Effect of kaolin silver complex on the control of populations of Brettanomyces and acetic acid bacteria in wine.

In this work, the effects of kaolin silver complex (KAgC) have been evaluated to replace the use of SO2 for the control of spoilage microorganisms in the winemaking process. The results showed that KAgC at a dose of 1 g/L provided effective control against the development of B. bruxellensis and acetic acid bacteria. In wines artificially contaminated with an initial population of B. bruxellensis at 104 CFU/mL, a concentration proven to produce off flavors in wine, only residual populations of the contaminating yeast remained after 24 days of contact with the additive. Populations of acetic bacteria inoculated into wine at concentrations of 102 and 104 CFU/mL were reduced to negligible levels after 72 h of treatment with KAgC. The antimicrobial effect of KAgC against B. bruxellensis and acetic bacteria was also demonstrated in a wine naturally contaminated by these microorganisms, decreasing their population in a similar way to a chitosan treatment. Related to this effect, wines with KAgC showed lower concentrations of acetic acid and 4-ethyl phenol than wines without KAgC. The silver concentration from KAgC that remained in the finished wines was below the legal limits. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of KAgC to reduce spoilage microorganisms in winemaking.

Optogenetic activation of intracellular adenosine A2A receptor signaling in the hippocampus is sufficient to trigger CREB phosphorylation and impair memory.

Human and animal studies have converged to suggest that caffeine consumption prevents memory deficits in aging and Alzheimer's disease through the antagonism of adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs). To test if A2AR activation in the hippocampus is actually sufficient to impair memory function and to begin elucidating the intracellular pathways operated by A2AR, we have developed a chimeric rhodopsin-A2AR protein (optoA2AR), which retains the extracellular and transmembrane domains of rhodopsin (conferring light responsiveness and eliminating adenosine-binding pockets) fused to the intracellular loop of A2AR to confer specific A2AR signaling. The specificity of the optoA2AR signaling was confirmed by light-induced selective enhancement of cAMP and phospho-mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-MAPK) (but not cGMP) levels in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells, which was abolished by a point mutation at the C terminal of A2AR. Supporting its physiological relevance, optoA2AR activation and the A2AR agonist CGS21680 produced similar activation of cAMP and p-MAPK signaling in HEK293 cells, of p-MAPK in the nucleus accumbens and of c-Fos/phosphorylated-CREB (p-CREB) in the hippocampus, and similarly enhanced long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Remarkably, optoA2AR activation triggered a preferential p-CREB signaling in the hippocampus and impaired spatial memory performance, while optoA2AR activation in the nucleus accumbens triggered MAPK signaling and modulated locomotor activity. This shows that the recruitment of intracellular A2AR signaling in the hippocampus is sufficient to trigger memory dysfunction. Furthermore, the demonstration that the biased A2AR signaling and functions depend on intracellular A2AR loops prompts the possibility of targeting the intracellular A2AR-interacting partners to selectively control different neuropsychiatric behaviors.

Carcinoma verrucoso periimplantario. A propósito de un caso / Verrucous carcinoma arund implants. Case report

Introducción: Las rehabilitaciones orales sobre implantes de titanio endoóseos se han convertido en estas últimas décadas en uno de los tratamientos más frecuentes realizados hoy día en odontología con un elevadísima tasa de éxito. Aunque son muy pocos los casos, están descritos cuadros de carcinomas surgidos en tejidos blandos periimplantarios, la mayor parte de ellos como recidivas de un cán-cer oral previo tratado quirúrgicamente y rehabilitado funcionalmente con implantes. Objetivos: Se presenta el caso de un carcinoma verrucoso o tumor se Ackerman, variedad muy infrecuente de carcinoma de células escamosas (1 al 10%), que apareció alrededor de un implante dental sin antecedentes de carcinoma oral previo, lo cual está descrito de forma excepcional en la literatura. Discu-sión: El carcinoma verrucoso es una variante del carcinoma de células escamosas de bajo grado de malignidad. Es más frecuente en hombres por encima de los 50 años, y muy relacionado con el tabaco y el virus del papiloma humano. Su tratamiento es quirúrgico, obteniéndose pocas recidivas. Conclusiones: La simple posibilidad de aparición de esta grave patología, resalta la importancia de la eliminación de factores de riesgo y la realización de biopsias en cualquier lesión oral sospechosa como claves para evitar las graves consecuencias del cáncer oral (AU)

Introduction: Oral rehabilitations with endosseous titanium implants have become in recent decades one of the most common treatments performed today in dentistry with a high rate of success. Although few cases are described, there are some carcinomas arising in peri-implant soft tissues, most of them as a recurrence of a prior oral cancer treated surgically and then functionally reha-bilitated with implants. Objectives: We report the case of a verrucous carcinoma, also know as Ackerman tumor, a very rare variety of squamous cell carcinoma (1 to 10%), which appeared around a dental implant with no history of prior oral carcinoma, which it is very rarely in the literature. Discussion: Verrucous carcinoma is a variant of squamous cell carcinoma with low malignancy. It is more common in men over age 50, and closely related to tobacco and human papillomavirus. Treatment is surgical, yielding few recurren-ces. Conclusions: The mere possibility of occurrence of this serious disease, highlights the importance of eliminating risk factors and biopsies on any suspicious oral lesion as a key to avoid the serious consequences of oral cancer (AU)

Biogenic amine production by Oenococcus oeni isolates from malolactic fermentation of Tempranillo wine.

In this article, we examine the production of biogenic amines, histamine, putrescine, tyramine, and cadaverine by 90 strains of Oenococcus oeni isolated from different cellars of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) during wine malolactic fermentation. Amino biogenic capacity of strains was qualitatively analyzed on agar. After that, production of amines on a synthetic medium and on wine, and presence in strains of histidine, ornithine, and tyrosine decarboxylase genes were determined. Only two strains were able to produce histamine or putrescine, both on synthetic medium and wine. The presence of the corresponding genes in these strains was also confirmed. These results suggest that O. oeni does not significantly contribute to the overall biogenic amine content of wines. The main contribution of this work is the isolation of a putrescine-producing O. oeni strain that harbors the ornithine gene, since this gene appears to be rarely present in the genome of O. oeni.

Reeducación del suelo pélvico / No disponible

La disfunción del suelo pélvico, que incluye principalmente la incontinencia urinaria, la incontinencia fecal y el prolapso pélvico, afecta al menos a un tercio de las mujeres adultas. La identificación de factores de riesgo, el desarrollo de programas preventivos y el abordaje terapéutico de esta patología son por lo tanto una prioridad en el campo de la salud de la mujer. Kegel (1951) fue el primero en introducir el concepto de programa de ejercicios de los músculos del suelo pélvico para el tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria. Aunque la práctica de estos ejercicios es fácil y se puede realizar en cualquier momento y posición, el proceso de aprendizaje es lento, pero la mayoría de los pacientes mejora de forma significativa el tono de los músculos pélvicos y en consecuencia la funcionalidad de los órganos pélvicos, principalmente vejiga y recto (AU)

No disponible

Increased density and synapto-protective effect of adenosine A2A receptors upon sub-chronic restraint stress.

Stress initially causes adaptive changes in the brain and can lead to neurodegeneration if continuously present. Noxious brain conditions trigger the release of adenosine that can control brain function and neurodegeneration through inhibitory A(1) and facilitatory A(2A) receptors. We tested the effect of restraint stress on the density of adenosine receptors and their effect on the outcome of stress, focusing in a known affected region, the hippocampus. Sub-chronic restraint stress (6 h/day for 7 days) caused a parallel decrease of the density of A(1) receptors (15-20%) and an increase (near 250%) of A(2A) receptor density in rat hippocampal nerve terminals. This indicates that sub-chronic stress unbalances adenosine receptors, up-regulating A(2A) and down-regulating A(1) receptors. Sub-chronic stress did not cause hippocampal neurodegeneration but decreased the immunoreactivity (immunohistochemistry and Western blot) of a synaptic marker, synaptophysin. The blockade of A(2A) receptors with 7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine (0.05 mg/kg, daily i.p. injection) attenuated the loss of synaptophysin immunoreactivity observed in the hippocampus of rats subjected to sub-chronic restraint stress. This ability of A(2A) receptor antagonists to prevent the earliest stress-induced synaptic modifications provides a neurochemical and morphological correlate for the interest of A(2A) receptor antagonists to attenuate the burden of chronic stress.

Different synaptic and subsynaptic localization of adenosine A2A receptors in the hippocampus and striatum of the rat.

Adenosine A(2A) receptors are most abundant in the striatum where they control the striatopallidal pathway thus controlling locomotion. Extra-striatal A(2A) receptors are considerably less abundant but their blockade confers robust neuroprotection. We now have investigated if striatal and extra-striatal A(2A) receptors have a different neuronal location to understand their different functions. The binding density of the A(2A) antagonist, [(3)H]-7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)pyrazolo[4,3e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine ([(3)H]SCH 58261), was enriched in nerve terminals membranes (B(max)=103+/-12 fmol/mg protein) compared with total membranes (B(max)=29+/-4 fmol/mg protein) from the hippocampus, the same occurring with A(2A) receptor immunoreactivity. In contrast, there was no enrichment of [(3)H]SCH 58261 binding or A(2A) receptor immunoreactivity in synaptosomal compared with total membranes from the striatum. Further subcellular fractionation of hippocampal nerve terminals revealed that A(2A) receptor immunoreactivity was enriched in the active zone of presynaptic nerve terminals, whereas it was predominantly located in the postsynaptic density in the striatum, although a minority of striatal A(2A) receptors were located in the presynaptic active zone. These results indicate that A(2A) receptors in the striatum are not enriched in synapses in agreement with the preponderant role of A(2A) receptors in signal processing in striatopallidal neurons. In contrast, hippocampal A(2A) receptors are enriched in synapses, mainly in the active zone, in accordance with their role in controlling neurotransmitter release. This regional variation in the neuronal distribution of A(2A) receptors reinforces the care required to extrapolate our knowledge from striatal A(2A) receptors to other brain preparations.

Cystosarcoma phyllodes maligno metastásico en muslo / Malignant metastasis of a phyllodes tumour in the thigh

Describimos las características clínicas de un tumor phyllodes maligno en una mujer de 41 años de edad que metastatizó en los tejidos blandos del muslo. Relacionamos estos hallazgos con los criterios histopatológicos asociados con el comportamiento clínico y metastásico de este tumor. El sobrecrecimiento estromal es el criterio histológico más importante para predecir el comportamiento metastásico del tumor phyllodes maligno (AU)

The role of xanthine oxidase and the effects of antioxidants in ischemia reperfusion cell injury.

During last years considerable interest has been devoted to understand the role of oxygen radicals in the ischemia induced cell injury associated with reperfusion. In the brain and in others tissues, free radicals play a role as modulators of vascular tone as well as a cytotoxic role as part of the ischemia associated pathology. This review discusses methods for free radical detection in brain and in other tissues, mechanisms of radical production in the course of the ischemia reperfusion process, and the efficacy of potential antioxidant agents in post ischemia therapy, especially with respect to allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, and the role of taurine and its derivatives as antioxidants in different organs including the brain.

The role of xanthine oxidase and the effects of antioxidants in ischemia reperfusion cell injury.

During last years considerable interest has been devoted to understand the role of oxygen radicals in the ischemia induced cell injury associated with reperfusion. In the brain and in others tissues, free radicals play a role as modulators of vascular tone as well as a cytotoxic role as part of the ischemia associated pathology. This review discusses methods for free radical detection in brain and in other tissues, mechanisms of radical production in the course of the ischemia reperfusion process, and the efficacy of potential antioxidant agents in post ischemia therapy, especially with respect to allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, and the role of taurine and its derivatives as antioxidants in different organs including the brain.

Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on the cardiovascular response to low output shock.

OBJECTIVE: To study the role of nitric oxide in the cardiovascular response to a model of a low output syndrome. DESIGN: Prospective animal study. SETTING: Animal research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Sheep anesthetized with pentobarbital, mechanically ventilated, and monitored with pulmonary arterial and peripheral arterial catheters. INTERVENTIONS: A low output state was induced by inflating a balloon-tip catheter placed in the right atrium. Cardiac index was maintained at 1 L/min/m2 throughout the experiment in three groups of sheep: a) control (n=6) b)LNNA group (pretreated with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N omega-nitro-L-arginine [LNNA, 100 mg/kg, iv bolus, n=6); and c) dexamethasone group (pretreated with dexamethasone (6 mg/kg, intravenous bolus, n=6). Dexamethasone is an inhibitor of the induction of nitric oxide synthase. LNNA or dexamethasone were administered 15 mins before inducing the low output state. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Hemodynamic and oxygen transport variables, and plasma lactate and pyruvate concentrations, were measured at baseline and during the next 3 hrs. For a comparable decrease in cardiac index and oxygen delivery in all groups, the LNNA group had less hypotension and a more marked increase in systemic vascular resistance as compared with the control group. Oxygen consumption and oxygen extraction were higher in the LNNA group as compared with the control group at 30 and 60 mins. Plasma lactate concentration increased significantly less in the LNNA group than in the control and the dexamethasone groups during the observation period. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis during a severe low output state in sheep is associated with a better hemodynamic response, as evidenced by a greater vasoconstriction, and signs of less marked tissue hypoxia. It is likely that inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in this model leads to an imbalance between the tonic relaxing action of nitric oxide and the influences of vasoconstrictor agents.

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis improves the vasoconstrictive effect of noradrenaline in sepsis.

BACKGROUND: Septic shock is characterized by systemic vasodilation and an impaired reactivity to vasoconstrictor agents. It has been suggested that an excessive release of nitric oxide has a role in this hemodynamic derangement. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis by the administration of N omega-nitro-L-arginine (LNNA), improves the vasoconstrictor effects of catecholamines in sepsis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Mechanically ventilated and pentobarbital-anesthetized sheep received either no treatment (n = 6) or LNNA (100 mg/kg IV bolus, n = 4). Other sheep (septic group) received live Escherichia coli (E coli) (1,5* 10(9) micro-organisms/kg over 30 min) followed 1 hour later by either no treatment (n = 5) or LNNA (100 mg/kg IV bolus, n = 7). After those interventions, all sheep were given noradrenaline in a continuous IV infusion at three different doses (0.5, 1.5, and 4.5 micrograms, kg-1, min-1). Cardiovascular parameters were recorded at maximal blood pressure response achieved with each dose. RESULTS: The administration of live E coli to the septic group resulted in systemic hypotension, high cardiac output, and hyperlactatemia. The LNNA caused a significant systemic and pulmonary vasoconstriction in both septic and nonseptic sheep. In nonseptic sheep, noradrenaline induced a significant increase in systemic vascular resistance (from 2,973 +/- 637 to 4,561 +/- 1,287 dyn/s/cm-5/m-2), whereas the increase caused in those that received LNNA was nonsignificant (5,562 +/- 3,489 to 6,693 +/- 2,871 dyn, s, cm-5, m-2). Septic sheep showed a nonsignificant vasoconstriction during the infusion of noradrenaline (from 1,438 +/- 1,132 to 2,244 +/- 1,391 dyn/s/cm-5/m-2). However, treatment with LNNA markedly improved the vasoconstrictor effect of noradrenaline (from 2,804 +/- 2,317 to 4,894 +/- 3,435 dyn/s/cm-5/m-2). The dose-response curve of systemic vascular resistance in these LNNA-pretreated septic sheep became very similar to the corresponding curve obtained in nonseptic animals. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis by the administration of LNNA significantly improves the vasoconstrictor effect of noradrenaline in septic sheep, allowing an increase in systemic vasomotor tone similar to that observed in nonseptic sheep. It is concluded that increased synthesis of nitric oxide contributes to the depressed vascular reactivity to vasoconstrictor agents characteristic of sepsis.

Taurine induces bicuculline/strychnine-insensitive dose-dependent inhibition of cortical visual evoked responses.

Modulatory influences of taurine on cortical visual evoked responses and their susceptibility to GABAergic and glycinergic antagonists were studied in adult rats. Taurine topically administered to the visual cortex produced dose-dependent inhibition of the positive-negative fast component of the cortical visual evoked responses. Neither bicuculline nor strychnine antagonized the taurine effect, as revealed by absence of a shift to right, a change in slope or in the taurine IC50 value in the dose-response curve. Results suggest that taurine-induced depression of cortical responses evoked in the visual cortex are mediated by receptors other than the GABAA and glycine receptors.

The role of taurine and its derivatives on cellular hypoxia: a physiological view.

Taurine (2-aminoethanosulfonic acid) appears to have an important role in cell protection against hypoxia. The mechanistic basis by which this amino acid and its derivatives are involved on these events, in brain or in other tissues, are discussed considering the antioxidant role of hypotaurine and some of its derivatives.

The role of taurine and its derivatives on cellular hypoxia: a physiological view.

Taurine (2-aminoethanosulfonic acid) appears to have an important role in cell protection against hypoxia. The mechanistic basis by which this amino acid and its derivatives are involved on these events, in brain or in other tissues, are discussed considering the antioxidant role of hypotaurine and some of its derivatives.

The role of taurine and its derivatives on cellular hypoxia: a physiological view.

Taurine (2-aminoethanosulfonic acid) appears to have an important role in cell protection against hypoxia. The mechanistic basis by which this amino acid and its derivatives are involved on these events, in brain or in other tissues, are discussed considering the antioxidant role of hypotaurine and some of its derivatives.

[Biological and nutritional role of taurine and its derivatives on cellular and organic physiology]. / Rol biológico y nutricional de la taurina y sus derivados en la fisiología orgánica y celular.

Several aspects about the biological role of taurine and its derivatives has been described in this work, especially in relation to humans. Some aspects related to the structure and function of the molecule in respect to its capacity as an osmoregulator and as an antioxidant are also analyzed. Moreover, the distribution changes on the biosynthesis phenomenon in some development stages as well as changes at the transport level, especially in some tissues where the concentration is increased several times with respect to plasmatic concentrations, are discussed. Some evidences exist as to the possibilities that taurine may be considered as a conditionally essential nutrient, particularly in some cases where it has been demonstrated that taurine and its derivatives have certain clinical and nutritional implications.

[Biologic and physiologic role of taurine and its derivates]. / Rol biológico y fisiológico de la taurina y sus derivados.

Taurine is ubiquitous in nature but its distribution and amount differs among biological organisms. Its role as an antioxidant and osmoregulator has been recently recognized. Synthesis and transport of taurine may be different among species with implications on the role of taurine in normal physiologic processes and pathologic conditions.