento de prevalencia máxima esperada, efecto de diseño de 2 y 15 por ciento de pérdida de información, para un total de 1.600 encuestas de hogar. Se realizó un muestreo monoetápico con reemplazo por conglomerados. A las variables socioeconómicas, ambientales, de morbilidad por grupos de edad y salud metal se les hizo análisis univariado y se determinaron frecuencias, tendencia central y dispersión; análisis bivariado, determinando c2 o prueba exacta de Fisher y valores de p y análisis estratificado. Se encontró deterioro grave en las condiciones socioeconómicas, alta exposición a la violencia, 80 por ciento de las personas entrevistadas refirieron exposición a la violencia antes del desplazamiento y el asesinato fue la causa del 60 por ciento de las muertes reportadas por la comunidad en adolescentes y adultos durante el tiempo de estudio - pero este fenómeno afecta aún a niños menores de 4 años -, disgregación familiar, pésimas condiciones de saneamiento básico, alta prevalencia de enfermedades trazadoras en todos los grupos de edad (80 por ciento de los niños menores de 5 años referían síntomas respiratorios, 30 por ciento diarrea y 32 por ciento lesiones purulentas en piel en los 15 días anteriores a la encuesta), deserción escolar (20 por ciento de los escolares y 16 por ciento de los adolescentes), escolaridad tardía, pobre desempeño escolar, proporción importante de niños trabajadores (4 por ciento de los escolares y 20 por ciento de los adolescentes), falta de afiliación a la seguridad social (sólo 20 por ciento de los niños menores de 5 años y 50 por ciento de los adultos), poca cobertura y escaso acceso a los servicios de salud, entre muchos otros factores, que pueden actuar sinérgicamente afectando la salud física y mental de la población. Se encontró dificultad para identificar tempranamente a la población desplazada por el conflicto armado interno.


Assuntos
Conflito Psicológico , Refugiados , Perfil de Saúde , Colômbia , Saúde Mental , Ciências da Nutrição , Saneamento
10.
Biomedica ; 22 Suppl 2: 425-44, 2002 Dec.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12596462

RESUMO

Colombia faces internal displacement as a consequence of internal armed conflict. From 1985 to the present, it is estimated that 1,500,000 people have been displaced. A transversal descriptive study aimed at characterizing the health situation of this highly vulnerable and continually growing population was carried out in Cartagena between September and December, 2000. The sample size was calculated to meet a 2% precision, 40% of maximum expected prevalence, design effect of 2 and 15% of information loss, total sample size 1.600 home's interviews. Single-stage sampling with replacement was done by clusters. To socioeconomic, sanitary conditions, morbidity and mental health variables was done univariate analysis, determining frequencies, central trend and dispersion, as well as a bivariate analysis to determine X2 or Fisher exact test, p values and stratified analysis. The study found severe deterioration in socioeconomic conditions, high exposure to violence (80% was exposed to violence before displacement and murder cause 60% of deads in teenagers and adults after displacement but even children under 4 years-old was affected by this phenomenon), family disintegration, bad sanitary conditions, high prevalence of tracing diseases in all ages (80% of under 5 years-old had respiratory symptoms, 30% diarrhoea and 32% purulent lesions in skin), school desertion (20% children between 5 and 11 years and 16% teenagers), late schooling, poor performance at school, high proportion of working children (4% children between 5 and 11 years and 20% teenagers), low affiliation to social security systems (only 20% under 5 years-old children and 50% adults), low coverage and access to health services, among many other factors whose interaction affects this population's physical and mental health. We found that is difficult to make an early detection of internally displaced populations and thus provide adequate health care when such displacements are recent or involve individual persons. Results show that is essential to implement a surveillance system based on community leaders to increase efficiency, access and opportunity in health care for displaced populations.


Assuntos
Refugiados/estatística & dados numéricos , Guerra , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , População Urbana
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