A Road Less Travelled: using Experience Based Co-Design to map children's and families' emotional journey following burn injury and identify service improvements.

BACKGROUND: The emotional impact after a child's burn injury is poorly understood. Greater insight into the emotional journey can aid services' ability to meet patients/families' needs. To bridge the gap, this study employed an abbreviated form of Experience Based Co-Design (EBCD) to explore the emotional/experiential aspects of moderate to severe burn injuries in children. METHOD: Following EBCD, parents and health professionals were invited to share their experiences. Interviews were analysed and a short film was produced and shown at a focus group event for health professionals and families. Both positive and negative aspects of the journey were identified along with potential service improvements. RESULTS: Families' journeys could be described by the following five distinct phases: life overturned, dawning reality, riding the emotional roller-coaster, aftershocks and, adapting to a new normal. Key areas for improvements were: communication, isolation, dressing changes and managing expectations. DISCUSSION: EBCD facilitated collaborative discussion between researchers, families and health professionals. Families felt empowered to shape the future of burn care and health professionals felt included. Study challenges were mainly in participant engagement and the scheduling of interviews and the focus event. Overall the study outcome was successful in generating ideas for service improvements, and the production of a training video for healthcare professionals.

Ferrimagnetism as a Consequence of Unusual Cation Ordering in the Perovskite SrLa2FeCoSbO9.

A polycrystalline sample of SrLa2FeCoSbO9 has been prepared in a solid-state reaction and studied by a combination of electron microscopy, magnetometry, Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and neutron diffraction. The compound adopts a monoclinic (space group P21/ n; a = 5.6218(6), b = 5.6221(6), c = 7.9440(8) Å, ß = 90.050(7)° at 300 K) perovskite-like crystal structure with two crystallographically distinct six-coordinate sites. One of these sites is occupied by 2/3 Co2+, 1/3 Fe3+ and the other by 2/3 Sb5+, 1/3 Fe3+. This pattern of cation ordering results in a transition to a ferrimagnetic phase at 215 K. The magnetic moments on nearest-neighbor, six-coordinate cations align in an antiparallel manner, and the presence of diamagnetic Sb5+ on only one of the two sites results in a nonzero remanent magnetization of ∼1 µB per formula unit at 5 K.

The magnetic structures of GdCuSn, GdAgSn and GdAuSn.

We have determined the magnetic structures of GdCuSn, GdAgSn and GdAuSn using a combination of [Formula: see text]Gd Mössbauer spectroscopy and neutron powder diffraction. Each compound shows the same antiferromagnetic ordering of the Gd sublattice. The magnetic cell is doubled along the crystallographic a-axis (propagation vector [Formula: see text]) with the moments aligned along the hexagonal c-axis, forming alternating ferromagnetic sheets of up/down Gd moments along the a-axis.

Magnetic structure and spin reorientation of quaternary Dy2Fe2Si2C.

We have investigated the low temperature magnetic properties of Dy2Fe2Si2C by using magnetisation, specific heat, x-ray diffraction, neutron powder diffraction and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements over the temperature range 1.5 K-300 K. Dy2Fe2Si2C exhibits two magnetic transitions at low temperatures: an antiferromagnetic transition at [Formula: see text] K and a spin-reorientation transition at [Formula: see text] K. The magnetic structure above T t can be described with a propagation vector [Formula: see text] with the ordering of the Dy magnetic moments along the monoclinic b-axis whereas on cooling below T t the Dy moment tips away from the b-axis towards the ac-plane. We find that the spin-reorientation in Dy2Fe2Si2C is mainly driven by the competition between the second-order crystal field term B 20 and the higher-order terms, in particular B 40 and B 64.

Complex incommensurate helicoidal magnetic ordering of EuNiGe3.

(151)Eu Mössbauer spectroscopy and neutron powder diffraction are combined to show that the tetragonal (I4mm #107) compound EuNiGe3 orders magnetically below [Formula: see text] K and adopts a complex incommensurate helicoidal magnetic structure at 3.6 K, with a propagation vector [Formula: see text] and a Eu moment of 7.1(2) [Formula: see text]. On warming through 6 K an incommensurate sinusoidal modulation develops and dominates the magnetic order by 12 K.

Europium and manganese magnetic ordering in EuMn2Ge2.

The antiferromagnetic structures of both the manganese and europium sublattices in EuMn2Ge2 have been determined using thermal neutron diffraction. T(N)(Mn) = 714(5) K with the 3.35(5) µ(B) (at 285 K) Mn moments ordering according to the I4'/m'm'm space group. The Eu order is incommensurate with the 6.1(2) µ(B) (at 3.6 K) Eu moments oriented parallel to the c-axis with a propagation vector of k = [0.153(2) 0 0]. Both neutron diffraction and (151)Eu Mössbauer spectroscopy reveal evidence of magnetic short-range ordering of the Eu sublattice around and above T(N)(Eu) ∼ 10 K. The ordering temperature of the Eu sublattice is strongly affected by the sample's thermal history and rapid quenching from the melting point may lead to a complete suppression of that ordering.

Structural outcomes in the Cleft Care UK study. Part 2: dento-facial outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: To compare facial appearance and dento-alveolar relationship outcomes from the CSAG (1998) and CCUK (2013) studies. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: Five-year-olds born with non-syndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate. Those in the original CSAG were treated in a dispersed model of care with low-volume operators. Those in CCUK were treated in a more centralized, high-volume operator model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compared facial appearance using frontal view photographs (252 CCUK, 239 CSAG) and dental relationships using study models (198 CCUK, 223 CSAG). Facial appearance was scored by a panel of six assessors using a standardized and validated outcome tool. Dento-alveolar relationships were scored by two assessors using the 5-Year-Olds' Index. Ordinal regression was used to compare results between surveys. RESULTS: Excellent or good facial appearance was seen in 36.2% of CCUK compared with 31.9% in CSAG. In CCUK, 21.6% were rated as having poor or very poor facial appearance compared with 27.6% in CSAG. The percentage rated as having excellent or good dento-alveolar relationships was 53.0% in CCUK compared with 29.6% in CSAG. In CCUK, 19.2% were rated as having poor or very poor dento-alveolar relationships compared to 36.3% in CSAG. The odds ratios for improved outcome in CCUK compared to CSAG were 1.43 (95% CI 1.03, 1.97) for facial appearance and 2.29 (95% CI 1.47, 3.55) for dento-alveolar relationships. CONCLUSIONS: Facial and dento-alveolar outcomes were better in CCUK children compared to those in CSAG.

The magnetic structure of EuCu2Sb2.

Antiferromagnetic ordering of EuCu2Sb2 which forms in the tetragonal CaBe2Ge2-type structure (space group P4/nmm #129) has been studied using neutron powder diffraction and (151)Eu Mössbauer spectroscopy. The room temperature (151)Eu isomer shift of -12.8(1) mm s(-1) shows the Eu to be divalent, while the (151)Eu hyperfine magnetic field (B(hf)) reaches 28.7(2) T at 2.1 K, indicating a full Eu(2+) magnetic moment. B(hf)(T) follows a smooth S = 7/2 Brillouin function and yields an ordering temperature of 5.1(1) K. Refinement of the neutron diffraction data reveals a collinear A-type antiferromagnetic arrangement with the Eu moments perpendicular to the tetragonal c-axis. The refined Eu magnetic moment at 0.4 K is 7.08(15) µ(B) which is the full free-ion moment expected for the Eu(2+) ion with S = 7/2 and a spectroscopic splitting factor of g = 2.

Determination of the magnetic structure of Gd2Fe2Si2C by Mössbauer spectroscopy and neutron diffraction.

We have determined the magnetic structure of the intermetallic compound Gd2Fe2Si2C using neutron powder diffraction, (155)Gd and (57)Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. This compound crystallizes in a monoclinic (C2/m) structure and its magnetic structure is characterized by antiferromagnetic order of the Gd sublattice along the b-axis, with cell-doubling along the c-axis. The propagation vector is k = [0 0 ½]. At 3.6 K the Gd moment reaches 6.2(2) µ(B). Finally, (57)Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy shows no evidence of magnetic ordering of the Fe sublattice.

Magnetic ordering in TmGa.

We have determined the magnetic structure of the intermetallic compound TmGa by high-resolution neutron powder diffraction and (169)Tm Mössbauer spectroscopy. This compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic (Cmcm) CrB-type structure and its magnetic structure is characterized by magnetic order of the Tm sublattice along the a-axis. The initial magnetic ordering occurs at 15(1) K and yields an incommensurate antiferromagnetic structure described by the propagation vector k1 = [0 0.275(2) 0]. At 12 K the dominant ferromagnetic ordering of the Tm sublattice along the a-axis develops in what appears to be a first-order transition. At 3 K the magnetic structure of TmGa is predominantly ferromagnetic but a weakened incommensurate component remains. The ferromagnetic Tm moment reaches 6.7(2) µB at 3 K and the amplitude of the remaining incommensurate component is 2.7(4) µB. The (169)Tm hyperfine magnetic field at 5 K is 631(1) T.

Ferrimagnetism in GdCo(12-x)Fe(x)B6.

The effects of iron substitution on the structural and magnetic properties of the GdCo(12-x)Fe(x)B6 (0 ≤ x ≤ 3) series of compounds have been studied. All of the compounds form in the rhombohedral SrNi12B6-type structure and exhibit ferrimagnetic behaviour below room temperature: T(C) decreases from 158 K for x = 0 to 93 K for x = 3. (155)Gd Mössbauer spectroscopy indicates that the easy magnetization axis changes from axial to basal-plane upon substitution of Fe for Co. This observation has been confirmed using neutron powder diffraction. The axial to basal-plane transition is remarkably sensitive to the Fe content and comparison with earlier (57)Fe-doping studies suggests that the boundary lies below x = 0.1.

The magnetic structure of EuPdSn.

The TiNiSi-type structure, antiferromagnetic ordering and divalent state of europium in EuPdSn have been confirmed by neutron powder diffraction. The Néel temperature is 16.2(3) K. The magnetic diffraction peaks can be indexed with a propagation vector k = [0, 0.217, q(z)] (q(z) ≤ 0.02) at 13.2 K, and k = [0, 0.276, 0] at 3.6 K, indicating an incommensurate antiferromagnetic structure at both temperatures. At 13.2 K, the best refinement is obtained with a sinusoidally modulated magnetic structure and europium magnetic moments oriented in the (a,b) plane with an azimuthal angle ϕ of 66(4)°relative to the a-axis. By 3.6 K, the magnetic structure of EuPdSn has transformed to an (a,b) planar helimagnetic structure (a 'flat spiral').

Magnetic ordering in GdAgSb2.

GdAgSb(2) has been studied using (155)Gd Mössbauer spectroscopy and neutron powder diffraction at a wavelength of 2.3672(1) Å. Commensurate antiferromagnetic order develops below T(N) = 13.8(4) K with the 6.2(3) µ(B) Gd moments lying in the ab-plane of the tetragonal cell. The magnetic ordering is characterized by a [½ 0 0] propagation vector (i.e. the magnetic cell is doubled along one of the crystallographic basal plane axes) with the Gd moments oriented perpendicular to the doubled direction. These results are fully consistent with an earlier determination by x-ray resonant magnetic exchange scattering.

Formation of dibenzofurans by flash vacuum pyrolysis of aryl 2-(allyloxy)benzoates and related reactions.

Flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) of aryl 2-(allyloxy)benzoates 5 and of the corresponding aryl 2-(allylthio)benzoates 6 at 650 degrees C, gives dibenzofurans 19 and dibenzothiophenes 20, respectively. The mechanism involves generation of phenoxyl (or thiophenoxyl) radicals by homolysis of the O-allyl (or S-allyl) bond, followed by ipso attack at the ester group, loss of CO2 and cyclisation of the resulting aryl radical. Synthetically, the procedure works well for p-substituted substrates, which lead to 2-substituted dibenzofurans 19b-f (73-90%) and dibenzothiophenes 20b-c (90-94%). Little selectivity is shown in the cyclisation of m-substituted substrates and competing interactions of the radical with the substituent--and ipso-attack--complicate the pyrolyses of o-substituted substrates. FVP of related radical precursors including 2-(allyloxy)phenyl benzoates 43 gave no dibenzofurans, whereas 2-(allyloxy-5-methyl)azobenzene 44 gave a much reduced yield. No carbazoles were obtained by FVP of 4-methylphenyl 2-(allylamino)benzoate 42.

A study on the magnetic behaviour of polymorphic YbFe6Ge6.

The intermetallic compound YbFe(6)Ge(6) adopts two very closely related hexagonal crystal structures, HfFe(6)Ge(6)-type and YCo(6)Ge(6)-type. In both structures the Fe sublattice orders antiferromagnetically at 485(2) K. The Yb sublattice does not order magnetically, down to 1.5 K. In the HfFe(6)Ge(6)-type structure, the Fe magnetic moments undergo a spin reorientation away from the C-axis upon cooling, commencing at around 60 K, whereas in the YCo(6)Ge(6)-type structure the Fe moments remain ordered along the C-axis, or quite close to it.

Valence change and magnetic order in YbMn6Ge(6-x)Sn(x).

The YbMn(6)Ge(6-x)Sn(x) compounds (0 < x < 6) have been investigated using x-ray diffraction, magnetic measurements, neutron diffraction and (170)Yb Mössbauer spectroscopy. The YbMn(6)Ge(6-x)Sn(x) system comprises three solid solutions: (i) 0 < x ≤ 1.1, (ii) 3.2 ≤ x ≤ 4.6 and (iii) 5.3 ≤ x < 6, all of which crystallize in the hexagonal (P6/mmm) HfFe(6)Ge(6)-type structure. The substitution of Sn for Ge yields changes in the type of magnetic order (antiferromagnetic, helimagnetic, ferromagnetic, conical and ferrimagnetic), in the easy magnetization direction (from easy axis to easy plane) as well as in the valence state of Yb (from trivalent to divalent). The Mn moments order at or above room temperature, while magnetic ordering of the Yb sublattice is observed at temperatures up to 110 K. While Yb is trivalent for x ≤ 1.1 and divalent for x ≥ 5.3, both magnetic and (170)Yb Mössbauer spectroscopy data suggest that there is a gradual reduction in the average ytterbium valence through the intermediate solid solution (3.2 ≤ x ≤ 4.6), and that intermediate valence Yb orders magnetically, a very unusual phenomenon. Analysis of the (170)Yb Mössbauer spectroscopy data suggests that the departure from trivalency starts as early as x = 3.2 and the loss of ytterbium moment is estimated to occur at an average valence of ∼2.5+.

Reactions of 2-(pyrrol-1-yl)benzyl radicals and related species under flash vacuum pyrolysis conditions.

2-(Pyrrol-1-yl)phenoxyl, aminyl, thiophenoxyl and benzyl radicals 2a-2d, respectively, were generated in the gas-phase under flash vacuum pyrolysis conditions. In all cases except the phenoxyl, cyclisation took place providing acceptable synthetic routes to the fused heterocycles 11, 14 and 15, respectively. Only sigmatropic rearrangement products were isolated, in low yields, from the phenoxyl 2a. The pyrrolo[1,2-a]benzimidazole 11 adopts the 1H-tautomer exclusively in chloroform solution. Electrophilic substitution reactions of pyrrolo[2,1-b]benzothiophene 14 were studied, including protonation, deuterium exchange, Vilsmeier formylation and reaction with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. 2-(2,5-Diarylpyrrol-1-yl)thiophenoxyl, phenoxyl and aminyl radicals 23a-f, were also generated in the gas-phase under similar conditions. The thiophenoxyls 23a/b gave extremely complex pyrolysate mixtures in which primary cyclisation products were formed by attack of the radical at the pyrrrole ring and attack at the ipso-, ortho- and meta- positions of the aryl ring. Secondary pyrolysis products were obtained by specific sigmatropic shifts of the N-aryl group. The 2,5-di(thien-2-yl)thiophenoxyl radical 23c gave the pyrrolobenzothiazole 31c as the only cyclisation product in low yield. FVP of the phenoxyl and aminyl radical generators 26d and 26f, respectively, gave 3-arylpyrrolo[1,2-f]phenanthridines 46d and 46f, respectively, by a hydrogen transfer-cyclisation mechanism.

Neutron powder diffraction determination of the magnetic structure of Gd(3)Ag(4)Sn(4).

Natural gadolinium is the strongest neutron-absorbing element and neutron diffraction studies of Gd-containing materials rely on the use of either enriched Gd isotopes or short neutron wavelengths where the absorption is weaker but, unfortunately, the neutron flux is also weak. We have employed a new sample-mounting technique to obtain neutron powder diffraction patterns from the intermetallic compound Gd(3)Ag(4)Sn(4) containing natural Gd, at a neutron wavelength of ∼ 2.37 Å where there is much greater flux. Here, we report the magnetic structure of Gd(3)Ag(4)Sn(4). The magnetic ordering temperature is 28.8(2) K. At 2.8 K the Gd(4e) sublattice is antiferromagnetically ordered along the crystal c-axis, commensurate with the crystal lattice. The Gd(2d) sublattice is also ordered along the c-axis but its magnetic structure is incommensurate with the crystal lattice.

Structural transitions in RNi(10)Si(2) intermetallics.

Intermetallic compounds of the type RFe(10)Si(2) and RCo(10)Si(2) crystallize in the ThMn(12) structure (space group I4/mmm) whilst the heavy rare earth series RNi(10)Si(2) crystallize in a maximal subgroup of I4/mmm, P4/nmm. Reported here are neutron powder diffraction investigations for TbNi(10)Si(2) and ErNi(10)Si(2) which show that the P4/nmm structure undergoes a high temperature order-disorder phase transition at approximately 930 °C above which the ordered Ni and Si fractions revert to a random distribution on 4d and 4e sites. The volume expansion has been tracked in detail via the temperature dependence of the lattice parameters, whilst the temperature dependence of the thermal expansion coefficients α(11), α(33) and α(volume) has been determined from the lattice parameters. Associated with the order-disorder transition is a transition associated with a displacement of the R ion along the c-axis. Both transitions are of second order and the critical exponent associated with the order-disorder and displacive transitions, ß = 0.31, is in excellent agreement with the exponent determined for the three-dimensional Ising model.