Factores de riesgo asociados a falla en la extubación en pacientes prematuros en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales / Risk factors associated with extubation failure in premature patients in the neonatal intensive care unit

Resumen Antecedentes: En la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales el 47% de prematuros requieren ventilación mecánica (VM), cuyo uso prolongado se asocia con secuelas a largo plazo. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo para falla en la extubación en prematuros. Material y métodos: Estudio de casos y controles; se tomó como casos las extubaciones fallidas (EF) y como controles las extubaciones exitosas (EE). El fracaso de la extubación se definió como la reintubación dentro de las primeras 72 horas. Resultados: El 46% de prematuros ingresados requirió VM. Se presentaron 12 EF y 27 EE. La proporción de EF fue del 31%. La VM más de 7 días fue del 17% en los casos y del 11% en los controles (OR: 0.6; IC 95%: 0.09-4.32; p = 0.634). La principal causa de reintubación fue por apnea (50%). Conclusiones: Los parámetros establecidos para este estudio no se determinaron como factores de riesgo para extubación fallida. Debido a los números de casos en este estudio, no podemos identificar un buen valor de corte para los factores de riesgo y predictores. Se requieren más estudios a gran escala para confirmar nuestros hallazgos y determinar los valores de corte.

Abstract Background: In the neonatal intensive care unit, 47% of premature infants require mechanical ventilation (MV); its prolonged use is associated with long-term sequelae. Objective: To identify the risk factors for extubation failure in premature infants. Material and methods: Case-control study, taking failed extubations (FE) as cases and successful extubations (SE) as controls. Extubation failure was defined as reintubation within the first 72 hours. Results: 46% of hospitalized premature infants required MV; twelve FE and 27 SE were presented. The proportion of FE was 31%. MV over 7 days was 17% in cases and 11% in controls (OR: 0.6; 95% CI: 0.09-4.32; p = 0.634). The main cause of reintubation was apnea (50%). Conclusions: The parameters established for this study were not determined as risk factors for failed extubation. Due to the case numbers in this study, we are unable to identify a good cut-off value for risk factors and predictors. More large-scale studies are required to confirm our findings and determine cut-off values.

Octreótida en el tratamiento de quilotórax congénito. Reporte de caso / Octreotide in the treatment of congenital chylothorax. A case report

Resumen El quilotórax congénito es la causa más común de derrame pleural en neonatos. Se caracteriza por el acúmulo de quilo en el espacio pleural. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con diagnóstico clínico de síndrome de Down y quilotórax congénito. Se detalla el uso de octreótida, lo cual reduce el volumen y la duración del drenaje de manera más rápida que únicamente con el manejo convencional. Todavía hay poca experiencia con el uso de la terapia con octreótida para esta afección y se desconoce la duración óptima del tratamiento para la evaluación de la respuesta.

Abstract Congenital chylothorax is the most common cause of pleural effusion in neonates. It is characterized by the accumulation of chyle in the pleural space. The case of a patient with a clinical diagnosis of Down syndrome and congenital chylothorax is presented. The use of octreotide is detailed, which reduces the volume and duration of drainage more quickly than with conventional management alone. There is little experience with the use of octreotide therapy for this condition and the optimal duration of treatment for assessment of response is unknown.

Manifestaciones de la fibrosis quística en el periodo neonatal, reporte de caso / Clinical manifestations of cystic fibrosis in the neonatal period, case report

La fibrosis quística (FQ) es una enfermedad autosómi- ca recesiva, más frecuente en población blanca, con una incidencia de 1/3000 a 1/8000. Se debe a una mutación en un gen que codifica una proteína reguladora de la conductancia transmembrana: cystic fibrosis transmem- brane conductance regulator (CFTR) que se encuentra en el brazo largo del cromosoma 7 y en la actualidad se han descrito más de 2,000 mutaciones en este gen. La naturaleza de las mutaciones se correlaciona con la expresión clínica. En los recién nacidos y lactantes, los signos y síntomas gastrointestinales, pancreáticos y he- páticos representan la presentación más común; entre el 80 y el 90% de los lactantes con íleo meconial tienen fibrosis quística. Se presenta el caso de un recién naci- do aparentemente sano, que desde el primer día presen- tó vómitos repetidos y a partir del segundo día datos francos de obstrucción intestinal, se realizó laparotomía exploradora y se encontró obstrucción intestinal por meconio espeso, posteriormente se realizó abordaje por sospecha de fibrosis quística por la presencia de íleo meconial confirmándose el diagnóstico mediante la se- cuenciación del gen CFTR demostrando que el paciente presenta dos variantes patogénicas de fibrosis quística...(AU)

Case Report: Cerebral Phaeohyphomycosis Due to Chaetomium strumarium in a Child with Visceral Heterotaxy Syndrome.

Chaetomium sp. is a mold, member of the phylum Ascomycota. Clinical disease in humans is rare, particularly in children, for which only five cases have been reported. We report a 7-months-old female patient with a diagnosis of visceral heterotaxy syndrome who was admitted to a private center in Mexico. After two episodes of focal myoclonic seizure, a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a right porencephalic cyst and a right frontal abscess with ventriculitis. Seventy-two hours after temporal abscesses drainage procedure, the culture showed a rapidly growing pale white fungal colony. Sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and D1/D2 led to the identification of Chaetomium strumarium. Although Chaetomium sp. is a rare fungal infection in humans, clinicians should consider it as a plausible etiologic agent that can form brain abscess.

Cateterización venosa umbilical guiada por ultrasonografía: un análisis de coste-efectividad / Ultrasound-guided umbilical venous catheterisation: A cost-effectiveness análisis

INTRODUCCIÓN: El uso de ultrasonografía para la inserción de catéteres centrales ha mostrado ser coste-efectivo en adultos; en neonatos se desconoce esta información. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el coste-efectividad de la cateterización venosa umbilical guiada por ultrasonografía con la cateterización convencional en un servicio de cuidados intensivos neonatales de un hospital universitario y público. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional retrospectivo en recién nacidos que requirieron catéter venoso umbilical antes de cumplir las primeras 24 h de vida extrauterina; se conformaron 2 cohortes históricas, una con cateterización guiada por ultrasonografía y otra con cateterización convencional. La efectividad se midió con 2 variables: colocación de posición ideal e inserción sin complicaciones. Se estimó el coste de recursos humanos y materiales (fungibles y no fungibles), la razón coste-efectividad y la razón coste-efectividad incremental; y se realizó análisis de sensibilidad. RESULTADOS: La obstrucción del catéter fue más frecuente en la cateterización guiada que en la convencional (7,7 vs. 0%, p = 0,04) y la disfunción del catéter fue superior en esta última (79 vs. 3,8%, p < 0,0001). La razón coste-efectividad de la cateterización guiada fue 153,9 euros y de la convencional 484,6 euros; la razón coste-efectividad incremental fue 45,5 euros. El análisis de sensibilidad incrementó 2,6 euros en la razón coste-efectividad de la cateterización guiada y 47 euros, en la convencional. CONCLUSIONES: El uso de la ultrasonografiacute;a para guiar la cateterización umbilical es más eficiente ya que, a pesar de suponer un mayor consumo de recursos económicos, ofreció una mayor efectividad

INTRODUCTION: Although the use of ultrasound for the insertion of central catheters has proven to be cost-effective in adults, it is not known if this is the case in the neonatal population. This study compared the cost-effectiveness of ultrasound-guided umbilical venous catheterisation with conventional catheterisation in a neonatal intensive care unit of a Public University Hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted on newborns that required an umbilical venous catheter before completing their first 24hours of extra-uterine life. Two retrospective cohorts were formed, including one with ultrasound-guided catheterisation and the other with conventional catheterisation. The effectiveness was measured using 2 variables: placement of ideal position and insertion without complications. The cost of human and material resources (consumable and non-consumable), the cost-effectiveness ratio, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio were estimated, as well as carrying out a sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: Catheter obstruction was more frequent in guided catheterisation than in conventional catheterisation (7.7% vs. 0%, p = .04) and catheter dysfunction was higher in the latter (79% vs. 3.8%, p < .0001). The cost-effectiveness ratio of the guided catheterisation was € 153.9, and €484.6 for the conventional one. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was € 45.5. The sensitivity analysis showed a € 2.6 increase in the cost-effectiveness ratio of the guided catheterisation and € 47 in the conventional one. CONCLUSIONS: The use of ultrasound to guide umbilical catheterisation is more efficient than conventional catheterisation since, despite using more economic resources, it offers greater effectiveness

Predicting the optimal depth of ultrasound-guided right internal jugular vein central venous catheters in neonates.

BACKGROUND: Poor positioning of a central venous catheter (CVC) can cause severe complications. The objective is to create a formula that predicts the optimal insertion depth of a real time ultrasound-guided CVC in the right internal jugular vein (RIJV) in newborns. METHODS: Between 2015 and 2017, 91 newborns that required a CVC were included in a prospective observational study. Variables such as gestational age, gender, weight, height, and neck length were studied. On the chest x-ray, the distance between the insertion site on the skin and the catheter tip was measured. RESULTS: Of the patients included, 50 (54.9%) were males and 40 (44.4%) females; 64 (70.3%) were preterm. Mean gestational age was 33.44 (25 to 41) weeks, weight 2020 (580 to 3980) g, and height 43.04 (26 to 53) cm. Variables were correlated with catheter length and an algorithm was modeled for the introduction method, in which the highest corrected determination coefficient was obtained for weight (R2 = 0.723). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the weight of the newborn was the most significant individual predictor of optimal insertion depth of a CVC in the RIJV. The formula Y = 2.6 + 0.7 (weight in kg) that we suggest is practical and reproducible. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

[Ultrasound-guided umbilical venous catheterisation: A cost-effectiveness analysis]. / Cateterización venosa umbilical guiada por ultrasonografía: un análisis de coste-efectividad.

INTRODUCTION: Although the use of ultrasound for the insertion of central catheters has proven to be cost-effective in adults, it is not known if this is the case in the neonatal population. This study compared the cost-effectiveness of ultrasound-guided umbilical venous catheterisation with conventional catheterisation in a neonatal intensive care unit of a Public University Hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted on newborns that required an umbilical venous catheter before completing their first 24hours of extra-uterine life. Two retrospective cohorts were formed, including one with ultrasound-guided catheterisation and the other with conventional catheterisation. The effectiveness was measured using 2 variables: placement of ideal position and insertion without complications. The cost of human and material resources (consumable and non-consumable), the cost-effectiveness ratio, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio were estimated, as well as carrying out a sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: Catheter obstruction was more frequent in guided catheterisation than in conventional catheterisation (7.7% vs. 0%, p=.04) and catheter dysfunction was higher in the latter (79% vs. 3.8%, p<.0001). The cost-effectiveness ratio of the guided catheterisation was €153.9, and €484.6 for the conventional one. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was €45.5. The sensitivity analysis showed a €2.6 increase in the cost-effectiveness ratio of the guided catheterisation and €47 in the conventional one. CONCLUSIONS: The use of ultrasound to guide umbilical catheterisation is more efficient than conventional catheterisation since, despite using more economic resources, it offers greater effectiveness.

Leptin, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in umbilical cord blood of healthy term newborns in relation to mode of delivery.

In the development of the foetal immune system, cytokines play an important role in its function. Therefore, we sought to determine whether the mode of delivery affects the expression of leptin, IL-6 and TNF-α in umbilical cord blood in healthy term newborns. We collected 125 samples of umbilical cord blood to analyse leptin, IL-6 y TNF-α levels with multiplex immunoassay (MIA). The samples were classified according to mode of delivery: vaginal delivery (VD) and caesarean section (CS). Leptin and IL-6 had higher concentrations in umbilical cord blood in VD than in CS: 42.55 ng/ml (11.92-104.28) versus 35.20 ng/ml (3.26-9326.76), p = 0.039; 9.32 pg/ml (1.13-2020.31) versus 3.81 pg/ml (0.52-834.69) p < 0.001, respectively. Also, a weak correlation between TNF-α and IL-6 was found (r = 0.238, p = 0.007). The most important finding in our study was the differential concentrations of leptin and IL-6 according to mode of delivery.