Influence of genetic regulatory effects modified by environmental immune activation on periapical disease.

The objective of this study was to compare the periradicular responses in endodontic infections among members of two populations: an urban Brazilian population and a non-mixed indigenous population. Samples were collected immediately and 7 days after the cleaning and shaping procedures (after reducing the intracanal microbial load) in an attempt to characterize the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-9, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-17, IL-10, and the chemokines CXCR4, CCL2/monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, and CCR6. The endogenous cytokine and chemokine expression levels were analyzed using real-time PCR. Only the urban population showed a significant increase in TNF-α, CCL2/MCP-1, CXCR4, and CCR6 expression following the cleaning and shaping of the root canal system. The IFN-γ levels were increased at the 2nd collection (p < 0.05) in the indigenous population. In turn, a significant increase in IL-10 and IL-17 expression (p < 0.05) was observed after the cleaning and shaping procedures (2nd collection) in both populations. No significant differences in the IL-1ß, IL-9, and CCL4 expression levels were observed between the 1st and 2nd collections in both populations. The results demonstrate a cytokine and chemokine expression profile that is specific to each analyzed population. However, immune modulation mediated by IL-10 began on the 7th day after the beginning of the endodontic treatment in both populations.

Epidemiological analysis and need for endodontic treatment among the indigenous Sateré-Mawé and Tikuna.

The objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiological profile of oral health of Sateré-Mawé indigenous people living in Barreirinha, Amazonas (AM), Brazil, and the Tikuna indigenous people living in the urban area of Manaus (AM), in addition to characterizing the need for endodontic treatment between the two ethnic groups. A total of 138 individuals participated in the study, of whom 98 were Tikuna and 40 were Sateré-Mawé; they were distributed in age groups ranging from seven to 75 years. A very high prevalence of caries was observed in both ethnic groups. For the Sateré-Mawé in the 7-12 age group, the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index presented a mean value of 3.17. Comparing the DMFT index and the need for endodontic treatment in each of the ethnicities, these variables were found to be correlated, because as the DMFT index increases, the chances of needing endodontic treatment increase. The Sateré-Mawé presented a higher prevalence of need for endodontic treatment compared to the Tikuna. The association of comorbidities and the need for endodontic treatment were demonstrated only in the Tikuna, and there was only a correlation of this necessity with the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in one case. The need to expand access to oral health in these communities is emphasized, taking into account geographical access and technological, environmental, linguistic, and cultural barriers.

Análise epidemiológica e imunológica em indígenas das etnias Sateré Mawé e Tikuna portadores de infecções endodônticas / Epidemiological and immunological analysis in indigenous people of the Sateré Mawé and Tikuna ethnic groups with endodontic infections

Os povos indígenas compõem 305 etnias, distribuídas por todas as unidades federativas do Brasil. Esta diversidade cultural consiste em uma das maiores riquezas do país, mas, ao mesmo tempo, é também um grande desafio para a elaboração e implementação de políticas públicas específicas e diferenciadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o perfil epidemiológico de saúde bucal e a necessidade de tratamento endodôntico de indígenas das etnias SATERÉ MAWÉ, que vivem em Barreirinha-AM, e TIKUNA, residentes na zona urbana de MANAUS-AM. Após determinar a necessidade de tratamento endodôntico, este estudo comparou as respostas perirradiculares de infecções endodônticas entre membros de uma civilização ocidental, residentes em Belo Horizonte MG, e indígenas não miscigenados da etnia TIKUNA. Para a análise epidemiológica participaram do estudo 138 indivíduos, sendo 98 pertencentes à etnia TIKUNA e 40 SATERÉ-MAWE; distribuídos nos grupos etários de 7 a 50 anos ou mais. Para a analise imunológica das alterações perirradiculares das populações selecionas, coletaram-se as amostras clínicas em dentes portadores de necrose pulpar. Os indígenas da etnia Tikuna foram atendidos na Clínica de Endodontia da UNIP (Universidade Paulista), campus Manaus. Os membros da população ocidental foram atendidos nas clínicas da Faculdade de Odontologia da UFMG. As amostras foram coletadas imediatamente após a instrumentação do SCR, introduzindo-se cones absorventes nos SCR, 1 mm além do ápice radicular. Subsequentemente, as amostras foram transferidas para um tubo estéril, e mantidas na temperatura de - 70 º C até a sua análise. Utilizando-se o PCR em tempo real, avaliou-se a expressão das citocinas e quimiocinas TNF-, IL-1-, IL-9, INF-, IL-17, IL-10, CXCR-4, CCL-2/MCP-1 e CCR-6. Os resultados demonstram que, em relação à etnia SATERÉ-MAWÉ, na faixa etária de 7 a 12 anos, o CPO-d apresentou valor médio de 3.17. Comparando-se o índice CPO-d e a necessidade de tratamento endodôntico em cada uma das etnias, verificou-se que estas variáveis estão correlacionadas, uma vez que, à medida que o CPO-d aumentou, verificou-se um aumento na necessidade de tratamento endodôntico. Os molares prevaleceram dentre os os dentes mais acometidos por cárie e com necessidade de tratamento endodôntico. Quanto à análise imunológica, observou-se um aumento significativo na expressão gênica de TNF, CCL-2/MCP-1, CXCR4, e CCR6, após os procedimentos de limpeza e formatação dos SCR apenas na população ocidental. Os níveis de INF- aumentaram na 2a coleta na população indigena, enquanto, em ambas as populações, houve um aumento significativo na expressão de IL-10 e IL-17 após os procedimentos de limpeza e formataçao. Não observaram-se diferenças significativas entre as expressões de IL-1 , IL-9, e CCL4, entre a 1ª e 2ª coleta, em ambas as populações. Conclui-se que as populações indígenas encontram-se desasistidas, visto que o CPO-d de ambas as etnias se encontram acima dos padrões recomendados pela OMS, principalmente na faixa etária de 07 a 12anos. Ademais, o nível de escolaridade ainda é muito baixo nas populações indígenas analisadas, mesmo na comunidade Tikuna, situada na zona urbana de Manaus/AM. Finalmente, observaram-se padrões imunes distintos quando se comparou as respostas das comunidades ocidentais e Tikuna, sugerindo que os determinantes genéticos e ambientais devem ser mais bem avaliados no futuro.

The indigenous peoples comprise 305 ethnic groups, distributed by all the federative units of Brazil. This cultural diversity is one of the most significant assets of the country, but at the same time, it is also a great challenge for the elaboration and implementation of specific and differentiated public policies. The objective of this study was to analyse the epidemiological profile of oral health and the need for endodontic treatment of SATERÉ MAWÉ indigenous people living in Barreirinha-AM, and TIKUNA, living in the urban area of MANAUS-AM. After determining the need for endodontic treatment, this study compared the perirradicular responses of endodontic infections among members of western civilisation, living in Belo Horizonte - MG, and no - mixed indigenous TIKUNA. For the epidemiological analysis, the study consisted of 138 individuals, of whom 98 were TIKUNA ethnicity, and 40 were SATERÉ-MAWE ethnics; aged between 7 and 50 years or more. For the immunological analysis of the perirradicular alterations of the selected populations, the clinical samples were collected in teeth with pulp necrosis. The Tikuna Indians were treated at the Endodontics Clinic of UNIP (Universidade Paulista), Manaus campus. The members of the western population were attended in the clinics of the Faculty of Dentistry of UFMG. Samples were collected immediately after SCR instrumentation, introducing absorbent cones in the SCR, 1 mm beyond the root apex. Subsequently, the samples were transferred to a sterile tube and maintained at -70 ° C until analysed. Using the real-time PCR, the expression of cytokines and chemokines TNF-, IL-1-, IL-9, INF-, IL-17, IL-10, CXCR- 2 / MCP-1 and CCR-6. The results show that, concerning the ethnicity SATERÉ-MAWÉ, in the age group of 7 to 12 years, the CPO-d presented a mean value of 3.17. Comparing the CPO-d index and the need for endodontic treatment in each of the ethnicities, these variables were correlated, since, as CPO-d increased, there was an increase in the demand for endodontic treatment. The molars prevailed among the teeth most affected by caries and in need of endodontic treatment. As for the immunological analysis, a significant increase in the gene expression of TNF, CCL-2 / MCP-1, CXCR4, and CCR6 was observed after the SCR cleaning and formatting procedures only in the western population. INF- levels increased in the second collection in the Indian community, while in both people, there was a significant increase in the expression of IL-10 and IL-17 after the cleaning and shaping procedures. There were no significant differences between IL-1, IL-9, and CCL4, between the 1st and 2nd collection, in both populations. It is concluded that the indigenous people are disassociated, since the CPO-d of both ethnic groups is above the standards recommended by the WHO, especially in the age group from 07 to 12 years. Besides, the educational level is still shallow in the indigenous populations analysed, even in the Tikuna community, located in the urban area of Manaus / AM. Finally, distinct immune patterns were observed when comparing Western societies and Tikuna responses, suggesting that genetic and environmental determinants should be better evaluated in the future. Keywords: endodontic treatment, epidemiology, indigenous, cytokines, chemokines, periapical lesion.

Epidemiological analysis and need for endodontic treatment among the indigenous Sateré-Mawé and Tikuna

Abstract: The objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiological profile of oral health of Sateré-Mawé indigenous people living in Barreirinha, Amazonas (AM), Brazil, and the Tikuna indigenous people living in the urban area of Manaus (AM), in addition to characterizing the need for endodontic treatment between the two ethnic groups. A total of 138 individuals participated in the study, of whom 98 were Tikuna and 40 were Sateré-Mawé; they were distributed in age groups ranging from seven to 75 years. A very high prevalence of caries was observed in both ethnic groups. For the Sateré-Mawé in the 7-12 age group, the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index presented a mean value of 3.17. Comparing the DMFT index and the need for endodontic treatment in each of the ethnicities, these variables were found to be correlated, because as the DMFT index increases, the chances of needing endodontic treatment increase. The Sateré-Mawé presented a higher prevalence of need for endodontic treatment compared to the Tikuna. The association of comorbidities and the need for endodontic treatment were demonstrated only in the Tikuna, and there was only a correlation of this necessity with the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in one case. The need to expand access to oral health in these communities is emphasized, taking into account geographical access and technological, environmental, linguistic, and cultural barriers.

Avaliação da contaminação dos tubos de resina composta nas clínicas do Curso de Odontologia de uma universidade particular em Manaus-AM / Assessment of contamination of composite resins tubes in Dental School clinics in a private university at Manaus-AM

Objetivo - Avaliar a contaminação de tubos de resina manipulados nas clínicas de graduação do Curso de Odontologia da Universidade Paulista (UNIP) em Manaus-AM. Métodos - Realizou-se a detecção do crescimento bacteriano em culturas de amostras coletadas em 13 tubos de resina composta, escolhidos aleatoriamente e divididos em três grupos: Grupo 1 - tubos sem uso e lacrados (3 tubos); Grupo 2 - tubos de resina em uso na clínica odontológica 1 da UNIP (5 tubos); Grupo 3 - tubos de resina em uso na clínica odontológica 2 da UNIP (5 tubos). As coletas foram realizadas em fluxo laminar, por um único operador, utilizando swabs umedecidos em solução salina estéril, sendo em seguida as amostras semeadas em caldo BHI e incubados à temperatura de 37°C por 24-48 horas. Após 48 horas de incubação, foi considerado como positivo o tubo em que houve turvação do meio. Destes, foi realizada semeadura em Agar BHI, Sabouraud e Mac-Conkey. Após a semeadura, as placas foram incubadas em estufa bacteriológica a 37°C por 24 horas, a fim de se avaliar a morfologia das colônias e coloração de Gram. Resultados - Das amostras coletadas, em apenas uma não houve crescimento bacteriano, demonstrando que as paredes externas dos tubos de resina composta foram contaminadas após os procedimentos realizados pelos alunos da UNIP/Manaus. Observou-se ainda contaminação dos tubos lacrados pelo fabricante, e a desinfecção com álcool 70% não foi suficiente para descontaminar a superfície dos tubos. Conclusão - Existe a necessidade de educação priorizando a biossegurança em todos os procedimentos realizados em Odontologia, principalmente por alunos de graduação.

Objective - To evaluate the contamination of tubes of resin handled in clinics of Dental School, University Paulista (UNIP) at Manaus-AM. Methods - This was the detection of bacterial growth in cultures of samples collected in 13 tubes of composite resin, chosen at random and divided into three groups: Group 1 - unused and sealed tubes (3 tubes), Group 2 - tubes use of resin in a dental clinic UNIP 1 (5tubes), Group 3 - tubes of resin in use of dental clinic UNIP 2 (5 tubes) samples were collected in a laminar flow, by a single operator using swabs soaked in sterile saline, and then the samples grown in BHI broth and incubated at 37° C for 24-48 hours. After 48 hours of incubation was considered as positive when the tube was turbid medium. Of these, seeding was performed on BHI agar, Sabouraud and MacConkey. After seeding, the plates were incubated in a bacteriological incubator at 37°C for 24 hours in order to evaluate the colony morphology and Gram staining. Results - Of the samples collected in only one there was no bacterial growth, demonstrating that the outerwalls of the composite tubes were contaminated after the procedures performed by students of UNIP/ Manaus. It was also observed contamination of the tubes sealed by the manufacturer, and disinfection with 70% alcohol is not sufficient to decontaminate the surface of the tubes. Conclusion - There is a need to prioritize education in all biosafety procedures in dentistry, mainly for undergraduate students.

Partial characterization of antagonistic substance produced by a Clostridium butyricum strain

The production of antagonistic substance by bacterium present in the infected root canal system (RCS) probably is an important ecological factor for its successful colonization of the local. The objective of this study was to partially characterize an antagonistic substance produced by a Clostridium butyricum isolated from infected RCS.Production of inhibitory compound was evaluated by the agar double layer diffusion technique using Fusobacterium nucleatum and Bifidobacterium adolescentis as indicator bacteria. The physicochemical and biochemical factors tested for the partial characterization were influence of pH and temperature and susceptibility to the action of some proteolytic enzymes. An inhibition zone was observed against the two indicator strains and acidity and bacteriophage were rejected as responsible for this phenomenon. The inhibitory activity showed to be decreasing in a pH range from 3.5 to 6.5 and being stable at temperatures of 60°, 70° and 100°C, but completely inactivated when exposed at 121°C. The antagonistic activity was resistant to the proteolytic action of trypsin, a-chymotrypsin and papain. An antagonistic substance was produced by C. butyricum, which was thermo-resistant and probably of non-protein nature.

A produção de substâncias antagonistas por espécies bacterianas presentes em sistema de canais radiculares (SCR) infectados, tem um papel importante na colonização deste sítio. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar parcialmente a substância antagonista produzida por amostra de Clostridium butyricum isolado de SCR infectados.A produção de substância antagonista foi avaliada pela técnica de difusão em ágar utilizando como bactérias indicadoras Fusobacterium nucleatum e Bifidobacterium adolescentis. Os parâmetros físico-químicos utilizados durante a caracterização parcial foram: pH, estabilidade térmica, susceptibilidade à ação das enzimas tripsina, a-quimiotripsina e papaína. Foi observada zona de inibição contra as duas amostras indicadoras e ainda foi demonstrado que ácidos e bacteriófagos não eram responsáveis por este fenômeno. A atividade inibitória mostrou-se diminuída em uma faixa de pH de 3.5 a 6.5 e estável em temperaturas de 60°, 70° e 100°C, sendo completamente inativada quando exposta a 121°C. A atividade antagonista foi resistente à ação das enzimas proteolíticas: tripsina, a-quimiotripsina e papaína. A substância antagonista produzida por C. butyricum é termoresistente e provavelmente de natureza não protéica.