Deep learning denoising diffusion probabilistic model applied to holographic data synthesis.

In this Letter, we demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, a holographic data synthesis based on a deep learning probabilistic diffusion model (DDPM). Several different datasets of color images corresponding to different types of objects are converted to complex-valued holographic data through backpropagation. Then, we train a DDPM using the resulting holographic datasets. The diffusion model is composed of a noise scheduler, which gradually adds Gaussian noise to each hologram in the dataset, and a U-Net convolutional neural network that is trained to reverse this process. Once the U-Net is trained, any number of holograms with similar features as those of the datasets can be generated just by inputting a Gaussian random noise to the model. We demonstrate the synthesis of holograms containing color images of 2D characters, vehicles, and 3D scenes with different characters at different propagation distances.

The effect of obesity on chronic diseases in USA: a flexible copula approach.

We analyze the effect of obesity on the incidence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes in USA using a health production theoretical framework along with a bivariate flexible semi-parametric recursive copula model that account for endogeneity. In this approach, the effects of control variables are flexibly determined using additive predictors that allow for a variety of effects. Our findings suggest that there exist a positive and significant effect of obesity on the prevalence of all chronic diseases examined. In particular, after endogeneity is accounted for, the probability of having hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes for obese individuals are, respectively, 35%, 28% and 11% higher than those under the obesity threshold. These findings suggest that lowering obesity rates could lead to significant reductions in the morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases.

Perceived Collective School Efficacy Mediates the Organizational Justice Effect in Teachers' Subjective Well-Being.

Trust and team communication are central aspects for the achievement of both individual and common goals, which affect not only work efficiency but also the well-being of its members. In addition, organizational justice could affect these indicators, as well as the perception of collective efficacy within organizations, in this case, schools. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of organizational justice on teachers' subjective well-being, and how this is affected/mediated by collective efficacy. We worked with a sample of 693 teachers across Chile. Multiple mediation analysis was carried out, where the latent variables of the study were estimated (subjective well-being, organizational justice, and two dimensions of collective efficacy). The results indicate that there is full mediation of the collective efficacy dimensions between the predictor-criterion relationship. Our findings allow us to hypothesize that perceptions of collective efficacy are central to explaining well-being as an intrinsic factor.

Satisfacción vital y calidad de vida estudiantil con relación al autoconcepto familiar en el contexto migratorio en Chile / Life satisfaction and students' quality of life in relation to family self-concept in the migratory context in Chile

Resumen La migración adolescente en Chile es un fenómeno en desarrollo del que se tienen muy pocos estudios respecto a su satisfacción con la vida, calidad de vida percibida y autoconcepto familiar en relación a la población nativa. Este artículo tiene como objetivo comparar la satisfacción con la vida, calidad de vida y autoconcepto familiar de ambos grupos y analizar de qué manera se relacionan ambos constructos en la muestra estudiada. Método: Se administraron las escalas SLSS, BMSLSS y AF5_DF a una muestra de 406 adolescentes de edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 16 años. 56.65% de los estudiantes eran chicas y el 43.35% chicos. La muestra estuvo constituida por 55.91% de estudiantes nacidos en Chile y 44.09% de estudiantes migrantes. Resultados: Se observaron diferencias en algunos ítems de las escalas SLSS y BMSLSS entre los dos grupos (nativos y migrantes). No se aprecian diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la Escala AF5_DF. En términos de correlaciones, la Escala BMSLSS explica mejor la Escala SLSS en los estudiantes nativos. En el caso de los estudiantes migrantes, la Escala AF5_DF mostró una correlación más fuerte con la Escala SLSS. La correlación de la BMSLSS_SF con AF5_DF también es mayor en los nativos. Discusión: Los niveles de satisfacción con la vida, calidad de vida percibida y autoconcepto familiar no difieren ampliamente en los dos grupos. La discusión enfatiza la necesidad de seguir explorando el tema con muestras representativas y con metodología cualitativa, de manera longitudinal e incorporando otras variables.

Abstract Adolescent migration in Chile is a developing phenomenon of which there are very few studies regarding their satisfaction with life, perceived quality of life and family self-concept in relation to the native population. This article aims to compare the satisfaction with life, quality of life and family self-concept of both groups and analyze how these constructs are related in the sample studied. Method: The SLSS, BMSLSS and AF5_DF scales were administered to a sample of 406 adolescents aged between 12 and 16 years. 56.65% of the students were girls and 43.35% boys. The sample consisted of 55.91% of students born in Chile and 44.09% of migrant students. Results: Differences were observed in some items of the SLSS and BMSLSS scales between the two groups (natives and migrants). There are no statistically significant differences in the AF5_DF Scale. In terms of correlations, the BMSLSS Scale better explains the SLSS Scale in native students. In the case of migrant students, the AF5_DF Scale showed a stronger correlation with the SLSS Scale. The correlation of the BMSLSS_SF with AF5_DF is also higher in the native ones. Discussion: The levels of satisfaction with life, perceived quality of life and family self-concept do not differ widely in the two groups. The discussion emphasizes the need to continue exploring the issue with representative samples and qualitative methodology, longitudinally and incorporating other variables.

Mediation of Problematic Use in the Relationship Between Types of Internet Use and Subjective Well-Being in Schoolchildren.

Subjective well-being is a broad category of phenomena that includes people's emotional responses, domain satisfactions, and global judgments of life satisfaction. This research investigates how schoolchildren's subjective well-being is affected by the different types of technology use, in personal contexts, and, concurrently, whether these effects are different when the use of technology is problematic. The central hypotheses are as follows: (1) the use of the Internet affects the subjective well-being of schoolchildren negatively only when this use is problematic and (2) the effect on subjective well-being is different according to the type of Internet use. To respond to the objectives of the research, a survey was applied to 15-year-old adolescents (2,579 cases), distributed in 330 public schools, beneficiaries of a government program for the delivery of personal computers and Internet for a year. The different uses of the Internet were measured using frequency scales by type of activity (social, recreational, and educational). Problematic use scale measured the perception of negative consequences of the intensity of Internet use on a daily basis. Subjective well-being was measured by the Personal Well-Being Index-School Children (PWI-SC). Subsequently, for analytical purposes, three simple mediation models were created, whose dependent variable was PWI-SC, while its independent variables were Internet use scales differentiated by purpose (social, recreational, and educational) and problematic use as a mediating variable, as well as attributes of the subjects and their social environment, which were incorporated as control variables. The main results show that only if Internet use is expressed as problematic does it negatively affect subjective well-being. On the contrary, when the use of the Internet is not problematic, the effect is positive and even greater than the simple effect (without mediation) between these two variables. This finding is relevant, since it allows us to provide evidence that suggests that, when studying the effect that the intensity of the Internet, firstly, one must consider the mediating effect exerted by the network's problematic use and, secondly, that not all types of use have the same impact. Therefore, it is useful to enrich the discussion on subjective well-being and social integration of schoolchildren in the digital age.

The University as a Source of Social Capital in Chile.

This paper investigates the structure and composition of the social network formed on the campus of the Faculty of Economics and Business of Diego Portales University, Chile, exposing a series of characteristics that are aligned with similar research in the field of networks. We use a model of social networks formation in order to understand socioeconomic and academic factors that predict the formation of friendship between two students. Specifically, we test empirically our model, using students' administrative information. Of special interest is the impact of the length of stay of the students in the university, with which we refer to the years completed in the degree course, in the probability of establishing friendship ties where being socioeconomically different is a condition. The mechanism behind a result like this is the sense of belongingness that being part of the same institution may induce amongst students. By means of counterfactual simulations we found evidence in favor that passing through the university increases the probability of forming friendship networks, which can mean a kind of social capital, thus reducing socioeconomic segregation from the Chilean school system. Given the importance of this finding, we believe that policies that increase the sense of belongingness such as cultural events, leaderships programs, and community should be implemented on university campuses.

Exploring Determinants of Sexual Satisfaction in a Chilean Representative Sample.

This article examines the relationship between sexual satisfaction and gender, age, social status, being in stable relationships, intercourse frequency, and satisfaction with physical attractiveness (physical appearance and sex appeal). A self-report questionnaire was applied in a representative sample of 767 residents of Santiago (Chile), over 18 years old and that have had, at least, one sexual relation (with penetration) during their lives. Higher sexual satisfaction was predicted negatively by age and positively by higher satisfaction with sex appeal, higher intercourse frequency and having a stable relationship. Among women, the principal predictors are satisfaction with sex appeal and intercourse frequency. Among men to the above, it is necessary to add satisfaction with physical appearance and having a stable relationship - at odds with supposed higher relevance for women of body satisfaction and sensibility to social relationships. Discussion emphasizes the controversial nature of the gender differences found regarding the Latin American culture.

Efecto del Flujo Operativo de la Cánula Nasal de Alto Flujo sobre el Rendimiento en la Entrega de Humedad / Effect of Operational Flow of the High Flow Nasal Cannula on Moisture Delivery Performance

Introducción: La canula nasal de alto flujo (CNAF) corresponde a un sistema de oxigenoterapia capaz de aplicar un flujo de gas de hasta 60 L/min a través de cánulas nasales. Este sistema es tolerable por el paciente debido a que el gas inspirado se encuentra calefaccionado y humidificado (temperatura de 34 ­ 37ºC, entregando una humedad relativa de 100%). El uso de este equipo es cada vez mayor, especialmente en el manejo de pacientes con falla respiratoria hipoxémica. Sin embargo no hay claridad del nivel de humedad que entrega, especialmente a altos flujos. Objetivo: Determinar el aporte real de humedad entregado por la CNAF a distintos flujos de operación. Métodos: Estudio in vitro, donde se utilizó un equipo de CNAF marca Fisher & Paykel Healthcare, modelo AIRVO®. Las mediciones de humedad relativa (H.R.) y temperatura se realizaron en una cámara ambiental de acrílico donde se conectó la cánula nasal. Para la medición de H.R. y temperatura se utilizó un higrómetro digital (Marca Veto®, Italia). Cada medición requirió un tiempo de 30 minutos para lograr un valor estable dentro de la cámara ambiental. Se realizaron mediciones a flujos de 15, 30, 40 y 50 LPM. Resultados: Las mediciones se realizaron a temperatura ambiental de 21,8 ºC y a una humedad relativa de 39%. Para un flujo programado en el equipo de 15 LPM y temperatura de 37ºC, se logra en la cámara ambiental una temperatura de 28,5ºC, con una humedad relativa de 95%. Para un flujo programado de 30 LPM y temperatura de 37ºC, se logra en la cámara ambiental una temperatura de 29,8ºC, con una humedad relativa de 97%. Para flujos operativos de 40 y 50 LPM, la temperatura y humedad relativa generadas fueron similares (HR 97% y 30ºC). Conclusiones: La temperatura entregada por el equipo de CNAF fue menor a la programada, pero mantuvo una alta tasa de HR.

Introduction: The high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is an oxygen therapy system capable of applying a gas flow of up to 80 Lmin-1 through nasal cannulas. This system is tolerable by the patient due to the fact that the inspired gas is heated and humidified (temperature of 34 ­ 37ºC, delivering a relative humidity of 100%). The use of this equipment is increasing, especially in the management of patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure. However, there is no clarity on the level of humidity it delivers, especially at high flows. Objective: To determine the real humidity delivered by the CNAF to different operating flows. Methods: In vitro study. A Fisher & Paykel® CNAF equipment, AIRVO model, was used. Relative humidity (R.H.) and temperature measurements were performed in an acrylic environmental chamber where the nasal cannula was connected. For the measurement of H.R. and temperature, a digital hygrometer (Veto® Brand, Italy) was used. Each measurement required a time of 30 minutes to achieve a stable value. Measurements were made at flows of 15, 30, 40 and 50 Lmin-1. Results: Measurements were made at an ambient temperature of 21.8 ºC and a relative humidity of 39%. For a flow programmed in the equipment of 15 Lmin-1 and a temperature of 37ºC, a temperature of 28.5ºC is achieved in the environmental chamber, with a relative humidity of 95%. For a programmed flow of 30 Lmin-1 and a temperature of 37ºC, a temperature of 29.8ºC is achieved in the environmental chamber, with a relative humidity of 97%. For operating flows of 40 and 50 Lmin-1, the temperature and relative humidity generated were similar (RH 97% and 30ºC). Conclusions: The temperature delivered by the CNAF team was lower than programmed, but it maintained a high RH rate.

Social Support and Substance Use as Moderators of the Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents.

Literature reports that depressive symptoms may precede suicidal ideation. Several studies have identified social support and substance use as moderators of this relationship. However, no study has evaluated these variables together by testing how substance use can affect the moderating effect of social support in this relationship. The purpose of this article is to individually evaluate dimensions of social support (friends, family, significant others, and school) and substance use (alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs), as moderators of the relationship between depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation, as well as analyze the moderating role of substance use in the moderation exerted by social support in this relationship. This study, quantitative and cross-sectional, considered 775 adolescents [Average age = 15.48 (SD = 0.96), 45.9% women], from 20 randomly selected schools in Santiago de Chile. Simple moderation models were used to analyze possible moderators separately, and double moderation models were used to analyze the moderating role of substance use in the moderating effect of social support. The results show that the four dimensions of social support moderate the relationship between depressive symptomatology and suicidal ideation, showing the strongest interaction in the case of family support, followed by support of a significant person, support at school, and support of friends, in that order. On the other hand, alcohol was the only drug that moderated the relationship in question. In addition, the results show that the use of alcohol limits the moderating effect of social support in the fields of family, significant person, and school support, but not in the case of support of friends. The use of marijuana and other illicit drugs did not affect the moderating effects of social support for any of the areas evaluated. The results are discussed according to the different roles that alcohol use can play in adolescence, and how these, together with perceived social support, are related to the emergence of suicidal ideation from depressive symptoms.

Validation of the Sexual Personal Well-being Index (PWI-Sex).

Objective: The purpose of this study is the validation of a proposed additional item for the PWI-7 scale for measuring sexual satisfaction as a dimension of Personal Well-being.Methodology: An adaptation of the PWI-7 questionnaire was administered to adult inhabitants of urban areas of Santiago, Chile. Analysis consisted of exposition of descriptive statistics, item-scale correlation, item-item correlation, multiple linear regression with the Overall Life Satisfaction Scale (OLS), moderation analysis and, confirmatory factor analysis. All analyses were divided by gender due to significant differences in sexual satisfaction found in literature reviewed.Results: All items were significantly and positively associated with the PWI. Internal consistency was satisfactory for Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.884 for males and α = 0.877 for females). After conducting a Confirmatory Factor Analysis using maximum likelihood (ML) as estimator, adequate levels of adjustment were obtained.Discussion: Results indicate that adding a new item on sexual satisfaction might be a contribution for the measurement of life satisfaction. The scale shows adequate internal consistency once the item is added and the new item on sexual satisfaction has a better fit than the one regarding satisfaction with spiritual life. Factor structure was invariant for males and females.

Relationship Between Self-Concept, Self-Efficacy, and Subjective Well-Being of Native and Migrant Adolescents.

In the last decade, the migrant population in Chile has substantially increased, where the rates have not only increased in the adult population, but also among children and adolescents, creating a potential for social and cultural development in the educational system. The present work analyzes the relationship between self-concept, self-efficacy, and subjective well-being in native and migrant adolescents in Santiago de Chile. The sample consisted of 406 students, 56.65% women, with an age range that fluctuated between 12 and 16 years, with an average of 13.36 years (SD = 0.96). Student's t-tests were used to compare the average of the constructs evaluated between natives/migrants and boys/girls participants. Subsequently, two multivariate models of simple mediation were constructed, one for natives and another for migrants, which assumed subjective well-being as a dependent variable, academic self-concept as an independent variable and the general self-efficacy as a mediating variable. In both models, gender was considered as a control variable. Results show that migrant students present higher levels of academic self-concept and general self-efficacy than native students. There are no differences with regard to well-being. In the case of gender, differences are observed only for the case of general self-efficacy, where boys present higher levels. On the other hand, a partial mediation is observed for the model of native students and a total mediation for the model of migrant students. The study yielded interesting results regarding the differences in the evaluation of the constructs of self-concept, self-efficacy, and subjective well-being in both groups. Such data can be used as inputs for the development of public policies for adolescents.

Evaluación de la actividad física en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica / Tools for physical activity assessment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The prevalence and mortality of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is increasing in Chile, constituting a public health problem. Pulmonary and systemic consequences of COPD affect physical activity, as the disease progresses. There are multiple means for physical activity assessment, from low cost and easily applicable questionnaires to sophisticated laboratory tests. Physical inactivity is a modifiable risk factor for morbidity and mortality in patients with COPD. Physical activity interventions not only contribute to decrease the likelihood of mortality, but also protect from comorbidities, especially cardiovascular ones. It also plays a major role avoiding functional limitations of these subjects. Dyspnea and fatigue render exercise as an unpleasant activity for most patients with COPD. If psychological alterations such as anxiety and depression are summed, these patients drift towards an inactive lifestyle. This article analyzes several tools available to assess physical activity is patients with COPD, useful in clinical practice.

[Tools for physical activity assessment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. / Evaluación de la actividad física en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica.

The prevalence and mortality of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is increasing in Chile, constituting a public health problem. Pulmonary and systemic consequences of COPD affect physical activity, as the disease progresses. There are multiple means for physical activity assessment, from low cost and easily applicable questionnaires to sophisticated laboratory tests. Physical inactivity is a modifiable risk factor for morbidity and mortality in patients with COPD. Physical activity interventions not only contribute to decrease the likelihood of mortality, but also protect from comorbidities, especially cardiovascular ones. It also plays a major role avoiding functional limitations of these subjects. Dyspnea and fatigue render exercise as an unpleasant activity for most patients with COPD. If psychological alterations such as anxiety and depression are summed, these patients drift towards an inactive lifestyle. This article analyzes several tools available to assess physical activity is patients with COPD, useful in clinical practice.

Guí­as de rehabilitación respiratoria en niños con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas: actualización 2016 / Pulmonary rehabilitation guidelines in children with chronic respiratory diseases: 2016 update

Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is an essential tool in the management of chronic respiratory diseases in childhood. PR improve symptoms, physical performance, quality of life and social integration in children who have limitations in their daily activities. Health professionals have a key role in identifying those children who are candidates for pulmonary rehabilitation programs, in the initial evaluation and in the implementation of therapeutic strategies for training and education. This document is intended as a reference guide for all those professionals who are dedicated to the care of children with chronic respiratory diseases.

La rehabilitación respiratoria (RR) es un componente esencial en el manejo de las enfermedades respiratorias crónicas en la infancia. La RR ha demostrado mejorar los síntomas, el rendimiento físico, la calidad de vida y su participación social en aquellos niños que tienen limitaciones en el desarrollo de sus actividades de la vida diaria. Los profesionales de la salud tienen un rol fundamental en identificar aquellos niños que son candidatos para los programas de rehabilitación respiratoria, en la evaluación inicial y en la implementación de estrategias terapéuticas de entrenamiento y de educación. Este documento pretende ser una guía de consulta para todos aquellos profesionales que se dedican a la atención de niños con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas.