Clinical Impact of Supplementation with Pasteurized Donor Human Milk by High-Temperature Short-Time Method versus Holder Method in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants: A Multicentre Randomized Controlled Trial.

Nosocomial infections are a frequent and serious problem in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. Donor human milk (DHM) is the best alternative for feeding these babies when mother's own milk (MOM) is not available. Recently, a patented prototype of a High-Temperature Short-Time (HTST) pasteurizer adapted to a human milk bank setting showed a lesser impact on immunologic components. We designed a multicentre randomized controlled trial that investigates whether, in ELBW infants with an insufficient MOM supply, the administration of HTST pasteurized DHM reduces the incidence of confirmed catheter-associated sepsis compared to DHM pasteurized with the Holder method. From birth until 34 weeks postmenstrual age, patients included in the study received DHM, as a supplement, pasteurized by the Holder or HTST method. A total of 213 patients were randomized; 79 (HTST group) and 81 (Holder group) were included in the analysis. We found no difference in the frequency of nosocomial sepsis between the patients of the two methods-41.8% (33/79) of HTST group patients versus 45.7% (37/81) of Holder group patients, relative risk 0.91 (0.64-1.3), p = 0.62. In conclusion, when MOM is not available, supplementing during admission with DHM pasteurized by the HTST versus Holder method might not have an impact on the incidence of catheter-associated sepsis.

Assessment trial of the effect of enteral insulin on the preterm infant intestinal microbiota.

BACKGROUND: Insulin might be associated with changes in infant gastrointestinal microbiota. The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to assess the efficacy of two doses of recombinant human(rh) enteral insulin administration compared to placebo in intestinal microbiota. METHODS: 19 preterm patients were recruited at the NICU of La Paz University Hospital (Madrid, Spain). Subjects received 2000 µIU of rh enteral insulin/ml(n = 8), 400 µIU of rh enteral insulin/ml(n = 6) or placebo(n = 5) for 28 days administered once per day. Extracted DNA from fecal samples collected at the beginning and end of treatment were analyzed. The 16S rRNA V4 region was amplified and sequenced in a Miseq(Illumina®) sequencer using 2 × 250 bp paired end. Resulting reads were filtered and analyzed using Qiime2 software. Metabolic activity was assessed by GC. RESULTS: Gestational age and birth weight did not differ between groups. At the phylum level, both insulin treated groups increased the relative abundance of Bacillota, while Pseudomonadota decreased. No change was observed in infants receiving placebo. At the genus level, insulin at both doses showed enriching effects on Clostridium. We found a significant increase in concentrations of fecal propionate in both rh insulin treated groups. CONCLUSION: Rh insulin may modify neonatal intestinal microbiota and SCFAs in preterm infants. IMPACT STATEMENT: Decrease of Pseudomonadota (former Proteobacteria phylum) and increase of Bacillota (former Firmicutes phylum) obtained in this study are the changes observed previously in low-risk infants for NEC. The administration of recombinant enteral insulin may modify the microbiota of preterm new-borns and SCFAs. Modulation of the microbiota may be a mechanism whereby insulin contributes to neonatal intestinal maturation and/or protection.

XIII International Conference on Kangaroo Mother Care - Different opinions, experiences and related KMC issues: Good practices, stabilisation concept, nutrition and basic respiratory support.

AIM: This study aimed to summarise the views and experiences of the participants in the workshop of the XIII International Conference on Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC). METHODS: The results of the discussions held during the workshop of the XIII International Conference on KMC were summarised. There were 152 participants from 47 countries. Four main KMC topics were discussed: good practices, immediate implementation, nutrition and basic ventilation. RESULTS: Several agreements were reached, namely that professional societies and governments should develop official recommendations to promote KMC as standard care for preterm and low birth weight infants and that parents should be involved as active caregivers in neonatal care units. Moreover, the criteria for referring community-born infants to KMC require standardisation. Important inequalities in resource availability among high-, middle- and low-income countries were recognised for all topics. Specific needs were identified for parenteral nutrition and fortifiers, nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) and oxygen blenders, which are rarely available in low- and middle-income countries. Immediate implementation of KMC was discussed as a new concept. Its benefits were recognised, but its application has some variability. CONCLUSION: Adequate preterm care requires a basic neonatal package, including KMC, nCPAP, immediate management protocols and adequate nutrition and feeding strategies. The differences in resources among high-, middle- and low-income countries highlight the wide disparities in neonatal care according to the place of birth.

La infección congénita por citomegalovirus, ¿es más prevalente en nuestro medio en neonatos expuestos al VIH? / Congenital cytomegalovirus infection, is more prevalent in our country in newborns exposed to HIV?

Objetivos. La infección congénita por citomegalovirus (CMVc) se ha considerado más prevalente en hijos de madre infectadas por VIH (RNEVIH). Por ello, las guías nacionales aconsejan el cribado del CMVc en el RNEVIH. Actualmente estas gestantes en España presentan mejor control de la infección que en décadas precedentes, pudiendo afectar a dicha prevalencia. El objetivo del estudio es analizar la prevalencia y posibles factores de riesgo asociados a la CMVc en RNEVIH en la era del tratamiento antirretroviral combinado (TAR). Pacientes y métodos. Estudio transversal retrospectivo, incluyendo todos los hijos de madre con VIH nacidos en un hospital de tercer nivel (2014-2020). Se recogieron datos epidemiológicos y clínicos de la madre y del neonato. Se realizó cribado neonatal de CMV con cultivo de orina shell vial y/o PCR en las 2 primeras semanas de vida. Resultados. Se incluyeron 69 neonatos. El 82,4% de las madres habían sido diagnosticadas de VIH previamente al embarazo. Todas recibieron TAR durante la gestación. La mediana de linfocitos T-CD4 previos al parto fue 641/mm3 (RIC: 480-865) y la CV fue indetectable en el 83,6%. La serología para CMV en el primer trimestre se realizó en el 73,5% (IgG positiva en el 96%). No hubo casos de transmisión vertical de VIH ni CMVc (IC 95%: 0-5,3%). Conclusiones. La prevalencia de CMVc en neonatos expuestos al VIH en nuestra cohorte fue del 0%, inferior a la documentada en estudios previos, posiblemente en relación con el acceso precoz al TAR en las gestantes y su buena situación inmunológica. (AU)

Objectives. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV) has been considered more prevalent among HIV-exposed children during pregnancy. Spanish national guidelines recommend the cCMV screening in these newborns. Nowadays, pregnant women have a better control of HIV infection compared to previous decades. We aim to analyze the prevalence and associated risk factors to cCMV in these children. Patients and methods. A retrospective cross-sectorial study was performed. All newborns exposed to HIV were assisted in a third-level hospital (2014-2020). Epidemiological and clinical data of the mother and newborn were recorded. Shell vial urine culture and/or CRP were performed along the two first weeks of life for the neonatal screening of cCMV. Results. Overall 69 newborns were enrolled. A high proportion (82.4%) of the mothers had been diagnosed with HIV before getting pregnant. All women received ART during the pregnancy. Median T-CD4 lymphocytes before delivery was 641/mm3 (IQR: 480-865) and the viral load was undetectable in 83.6%. Serological test for CMV along the first trimester of pregnancy was performed in 73.5% (positive IgG in 96%). There were no congenital cases of HIV neither cCMV (CI 95%:0-5.3%). Conclusions. The cCMV prevalence in newborns exposed to HIV was 0%, lower than reported before, probably related to a better and earlier ART during pregnancy, leading to a better immunological status. (AU)

Breastfeeding practices in neonatal wards in Spain. Neo-BFHI international survey.

INTRODUCTION: In 2017, a worldwide survey was conducted on compliance with the practices promoted by Neo-BFHI (Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative expansion to neonatal wards). OBJECTIVE: To present the results of the Spanish wards that participated in the global survey and compare them with those obtained internationally. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study through a survey on compliance with the Neo-BFHI ("Three basic principles", "Ten steps adapted to neonatal wards" and "the compliance with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes" and subsequent relevant World Health Assembly resolutions). Compliance was calculated as the mean in each indicator and a final mean score for each neonatal unit. For the partial and final scores for each country and at the international level, the median was used. All scores ranged between 0 and 100. RESULTS: The response rate in Spain was 90%. The range of the national mean for neonatal wards were from 37 to 99, with no differences in the final score according to the level of care. The global score for Spain (72) is below the international median (77) and this also occurs in 8 of 14 items. The neonatal wards from BFHI designated hospitals, obtained a significantly higher mean global score, and in 9 of 14 items than the non-accredited ones. CONCLUSIONS: Both international and national results indicate an improvement in breast feeding practices in neonatal units. The benefits of the BFHI accreditation of maternity reach neonatal wards. Spain has several key points below the international score.

Prácticas de lactancia materna en las unidades neonatales de España. Encuesta internacional Neo-IHAN / Breastfeeding practices in neonatal wards in Spain. Neo-BFHI international survey

IntroducciónEn 2017 se realizó una encuesta a nivel mundial sobre el cumplimiento de las prácticas que promueve la Neo-IHAN (Iniciativa para la Humanización de la Asistencia al Nacimiento y la Lactancia en las unidades neonatales).Objetivo: Presentar los resultados de las unidades españolas que participaron en la encuesta mundial y compararlos con los obtenidos internacionalmente.Material y métodos: Estudio transversal mediante una encuesta sobre el cumplimiento de los requisitos de la Neo-IHAN («Tres principios básicos», «Diez pasos adaptados a unidades neonatales» y el «cumplimiento del Código internacional de comercialización de sucedáneos de leche materna»). El cumplimiento se calculó como la media en cada indicador y una puntuación media final para cada unidad neonatal. Para las puntuaciones parciales y finales de cada país y a nivel internacional se utilizó la mediana. Las puntuaciones van de 0 a 100.Resultados: La tasa de respuesta en España fue del 90% de las unidades de nivel 2 y 3. El rango de la media para las unidades neonatales fue de 37 a 99, sin diferencias según el nivel asistencial. La puntuación global de España (72) está por debajo de la mediana internacional (77), así como en 8 de los 14 requisitos de la Neo-IHAN. Las unidades neonatales de hospitales con maternidades acreditadas IHAN obtuvieron una puntuación media final significativamente mayor, así como en 9 de los 14 requisitos frente a las no acreditadas.Conclusiones: Los resultados, tanto internacionales como nacionales, indican una mejora de las prácticas de la lactancia materna en las unidades neonatales. Los beneficios de la acreditación IHAN de las maternidades alcanzan a las unidades neonatales. España tiene varios puntos clave por debajo de la puntuación internacional. (AU)

Introduction: In 2017, a worldwide survey was conducted on compliance with the practices promoted by Neo-BFHI (Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative expansion to neonatal wards).Objective: Present the results of the Spanish wards that participated in the global survey and compare them with those obtained internationally.Material and methods: Cross-sectional study through a survey on compliance with the Neo-BFHI (“Three basic principles”, “Ten steps adapted to neonatal wards” and “the compliance with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes” and subsequent relevant World Health Assembly resolutions). Compliance was calculated as the mean in each indicator and a final mean score for each neonatal unit. For the partial and final scores for each country and at the international level, the median was used. All score ranged between 0 and 100.Results: The response rate in Spain was 90%. The range of the national mean for neonatal wards were from 37 to 99, with no differences in the final score according to the level of care. The global score for Spain (72) is below the international median (77) and this also occurs in 8 of 14 items. The neonatal wards from BFHI designated hospitals, obtained a significantly higher mean global score, and in 9 of 14 items than the non-accredited ones.Conclusions: Both international and national results indicate an improvement in breastfeeding practices in neonatal units. The benefits of the BFHI accreditation of maternity reach neonatal wards. Spain has several key points below the international score. (AU)

[Breastfeeding practices in neonatal wards in Spain. Neo-BFHI international survey]. / Prácticas de lactancia materna en las unidades neonatales de España. Encuesta internacional Neo-IHAN.

INTRODUCTION: In 2017, a worldwide survey was conducted on compliance with the practices promoted by Neo-BFHI (Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative expansion to neonatal wards). OBJECTIVE: Present the results of the Spanish wards that participated in the global survey and compare them with those obtained internationally. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study through a survey on compliance with the Neo-BFHI ("Three basic principles", "Ten steps adapted to neonatal wards" and "the compliance with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes" and subsequent relevant World Health Assembly resolutions). Compliance was calculated as the mean in each indicator and a final mean score for each neonatal unit. For the partial and final scores for each country and at the international level, the median was used. All score ranged between 0 and 100. RESULTS: The response rate in Spain was 90%. The range of the national mean for neonatal wards were from 37 to 99, with no differences in the final score according to the level of care. The global score for Spain (72) is below the international median (77) and this also occurs in 8 of 14 items. The neonatal wards from BFHI designated hospitals, obtained a significantly higher mean global score, and in 9 of 14 items than the non-accredited ones. CONCLUSIONS: Both international and national results indicate an improvement in breastfeeding practices in neonatal units. The benefits of the BFHI accreditation of maternity reach neonatal wards. Spain has several key points below the international score.

Seroprevalence and epidemiology of hepatitis B and C viruses in pregnant women in Spain. Risk factors for vertical transmission.

BACKGROUND & AIM: Worldwide, measures are being implemented to eradicate hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) viruses, which can be transmitted from the mother during childbirth. This study aims to determine the prevalence of HBV and HCV in pregnant women in Spain, focusing on country of origin, epidemiological factors and risk of vertical transmission (VT). METHODOLOGY: Multicentre open-cohort study performed during 2015. HBV prevalence was determined in 21870 pregnant women and HCV prevalence in 7659 pregnant women. Epidemiological and risk factors for VT were analysed in positive women and differences between HBV and HCV cases were studied. RESULTS: HBV prevalence was 0.42% (91/21870) and HCV prevalence was 0.26% (20/7659). Of the women with HBV, 65.7% (44/67) were migrants. The HBV transmission route to the mother was unknown in 40.3% of cases (27/67) and VT in 31.3% (21/67). Among risk factors for VT, 67.7% (42/62) of the women had viraemia and 14.5% (9/62) tested HBeAg-positive. All of the neonates born to HBV-positive mothers received immunoprophylaxis, and none contracted infection by VT. In 80% (16/20) of the women with HCV, the transmission route was parenteral, and nine were intravenous drug users. Viraemia was present in 40% (8/20) of the women and 10% (2/20) were HIV-coinfected. No children were infected. Women with HCV were less likely than women with HBV to breastfeed their child (65% vs. 86%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalences obtained in our study of pregnant women are lower than those previously documented for the general population. Among the women with HBV, the majority were migrants and had a maternal family history of infection, while among those with HCV, the most common factor was intravenous drug use. Despite the risk factors observed for VT, none of the children were infected. Proper immunoprophylaxis is essential to prevent VT in children born to HBV-positive women.

Clinical Outcomes of a Zika Virus Mother-Child Pair Cohort in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has been associated with congenital microcephaly and other neurodevelopmental abnormalities. There is little published research on the effect of maternal ZIKV infection in a non-endemic European region. We aimed to describe the outcomes of pregnant travelers diagnosed as ZIKV-infected in Spain, and their exposed children. METHODS: This prospective observational cohort study of nine referral hospitals enrolled pregnant women (PW) who travelled to endemic areas during their pregnancy or the two previous months, or those whose sexual partners visited endemic areas in the previous 6 months. Infants of ZIKV-infected mothers were followed for about two years. RESULTS: ZIKV infection was diagnosed in 163 PW; 112 (70%) were asymptomatic and 24 (14.7%) were confirmed cases. Among 143 infants, 14 (9.8%) had adverse outcomes during follow-up; three had a congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), and 11 other potential Zika-related outcomes. The overall incidence of CZS was 2.1% (95%CI: 0.4-6.0%), but among infants born to ZIKV-confirmed mothers, this increased to 15.8% (95%CI: 3.4-39.6%). CONCLUSIONS: A nearly 10% overall risk of neurologic and hearing adverse outcomes was found in ZIKV-exposed children born to a ZIKV-infected traveler PW. Longer-term follow-up of these children is needed to assess whether there are any later-onset manifestations.

The Influence of Donor Milk Supplementation on Duration of Parenteral Nutrition in Preterm Infants.

BACKGROUND: Data are limited on the association between the use of donor human milk and improvements in feeding tolerance. OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of the duration of parenteral nutrition on the growth and morbidity of the breastfed newborn when using donated human milk in the absence of mother's own milk. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study before and after the intervention that compared two groups of newborns (N = 284; each group n = 142). We used a convenience sample of all newborns ≤32 weeks gestation consecutively admitted in a single unit before (Group 1 between December 2012 and May 2014) or after (Group 2 between October 2014 and December 2016) the availability of donor human milk. In Group 2, donor human milk was administered at least 3 to 4 weeks or until the baby weighed 1,500 g. Weight was recorded daily and length and head circumference weekly. Parenteral nutrition was continued until enteral feeding volume reached 120 ml/kg/day. Additional variables measured were the number of days with a central venous catheter, age that the enteral feeding volume reached 150 ml/kg/day, and duration of stay. RESULTS: The duration of parenteral feeding was the same before and after: 12 (8.23) and 11 (7.19) days (p = .822). The z scores for weight and height of newborns was lower in Group 2 = -1.8 (1.0) and -2.3 (1.1) and Group 1 = -1.2 (1.1) (p < .001) and -1.8 (1.4) (p = .005). CONCLUSION: We did not find an association between the administration of donor human milk as a supplement to mother's own milk and reduced number of days of parenteral nutrition. Back translation by Laurence Grummer-Strawn.

A prospective analysis of intake and composition of mother's own milk in preterm newborns less than 32 weeks' gestational age.

Background Mothers of preterm (PT) infants have difficulty providing adequate quantities of human milk (HM) for their babies during their hospital stay. The macronutrient content in HM changes over time, varying across and within individual mothers. The research aim of the strudy was to describe the intake of mothers' own milk (MOM) and its composition according to gestational (GA) and postnatal age (PNA) in infants born <32 weeks' GA and to correlate them with neonatal weight, length and morbidities. Methods A prospective observational study of 176 premature infants in a unit without a donor milk bank was conducted. Daily milk intake was recorded. HM macronutrients were determined by mid-infrared spectrophotometric analysis at 7, 15 and 30 days after delivery and monthly until hospital discharge. Results Intake of MOM increased during the first 2 weeks after birth and decreased steadily thereafter. Protein concentration varied inversely with PNA. Carbohydrate and lipid concentrations increased over the first few days and remained stable thereafter. A fall in weight percentiles from birth to 60 days was found. No correlation was found between total protein and calorie intakes at 3 and 15 days of life and growth velocity (GV) between 15 and 30 days, even when broken down into parenteral nutrition (PN), formula and MOM. Conclusion To improve MOM feeding in PT newborns, intensive support strategies at the prenatal stage along entire hospitalization income should be encouraged. New protocols for fortification of HM should be implemented to optimize postnatal weight gain while preserving the health benefits of HM.