Clinicopathological study of mixed cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis secondary to hepatitis B virus infection.

BACKGROUND: Cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis (CryoGn) caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was rarely reported. Our study aimed to investigate the clinical features, renal pathology findings, and prognosis in patients with HBV related CryoGn. METHODS: This was a retrospective study including seven Chinese patients with HBV related CryoGn in a tertiary referral hospital from April 2016 to March 2019. The clinical and pathological data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Age at renal biopsy was 47 ± 12 years, with female/male ratio 3/4. Urine protein was 5.6 (3.0, 6.6) g/d and five cases presented with nephrotic syndrome. The baseline eGFR was 23.5 (20.2, 46.3) ml/min per 1.73m2. The extrarenal manifestations included purpura (n = 6), arthralgia (n = 1), peripheral neuropathy (n = 1), and cardiomyopathy (n = 1). Six cases had type II cryoglobulinemia with IgMκ, the other one had type III. The median cryocrit was 4.0 (1.0, 15.0) %. Renal pathologic findings on light microscopy: endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis (Gn) (n = 3), membranoproliferative Gn (n = 3), and mesangial proliferative Gn (n = 1). On immunofluorescence microscopy, the predominant type of immunoglobulin deposits was IgM (n = 5). HBsAg and HBcAg deposits were found in one case. Ultrastructural studies showed granular subendothelial and mesangial electron-dense deposits in all patients and microtubules in one case. All patients received antiviral medications. They were given corticosteroid alone (n = 2) or combined with cyclophosphamide (n = 4) or mycophenolate mofetil (n = 1). Two patients received plasmapheresis. The median follow-up time was 18 (6, 37) months. Four patients got remission, two patients died of pneumonia, and one progressed to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). At endpoint of follow-up, 24hUP was 2.1 (0.8-5.2) g/d, and eGFR was 55.3 (20.7, 111.8) ml/min per 1.73m2. The median cryocrit decreased to 1.0 (0, 5.75) %. CONCLUSIONS: The etiology of mixed CryoGn should be screened for HBV infection. Endocapillary proliferative Gn and membranoproliferative Gn were the common pathologic patterns. Diagnosis and treatment in early stage benefit patients' renal outcomes. Immunosuppressive therapy should be considered for severe renal disease, based on efficient antiviral therapy.

[Effect of Glucocorticoid Pulse Therapy on Short-term Prognosis of Anti-neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies-associated Glomerulonephritis].

Objective To investigate the prognosis predictors of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody(ANCA)-associated glomerulonephritis treated with glucocorticoid(GC).Methods The clinicopathological data of patients with biopsy-confirmed ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis were retrospective analyzed by retrieving the medical database in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2000 to May 2015. Pathological categories were re-classified. Renal remission rates,infection rates,and death events were compared between intravenous glucocorticoid(GC)pulse therapy group and non-pulse group. Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze factors influencing the short-term prognosis.Results Among the 81 patients with ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis,49(60.5%)received GC pulse therapy and 32(39.5%)did not. The GC pulse group had significantly lower estimated glomerular filtration rate at baseline(eGFR0)than the non-pulse group(t=3.003,P=0.015)but significantly higher 24-hour urinary protein(24 hUP)(t=2.394,P=0.002)and Birmingham Systemic Vasculitis Activity Score(BVAS)(t=0.049,P=0.013). There was no significant difference in the cumulative amount of cyclophosphamide(CTX)(t=1.336,P=0.245)between these two groups. The overall renal remission rate of GC pulse group in the 6 th month was significantly lower(48.7% vs. 79.3%;χ 2=6.591,P=0.024). Univariate analysis showed that baseline 24 hUP(t=6.222,P=0.017),eGFR0(t=3.727,P=0.046),and pathological category(χ 2=7.654,P=0.045)were associated with the overall renal remission rate in the 6 th month. Multivariate analysis showed the crescent category was an independent factor(OR=20.63,95%CI:2.217-191.973,P=0.008;compared with sclerotic category)for overall renal remission rate in the 6 th month,while GC pulse therapy was not an predictor(OR=0.271,95%CI:0.062-1.179,P=0.082). A total of 37 patients experienced infections within 6 months. The infection rate in GC pulse group(55.1%,27/49)was significantly higher than that of non-pulse group(31.3%,10/32)(P=0.042). Univariate regression analysis showed that eGFR0(t=1.912,P=0.049),baseline BVAS(t=-3.360,P=0.001)and GC pulse(χ 2=6.249,P=0.014)were associated with infection events within 6 months. Multivariate analysis showed that the baseline BVAS was the only predictor with 1.089 times for every 1 point increase in BVAS(OR=1.089,95%CI:1.006-1.179,P=0.034). Conclusions Crescentic category favors renal remission independently compared with sclerotic category. Patients with crescentic category may benefit more from intensive treatment. BVAS acts as an independent risk factor of infection.

A Cohort Study of Incidences and Risk Factors for Thromboembolic Events in Patients with Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy.

Objective The aims of this study were to assess incidences and characteristics of arterial thromboembolic events (ATEs) and venous thromboembolic events (VTEs) in Chinese patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN), and to identify the predisposing risk factors of them.Methods A total of 766 consecutive Chinese patients with IMN were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. The cumulative incidences of newly diagnosed ATEs and VTEs were calculated using Kaplan-Meier methods. Univariable risk prediction model analysis followed by multivariable survival analysis was used to evaluate the potential risk factors of ATE and VTE.Results At 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5 years after biopsy diagnosis of IMN, the cumulative incidence of newly diagnosed ATEs were 4.3%, 5.7%, 6.3%, 7.1%, and 8.0%, and of newly diagnosed VTEs were 5.9%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7.0%, and 7.2%, respectively. In 78 ATEs events (71 patients), cardiovascular diseases, thrombotic ischemic stroke (IS) and peripheral artery disease accounted for 50%, 45% and 5% respectively; in 60 VTEs events(53 patients), the deep vein thrombosis, renal vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism accounted for 60%, 13% and 27% respectively. At the time of event, 42.1% patients with ATEs and 81.5% patients with VTEs were at nephrotic syndrome(NS) status (χ 2=18.1, P<0.001). Severe proteinuria, aging, smoking, hypertension and prior ATE history were associated with ATEs. Aging was demonstrated as the independent risk factor for ATEs (P=0.001), and hypoalbuminemia was the dominant independent risk factor for VTEs (P=0.03). Conclusions Patients with IMN have increased incidences of ATEs and VTEs, and most of events occurred within the first 6 months of the disease. IS was very common in ATEs in our cohort. Severe proteinuria and classic risk factors for atherosclerosis were associated with onset of ATEs. Hypoalbuminemia independently predicted VTEs. Risks of both ATEs and VTEs were particularly high in the status of NS, particularly VTEs.

Therapy of Rituximab in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy with Nephrotic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of rituximab (RTX) in the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) with nephrotic syndrome with a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Clinical Trials (December 2016) were searched to identify researches investigating the treatment of RTX in adult patients with biopsy-proven IMN. Complete remission (CR) or partial remission was regarded as effective therapy, and the cumulated remission rate was calculated. Result Seven studies involved 120 patients (73% were men) were included in our systematic review and meta-analysis. All were prospective observation cohort studies or matched-cohort studies, mainly came from two medical centers, and one study was multi-centric (four nephrology units in northern Italy). The creatinine clearance was more than 20 ml/(min·1.73 m2) and persistent proteinuria higher than 3.5 g/d for at least 6 months. All patients received treatment previously [44 (36.7%) had immunosuppressive treatment]. In 12- and 24-month, 56% (95%CI, 0.47-0.65) and 68% (95%CI, 0.41-0.87) patients could reach remission, while 15% (95%CI, 0.09-0.23) and 20% (95%CI, 0.12-0.32) patients could reach CR. The reduction in proteinuria was gradual and obvious, paralleled with upward trend of serum albumin level and decreasing serum cholesterol level. Renal functions were stable. Relapses happened in 24 months were around 8%. RTX related adverse events were mild and were mostly infusion-related reactions. Conclusions RTX treatment in IMN was efficient, well tolerated and safe. More than 60% patients can reach partial remission or CR in 24 months, and relapse is rare. Adverse events of RTX are mostly infusion-related reactions and generally mild.

Efficacy and Safety of Tacrolimus versus Cyclosporine A for Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy:A Network Meta-analysis.

Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus with those of cyclosporine in treating idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) via network meta-analysis. Methods Databases including PubMed,Embase,CENTRAL (Cochrane),Wanfang Database,CNKI,and VIP citation database were searched for relevant studies according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Package Meta 4.5.0 and Gemtc 0.8.1 in R 3.3.1 were used to analyze the included studies. Results In this network meta-analysis,the complete remission rate (RR=0.98,95% CI:0.70-1.40)and the total remission rate (RR=1.00,95% CI:0.90-1.20)of idiopathic membranous nephropathy did not differ significantly between IMN patients treated with cyclosporine A or tacrolimusand,nor did the incidences of hepatic dysfunction(RR=1.40,95% CI:0.52-4.00),infection(RR=0.75,95% CI:0.18-3.10),or gastrointestinal syndrome(RR=2.1,95% CI:0.36-28.00). Conclusion Cyclosporine A seems to have similar effectiveness and safety to tacrolimus in treating IMN.

The Neglected Significance of Glomerular Density as a 5-year Progression Indicator for IgA Nephropathy△.

Objective To investigate whether glomerular density (GD) could be an independent prognostic factor for patients of IgA nephropathy with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 30 to 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, or for patients with time-average proteinuria < 0.5 g/d. Methods A total of 173 patients with biopsy-confirmed IgA nephropathy diagnosed from January 2000 to December 2010 were included. All of these patients were followed up for more than 5 years. The endpoint was a > 30% of decline in eGFR from baseline after 5-year follow-up. The optimal cut-off value of GD was calculated by ROC curve. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis was used for survival analysis. Results A 30% of decline in eGFR occurred in 14.5% of all patients. The optimal diagnostic cut-off value of GD was 1.99/mm2 (AUC = 0.90, sensitivity = 84.0%, specificity = 81.8%) determined by ROC curve. The low GD group (GD < 1.99 per mm2) experienced a significant increase in renal endpoint for patients with eGFR of 30 to 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (six patients in lower GD group, while one patient in the other group). For patients with time-average proteinuria < 0.5 g/d, the lower GD group showed a higher eGFR decline from baseline (4.5±16.7 ml/min per 1.73 m2 vs. -8.1±21.4 ml/min per 1.73 m2, P = 0.038); two patients in this group reached the endpoint, while no patients in the higher GD group did. Conclusion GD could be an independent prognostic factor for patients of IgA nephropathy with eGFR at 30 to 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 of body surface, particularly for those with time-averaged amount of urine protein less than 0.5 g per day.

Clinicopathological Features of Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy in 33 Adolescents.

Objective To investigate the clinicopathological features and prognosis of idiopathic membranous nephropathy(IMN)in adolescents. Methods This was a retrospective study on IMN patients hospitalized between June 2012 and December 2014,and a total of 33 IMN patients aged between 13 and 24 years old were enrolled in the study.Meanwhile,33 IMN patients aged more than 24 years old were selected randomly as control group during the same period.Diagnosis was confirmed by renal biopsy,and the secondary causes of membranous nephropathy were ruled out.Data collected from medical record and biopsy were analyzed. Results In the adolescent IMN group,the mean age at renal biopsy was(20±3)years old,and the male/female ratio was 22/11.Twenty-three cases presented as nephrotic syndrome.Systolic and diastolic pressures were(127±13)mmHg and(77±9)mmHg,respectively.The median 24-hour urine protein was 5.14(3.39,9.31)g/d,and the median serum creatinine was 62(52,73)µmol/L.The positive rate of serum anti-phospholipase A2 receptor in adolescent group was 54%.Compared with control group,the adolescent patients had lower incidence of hypertension and higher baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate level [15.2% vs.39.3%,χ2=4.889,P=0.03;125 ml/(min·1.73m2)vs.100 ml/(min·1.73m2),U=137.5,P<0.001].According to IMN staging criteria in electron microscopy,adolescent patients were classified as one case in stage I,21 in stage Ⅱ,and 11 in stage Ⅲ or higher.The positive rates of IgG1,IgG2,IgG3 and IgG4 subclass staining in glomeruli were 46.9%,3.1%,56.3%,and 87.5%,respectively.Compared with control group,the adolescent patients had lower incidence of renal interstitial fibrosis and arteriolar lesions(6.1% vs.66.7%,χ2=26.19,P<0.001;15.2% vs.66.7%,χ2=18.11,P<0.001).Three patients lost to follow-up while others started steroid combined with cyclosporine A(n=20),cyclophosphamide(n=7),or mycophenolate(n=1)or solely(n=2).After a median follow-up of 18(12,24)months,the median proteinuria decreased to 0.20(0.10,0.42)g/d,whereas serum creatinine level remained stable [69(56.8,81.3)µmol/L].Seventeen patients(56.7%)achieved complete remission(CR),and the remaining 13 patients(43.4%)achieved partial remission(PR).The median time of CR and PR were three and six months,respectively.Only one patient relapsed during the follow-up.Also,21 cases received maintenance therapy including cyclosporine A(n=18),azathioprine(n=2)and mycophenolate(n=1).Conclusions The immunofluorescence IgG subclass in glomeruli and distribution of serum anti-phospholipase A2 receptor in adolescent IMN patients are similar to those in older IMN patients.IMN patients in adolescents responded well to immunosuppressive therapy.Cyclosporine A in low dose as maintenance therapy is effective after achieving remission,and will not increase risk of nephrotoxicity.

Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in subjects hospitalized due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Beijing from 2000 to 2010.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the overall prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in subjects hospitalized for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and explore the prevalence of the major CVD complications and trends in patients with COPD over a 10-year period. METHODS: Medical records in the PLA General Hospital, Beijing Union Medical College Hospital, and Beijing Hospital from 2000/01/01 to 2010/03/03 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 4960 patients with COPD were reviewed in the study (3570 males, mean age, 72.2 ± 10.5 years; 1390 females, mean age, 72.0 ± 10.4 years). RESULTS: The prevalence of CVD in COPD patients was 51.7%. The three most prevalent CVDs were ischemic heart disease (28.9%), heart failure (19.6%), and arrhythmia (12.6%). During the 10-year study period, the prevalence of various CVDs in COPD patients showed a gradual increasing trend with increasing age. There was higher morbidity due to ischemic heart disease (P < 0.01) in male COPD patients than in the female counterparts. However, heart failure (P < 0.01) and hypertension (P < 0.01) occurred less frequently in male COPD patients than in female COPD patients. Furthermore, the prevalence of ischemic heart disease decreased year by year. In addition to heart failure, various types of CVD complications in COPD patients tended to occur in younger subjects. The prevalence of all major types of CVD in women tended to increase year by year. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of CVD in patients hospitalized for COPD in Beijing was high. Age, sex and CVD trends, as well as life style changes, should be considered when prevention and control strategies are formulated.

[IgG4-related systemic diseases: a report of eight cases].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical features of IgG4-related systemic diseases (IgG4-RSD) METHODS: A total of 8 inpatients with IgG4-RSD diagnosed at our hospital during August 2010 to December 2011 were recruited. We analyzed the clinical data, laboratory profiles, radiological and pathologic features and prognostic factors of these patients with IgG4-RSD. RESULTS: There were 5 males and 3 females with a mean onset age of 52.5 years. IgG4-related diseases were described in multiple organ systems: pancreas (n = 5), biliary tree (n = 3), kidneys (n = 6), lungs (n = 3), aorta and periaortic tissue, retroperitoneum(n = 5) and lymph nodes (n = 6). Hyperglobulinemia, elevated serum levels of IgG and IgG4, anemia(n = 6), renal dysfunctions (n = 5) and obstructive jaundice (n = 2) were common laboratory findings. Lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and fibrosis were common pathologic findings. A diffuse infiltration of plasma cells with over 30 IgG4-positive cells per high-power field provided compelling evidences of IgG4-related disease. Patients with IgG4-RSD responded well to glucocorticoids. CONCLUSION: With heterogeneous clinical characteristics, IgG4-RSD is found in various organ systems. The prominent histopathologic features of IgG4-RSD include a diffuse infiltration of plasma cells with over 30 IgG4-positive cells per high-power field. And the therapy of glucocorticoids is efficacious.

[The relationship between urinary albumin excretion and serum uric acid in general population].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the urinary albumin excretion (UAE) and serum uric acid in general population. METHODS: The study participants were derived from the epidemiological study on the association of metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Pinggu district, Beijing. A total of 992 participants (463 men and 529 women) aged from 30 to 75 years were enrolled in this study. For each participant, UAE, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, and serum lipids were detected and other potential risk factors for CKD were surveyed. RESULTS: (1) The frequencies of microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria and hyperuricemia were 12.9%, 1.8% and 4.3% respectively. The persons with hyperuricemia had significantly higher frequency of albuminuria than those without hyperuricemia (37.2% vs 13.7%, P < 0.01). (2) The participants were divided according to the quartiles (25%, 50%, 75%) of serum uric acid level, and the frequencies of albuminuria in males were 13.2%, 13.9%, 17.2% and 25.4%, while those in females were 8.4%, 6.2%, 9.6% and 24.8%. (3) Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed, hyperuricemia was significantly associated with albuminuria in females (OR = 2.31, 95%CI 1.15-4.68; P = 0.02), but not in males. If the persons with reduced renal function were excluded, similar result still could be gained. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of albuminuria increases gradually with uric acid elevation. Serum uric acid is an independent risk factor of elevated UAE, especially in females.

[Prevalence of hypertension and glucose/lipid metabolism disorders in 4960 inpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during 2000-2010].

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of hypertension and glucose/lipid metabolism induced by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in hospitalized patients and their correlations to age and gender. METHODS: A retrospectively prevalence survey was conducted among the in-patients with COPD treated in General Hospital of PLA, Peking Union Medical College Hospital and Beijing Hospital between January 1st, 2000 and March 20th, 2010. RESULTS: A total of 4960 COPD patients were selected, including 3570 male and 1390 female patients with a mean age of 72.2∓10.4 years. Among these patients, hypertension had the highest prevalence (40.3%), followed by diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance (18.8%) and then by hyperlipidemia/fat protein metabolism (6.9%). The prevalence of hyperlipidemia/lipoprotein metabolism in the COPD patients over 80 years old decreased significantly with age. The prevalence of hypertension increased with age. In patients over 50 years old, the prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in female than in male patients (P<0.05). The prevalence of diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance increased with age in male patients but decreased in female patients aged :80 years (P<0.05). Female patients in 60-69.9 and 70-79.9 years groups had significantly higher incidence of diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance than male patients (P<0.05), but not at older ages. The incidence of hyperlipidemia/lipoprotein metabolism disorder increased with age in both male and female patients aged below 80 years (P<0.05), but in 60-69.9 and 70-79.9 year groups, female patients had a significantly higher incidence than male patients (P<0.05); at the ages :80 years, the incidences was lowered in both women and men without a gender-specific differences (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The data we obtained concerning the prevalence of hypertension and glucose/lipid metabolism disorder, age distribution, and gender characteristics of the COPD patients provide a clear target for secondary prevention of COPD.

Th17/Treg imbalance in adult patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome.

To determine whether Th17/Treg balance was abnormal in adult patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS), we studied 25 patients with new-onset MCNS and 20 normal persons. The results showed that MCNS patients exhibited a significant increase in Th17 number, Th17-related cytokines (IL-17 and IL-23), and transcription factor (RORγt) levels, as well as an obvious decrease in Treg number, Treg-related cytokines (TGF-ß1 and IL-10), and transcription factor (Foxp3) levels. The Th17/Treg ratios increased along with increased proteinuria and decreased albumin levels in patients with MCNS. IL-17 protein expression was also detected in the renal biopsy tissue of MCNS patients, particularly in patients with acute renal failure. Further, Th17/Treg balance returned to normal after effective corticosteroids therapy in 16 MCNS patients. These results indicated that Th17/Treg imbalance existed in MCNS patients, suggesting a potential role of Th17/Treg imbalance in the pathogenesis of MCNS.

[Retrospective study on the prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities in 4960 inpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Beijing].

OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively explore the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in inpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Beijing. METHODS: The COPD patients who were discharged from the General Hospital of the Liberation Army, Peking Union medical college Hospital and Beijing Hospital between January 1st, 2000 to March 20th, 2010, were investigated. The prevalence of CVD were calculated. The tendency of the prevalence of CVD by age or discharge year and the difference of the prevalence of CVD between male and female were estimated by using chi-square analysis. RESULTS: There were 4960 COPD patients who were in accordance with the inclusion criteria with 3570 males and 1390 females. The mean age was 72.2 ± 10.4 years. Of the COPD patients, 48.8% were diagnosed as cardiovascular diseases. The age-adjusted over-all prevalence of CVD was 26.4%. Chronic pulmonary heart disease and other disease of pulmonary artery (15.8%) was the most frequent diseases, followed by heart failure (13.6%), ischemic heart disease (10.6%). In COPD patients, male was more likely to have angina, pulmonary heart disease and other disease of pulmonary artery and acute kidney failure (P < 0.05), while less likely to get arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter), heart failure, pulmonary embolism, hypertension and diabetes mellitus (P < 0.05). The prevalence of arrhythmia increased with age, however, the ischemic heart disease and heart failure decreased. The proportion of CVD decreased in male patients while increased in females. CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of CVD comorbidities was 48.8% in 4960 patients with COPD who were older than 40 years in Beijing. There were differences among the groups of various age and sex in the distribution of CVD comorbidities frequencies year by year.

[Analyzing urinary proteome patterns of metabolic syndrome patients with early renal injury by magnet bead separation and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the potential urinary biomarkers of metabolic syndrome (MS) with early renal injury and establish diagnostic models by magnetic bead-based separation and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). METHODS: Participants were selected from the epidemiologic study on MS and renal involvement among residents in Pinggu district, Beijing. Eight-hour overnight urine samples were fractionated by means of magnetic bead-based weak cation exchange chromatography and subsequently analyzed with MALDI-TOF-MS. Wilcoxon test and random forests were used to screen differential protein peaks of MS patients with early renal injury, then combined with genetic algorithm and support vector machine, respectively, to establish diagnostic models. RESULTS: Totally 54 cases of MS without renal injury and 46 cases of MS with early renal injury were enrolled. Totally twenty protein peaks were up-regulated in the urine of MS patients with early renal injury by Wilcoxon test (P < 0.05); random forests algorithm revealed twelve protein peaks up-regulated in the urine of MS patients with early renal injury (importance value of mean decrease in accuracy > 0.005). Genetic algorithm based model showed 82.6% sensitivity, 84.3% specificity, and 83.5% accuracy by a 10-fold cross-validation in identifying MS patients with early renal injury; correspondingly, the support vector machine based model reported 89.2% sensitivity, 81.1% specificity and 85.5% accuracy. Four protein peaks were included in two diagnostic models with mass-to-charge ratios of 2756.98, 3019.11, 9077.04, and 10 054.26. CONCLUSIONS: The urinary proteome patterns of MS with early renal injury were successfully established with magnetic bead-based separation and MALDI-TOF-MS technology. A series of urinary differential expressing protein peaks were identified with bioinformatics tools. Diagnostic models combining cluster of protein peaks are capable of differentiating MS patients with early renal injury from those without renal injury. The different urine protein excretion patterns revealed in this study provide urinary candidate biomarkers of MS patients with early renal injury for future identification and biological roles investigation.

[Risk factors of post-renal biopsy bleeding].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk factors of post-renal biopsy bleeding (PBB). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 1 262 patients who received ultrasound-guided biopsy of native kidney at our hospital from January 2005 to December 2006. RESULTS: The overall incidence of PBB was 30.3% (383/1,262), among which the incidence of hematoma was 29.4% (371/1,262) (the percentages of less and more than 5cm were 73.9% and 26.1%, respectively) while that of gross hematuria was only 1.3% (17/1,262). The incidences of minor, intermediate, and major bleeding complications were 21.4% (270/1,262), 8.4% (106/1,262), and 0.6% (7/1,262), respectively. In seven patients with major bleeding complications, six had renal disease secondary to rheumatic disease (lupus nephritis, n = 5; scleroderma crisis, n = 1), while the other one had IgA nephropathy (Lee's classification V). The risk of PBB was relatively higher in women and younger patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with chronic connective tissue diseases are vulnerable to severe PBB complications. A close monitoring of these patients is necessary.