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Dithiocarbamates are a class of fungicides widely used in many countries. In this study, methods for determining the ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate (EBDC) subclass, and their degradation product ethylenethiourea (ETU) were validated by UHPLC-MS/MS in different types of dry herbs, which can be used as food and/or medicinal purposes. Mancozeb was used in the validation of the EBDC method, where it was initially complexed with EDTA, derivatized, extracted with dimethyl sulfate in acetonitrile, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), and sodium chloride (NaCl), and then purified using primary secondary amine (PSA). In the ETU method, L-cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate was added to the samples before extraction with acetonitrile, MgSO4, and NaCl, followed by purification with PSA. A pesticide-free blend of seven herbs (boldo, artichoke, "espinheira-santa", cat's claw, senna, chamomile, and cascara buckthorn) comprising distinct parts of the plants (leaves, bark, flowers and/or stems) was used as a control for method validation. Recoveries ranged from 79 to 113% for EBDC and 81 to 109% for ETU. Repeatability and intermediate precision were <20% for both methods. The limit of quantification was 0.03 mg kg-1 for EBDC (0.02 mg kg-1 of CS2) and ETU. The limit of detection (LOD) was set at 1/3 of the LOQ (0.01 mg kg-1 for both analytes). In total, 103 samples of 33 different dry herbs were analyzed, of which 19.4% were positive for EBDC (≥LOD), but no ETU residues were found in any of the analyzed samples. Given the absence of registered dithiocarbamates for use in the investigated herbs in Brazil, the positive results suggest potential illegal pesticide use or cross-contamination, especially considering the low concentrations detected in most samples. Although exposure to EBDC through the consumption of medicinal herbs from positive samples did not indicate a health risk to consumers, these plants must be monitored to prevent illicit pesticide usage, particularly when the herbs are intended for therapeutic purposes.
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Etilenotioureia , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Etilenotioureia/análise , Etilenotioureia/química , Fungicidas Industriais/análise , Fungicidas Industriais/química , Etilenobis (ditiocarbamatos)/química , Etilenobis (ditiocarbamatos)/análise , Limite de Detecção , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/química , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Plantas Medicinais/químicaRESUMO
This study aimed to validate a modified QuEChERS method, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, for the determination of 51 psychoactive substances and screening of 22 ones in oral fluid from electronic dance music party (EDM) attendees. Unstimulated oral fluid was collected in a polypropylene tube and stored in a glass vial at -20 ºC. The sample was extracted with acetonitrile:water and MgSO4/NaOAc, followed by cleanup with primary secondary amine and MgSO4. The effectiveness of the sample storage conditions was shown to be comparable to when the Quantisal™ buffer was used, with no substantial concentration loss (< 15%) for all the substances after up to 72â¯hours at -20º C. The method was satisfactorily validated, with limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) ranging from 0.04 to 0.5â¯ng/mL and 0.1-1.5â¯ng/mL, respectively, and was applied to the analysis of 62 real samples. The main substances detected were 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (<0.5-829â¯ng/mL) and/or methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) (10.1 - 460.6â¯ng/mL), found in 27 samples, and cocaine (13.0-407.3â¯ng/mL) and its metabolites (benzoylecgonine 0.17-214.1â¯ng/mL; ecgonine methyl ester 1.8-150.1â¯ng/mL) in eight samples. Methamphetamine (11-439â¯ng/mL) was detected in eight samples, along with MDMA and MDA; eutylone was detected in two cases (4.7 and 24.1â¯ng/mL) reported as "ecstasy" ingestion. A comparison between self-reported drug use and results of oral fluid analysis indicated that the use of illicit substances is often underreported among EDM attendees, who are often unaware of the substances they consume.
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Limite de Detecção , Psicotrópicos , Saliva , Detecção do Abuso de Substâncias , Humanos , Drogas Ilícitas/análise , Espectrometria de Massa com Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , N-Metil-3,4-Metilenodioxianfetamina/análise , Psicotrópicos/análise , Saliva/química , Detecção do Abuso de Substâncias/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodosRESUMO
Trust in institutions is fundamental for the stability and proper functioning of democracies, particularly in matters of high public sensitivity, such as food safety. This study aimed to assess trust levels in different sources of information and respondents' evaluation of the performance of government agencies responsible for controlling food-related hazards. Individuals interviewed in three environments (hospitals/clinics, supermarkets, universities, N = 1000) answered a face-to-face questionnaire in the Federal District of Brazil, and another population (health surveillance employees at the municipal, state and federal levels; N = 1017) answered the questionnaire online. About 60% of the population interviewed considered government performance to be low/very low. Scientists/universities, medical doctors (MD)/health professionals, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) were judged to be the most reliable sources of information on food hazards, while the food industry, supermarkets and social media inspired the lowest trust. Individuals from the hospitals/clinics group had significantly higher trust in MD/health professionals, media and websites than the two other Federal District groups. In general, income and education were the most predictive factors for the results, being negatively associated with assessment of government performance and trust in most information sources. In the Federal District, there was a negative association between trust levels in the government and worry about pesticides and genetically modified food, but a positive association between trust in NGOs and worry on these hazards. The results point to the need for the implementation of more effective communication strategies by institutions in which the population has low trust levels, such as government and food companies.
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The intensive use of glyphosate around the world in the last few decades demands constant monitoring of this compound and its metabolite in aquatic compartments. This work aimed to develop a sensitive method for the analysis of glyphosate, AMPA and glufosinate in water by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method involves analyte concentration by lyophilization (20×) and direct injection on the LC-MS/MS, and was satisfactorily validated at a LOQ of 0.0025 µg L-1. A total of 142 samples of surface and groundwater collected during the 2021/2022 dry and rainy seasons in the Rio Preto Hydrographic Basin were analyzed. All the 52 groundwater samples were positive for glyphosate (up to 1.5868 µg L-1, dry season) and AMPA (up to 0.2751 µg L-1, dry season). A total of 27 of the 90 surface water samples were positive for glyphosate (up to 0.0236 µg L-1), and 31 samples for AMPA (up to 0.0086 µg L-1), of which over 70 % collected during the dry season. Glufosinate was detected in only five samples, four in groundwater (up to 0.0256 µg L-1). The levels found in the samples are much lower than the maximum levels established by the Brazilian legislation for glyphosate and/or AMPA and lower than the most critical toxicological endpoints for aquatic organisms. However, constant monitoring is necessary, demanding sensitive methods to allow the detection of the very low levels of these pesticides in water.
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PROBLEM: The use of drugs by street children and adolescents is a problem found in most large cities around the world. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of street children and adolescents living in shelters in the Federal District, Brazil. An objective questionnaire was applied to 84 individuals from September 2016 to October 2017; 14 of them participated in the qualitative study. FINDINGS: Most participants were adolescents (84.5%) and males (64.3%), with a history of abandonment, domestic violence, and family drug abuse. All spent some time on the street; boys had a higher chance of being behind the school level and using drugs than girls. Over 60% had used drugs in the previous year, mainly alcohol and marijuana. Over 70% understand the health consequences of this behavior, but most have never tried or failed to stop. About 40% consider themselves dependent on drugs. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that street-life experience, peer pressure, and exposure to drugs within the family had an important impact on respondent's drug use behavior, reinforcing the importance of education programs that focus on the family.
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Violência Doméstica , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Criança , Adolescente , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
PURPOSE: This study aimed to validate a modified QuEChERS method followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to determine 79 new psychoactive substances (NPS) and other drugs in blood and urine. METHODS: Prescription drugs (n = 23), synthetic cathinones (n = 13), phenethylamines (n = 11); synthetic cannabinoids (n = 8), amphetamines (n = 7) and other psychoactive substances (n = 17) were included in the method. 500 µL of biological fluid was extracted with 2 mL of water/ACN (1:1), 500 mg of anhydrous MgSO4/NaOAc (4:1) added, followed by a supernatant cleanup with 25 mg of primary secondary amine and 75 mg of anhydrous MgSO4. Quantification was done using matrix-matched calibration curves and deuterated internal standards. RESULTS: The method was satisfactorily validated for blood and urine at limit of quantifications ranging from 0.4 to 16 ng/mL, and applied to the analysis of 54 blood (38 postmortem and 16 antemortem) and 16 antemortem urine samples from 68 forensic cases. All urine samples and 59.3% of the blood samples were positive for at least one analyte. Twenty-two analytes were detected in at least one biological sample, including the synthetic cathinones ethylone (222 ng/mL, antemortem blood), eutylone (246 and 446 ng/mL, urine), and N-ethylpentylone (597 and 7.3 ng/mL, postmortem and antemortem blood, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The validated method was shown to be suitable for the analysis of blood and urine forensic samples and an important tool to collect information on emerging drug threats and understanding the impact of NPS and other drugs in poisoning cases.
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Líquidos Corporais , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Medicina Legal , Fármacos do Sistema Nervoso Central , FenetilaminasRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate if the maximum values (MVs) for pesticides in surface freshwater included in CONAMA directive 357/2005 are safe for aquatic biota, comparing them with ecotoxicology data published in the literature. The terms "aquatic toxicity", "chronic" "acute", "LC50", "EC50", "NOEL", "NOEC" and the name of each pesticide were used for searches on the research platforms. Data from 534 tests reported in 37 published articles and three ecotoxicological databases were included in this study; 24% of the tests were carried out with producer organisms, 34% with primary consumers and 42% with secondary consumers. Microcrustaceans of the Daphnia genus and the fishes Pimephales promelas and Oncorhynchus mykiss were the organisms most used. Atrazine, alachlor and metolachlor were the most investigated pesticides. Atrazine and alachlor are approved in Brazil, with atrazine ranking fourth among the most used pesticides in the country. The results indicated that of the 27 pesticides included in the standard directive, 17 have a risk quotient (RQ) higher than the level of concern for at least one ecotoxicological parameter and may not protect the aquatic biota. The insecticide malathion, used in various agricultural crops in Brazil, was the one that presented the highest RQs (3125 and 3,125,000 for freshwaters classified as 1/2 and 3, respectively), related to a LC50 (96 h) of 0.000032 µg/L in Chironomus ramosus. The results indicate that CONAMA directive 357/2005 should be updated in line with the current use of pesticides in the country, and the MVs should be re-evaluated so that they do not represent toxicity for the aquatic biota.
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New psychoactive substances (NPS) are an emerging public health issue and deaths are commonly associated with polydrug abuse. Moreover, the number of new substances available is constantly increasing, causing intoxications in low doses, characteristics that impose to toxicology and forensic laboratories to keep routine methods up to date, with high detectability and constantly acquiring new analytical standards. Likewise, NPS metabolites and respective elimination pathways are usually unknown, making it difficult the detection and confirmation of the drug involved in the fatal case in an analytical routine. A literature search was performed on PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases for papers related to chromatographic analyses from fatal cases related to NPS use published from 2016 to 2021. A total of 96 papers were retrieved and reviewed in this study. Opioids, synthetic cathinones, phenethylamines/amphetamines and cannabinoids were the NPS classes most found in the fatal cases. In many cases, multiple compounds were detected in the biological samples, including prescription and other illegal drugs. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, an alternative to overcome the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry limitations for some compounds, was the analytical technique most used in the studies, and high resolution mass spectrometry was often applied to NPS metabolite investigation and structural characterization and identification of unknown compounds. Toxicological screening and quantitation methods need to be continuously updated to include new substances that are emerging on the drug market that can be fatal at very low doses.
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Plastic antioxidants (PAOs), which are used in the industry to prevent degradation caused by thermo-mechanical or thermo-oxidative conditions, have been found in cocaine products seized by the Civil Police of the Federal District, Brazil, since 2019. In this study, a 4-meter short column gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) qualitative method was optimized and validated to detect cocaine, PAOs (antioxidant 168, FOS; antioxidant 1076, NOX; and butylated hydroxytoluene, BHT) and 16 other cutting agents in cocaine base and salt. NOX and FOS are high-boiling-point compounds that are not amenable to the standard GC-MS methods. The method uses a 250⯰C split mode injection, final temperature of 280⯰C, and a total run time of 16.5 min. PAOs were found in 84.2% of the 38 cocaine base samples and in 21.5% of the 65 cocaine salt samples (mainly NOX); 20 samples that did not contain any cocaine also contained PAOs (30% NOX and 25% FOS). Other cutting agents found in the samples included phenacetin, aminopyrine, and lidocaine in cocaine base; lidocaine, tetracaine, and caffeine in cocaine salt. This is the first report of PAOs detected as cocaine cutting agents and shows another important application of the short column GC-MS method in forensic science that can also be applied in other areas involving these compounds.
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Cocaína , Antioxidantes/análise , Cocaína/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Lidocaína , PlásticosRESUMO
The objective of this study was to critically review studies published up to November 2021 that investigated the presence of pesticides in surface freshwater to answer three questions: (1) in which countries were the studies conducted? (2) which pesticides are most evaluated and detected? and (3) which pesticides have the highest concentrations? Using the Prisma protocol, 146 articles published from 1976 to November 2021 were included in this analysis: 127 studies used grab sampling, 10 used passive sampling, and 9 used both sampling techniques. In the 45-year historical series, the USA, China, and Spain were the countries that conducted the highest number of studies. Atrazine was the most evaluated pesticide (56% of the studies), detected in 43% of the studies using grab sampling, and the most detected in passive sampling studies (68%). The compounds with the highest maximum and mean concentrations in the grab sampling were molinate (211.38 µg/L) and bentazone (53 µg/L), respectively, and in passive sampling, they were oxyfluorfen (16.8 µg/L) and atrazine (4.8 µg/L), respectively. The levels found for atrazine, p,p'-DDD, and heptachlor in Brazil were higher than the regulatory levels for superficial water in the country. The concentrations exceeded the toxicological endpoint for at least 11 pesticides, including atrazine (Daphnia LC50 and fish NOAEC), cypermethrin (algae EC50, Daphnia and fish LC50; fish NOAEC), and chlorpyrifos (Daphnia and fish LC50; fish NOAEC). These results can be used for planning pesticide monitoring programs in surface freshwater, at regional and global levels, and for establishing or updating water quality regulations.
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Atrazina , Praguicidas , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Atrazina/análise , Atrazina/toxicidade , Monitoramento Ambiental , Água Doce , Praguicidas/análise , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidadeRESUMO
Background: Acylpolyamines are one of the main non-peptide compounds present in spider venom and represent a promising alternative in the search for new molecules with antimicrobial action. Methods: The venom of Acanthoscurria natalensis spider was fractionated by reverse-phase liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and the antimicrobial activity of the fractions was tested using a liquid growth inhibition assay. The main antimicrobial fraction containing acylpolyamines (ApAn) was submitted to two additional chromatographic steps and analyzed by MALDI-TOF. Fractions of interest were accumulated for ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy and ESI-MS/MS analysis and for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and hemolytic activity determination. Results: Five acylpolyamines were isolated from the venom with molecular masses between 614 Da and 756 Da, being named ApAn728, ApAn614a, ApAn614b, ApAn742 and ApAn756. The analysis of UV absorption profile of each ApAn and the fragmentation pattern obtained by ESI-MS/MS suggested the presence of a tyrosyl unit as chromophore and a terminal polyamine chain consistent with structural units PA43 or PA53. ApAn presented MIC between 128 µM and 256 µM against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, without causing hemolysis against mouse erythrocytes. Conclusion: The antimicrobial and non-hemolytic properties of the analyzed ApAn may be relevant for their application as possible therapeutic agents and the identification of an unconventional chromophore for spider acylpolyamines suggests an even greater chemical diversity.
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Banisteriopsis caapi is used to prepare the psychoactive beverage ayahuasca, and both have therapeutic potential for the treatment of many central nervous system (CNS) conditions. This study aimed to isolate new bioactive compounds from B. caapi extract and evaluate their biological activity, and that of the known ß-carboline components of the plant (harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine), in BV-2 microglial cells, the in vivo activation of which is implicated in the physiopathology of CNS disorders. B. caapi extract was fractionated using semipreparative liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) and the exact masses ([M + H]+m/z) of the compounds in the 5 isolated fractions were determined by high-resolution LC-MS/MS: F1 (174.0918 and 233.1289), F2 (353.1722), F3 (304.3001), F4 (188.1081), and F5 (205.0785). Harmine (75.5-302 µM) significantly decreased cell viability after 2 h of treatment and increased the number of necrotic cells and production of reactive oxygen species at equal or lower concentrations after 24 h. F4 did not impact viability but was also cytotoxic after 24 h. Most treatments reduced proinflammatory cytokine production (IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, and/or TNF), especially harmaline and F5 at 2.5 µM and higher concentrations, tetrahydroharmine (9.3 µM and higher), and F5 (10.7 µM and higher). The results suggest that the compounds found in B. caapi extract have anti-inflammatory potential that could be explored for the development of treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Banisteriopsis , Banisteriopsis/química , Cromatografia Líquida , Harmalina , Harmina/farmacologia , Microglia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Plantas , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
A method for the determination of 80 pesticides (including five metabolites) in passion fruit using ethyl acetate extraction and dispersive solid-phase extraction followed by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS was validated at LOQ of 0.005 or 0.010 mg kg-1 (70 to 120% recovery; RSD ≤ 20%). Fifty-five passion fruit samples were obtained from producers, and 30 samples of frozen pulp and 12 samples of flour purchased. About 27% of the pesticides were detected; at least one in 60% of the peel samples, mainly imidacloprid and carbendazim (max. of 0.274 mg kg-1). Median processing factor was 0.5 for washed peel and 6.5 for dried peel (flour). About 63% of frozen pulp samples were positive, and 4 flour samples contained residues, mainly methamidophos. About 70% of the detected pesticides are not authorized in passion fruit in Brazil. Chronic and acute exposure from the consumption of passion fruit products did not indicate a health concern.
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Passiflora , Resíduos de Praguicidas , Cromatografia Líquida , Frutas/química , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Medição de Risco , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
Abstract Formaldehyde is a carcinogenic compound used as preservative in cosmetic products. In this study, a derivatization procedure using MeOH, EtOH and HCl (25:25:1), and incubation at 60ºC for 4 hours was optimized, and the derivatized products - methylal, ethoxymethoxymethane (EMM), and ethylal - were directly analyzed by headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) to determine formaldehyde concentrations. The validated method provided good linearity of the standard curve, selectivity, recovery (89.6-106.6%), repeatability, and intermediate precision (RSD < 12%), with an LOD of 0.0015% and an LOQ of 0.005% for all derivatized analytes. The validated method showed to be fast, clean, and easy to implement in a laboratory. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported HS-GC-MS procedure to determine formaldehyde as methylal, ethylal, and EMM as derivatized compounds. The method was satisfactorily applied for the analysis of nine hair-straightener cream samples seized by the Civil Police of the Federal District, Brazil. Eight samples contained formaldehyde, at levels ranging from 0.33 to 4.02 %, higher than the legal levels, indicating the need to control the levels of this toxic compound in cosmetic products
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Cosméticos/análise , Formaldeído/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Polícia Judiciária/legislação & jurisprudência , Acetais/agonistas , MétodosRESUMO
Background: Acylpolyamines are one of the main non-peptide compounds present in spider venom and represent a promising alternative in the search for new molecules with antimicrobial action. Methods: The venom of Acanthoscurria natalensis spider was fractionated by reverse-phase liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and the antimicrobial activity of the fractions was tested using a liquid growth inhibition assay. The main antimicrobial fraction containing acylpolyamines (ApAn) was submitted to two additional chromatographic steps and analyzed by MALDI-TOF. Fractions of interest were accumulated for ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy and ESI-MS/MS analysis and for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and hemolytic activity determination. Results: Five acylpolyamines were isolated from the venom with molecular masses between 614 Da and 756 Da, being named ApAn728, ApAn614a, ApAn614b, ApAn742 and ApAn756. The analysis of UV absorption profile of each ApAn and the fragmentation pattern obtained by ESI-MS/MS suggested the presence of a tyrosyl unit as chromophore and a terminal polyamine chain consistent with structural units PA43 or PA53. ApAn presented MIC between 128 µM and 256 µM against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, without causing hemolysis against mouse erythrocytes. Conclusion: The antimicrobial and non-hemolytic properties of the analyzed ApAn may be relevant for their application as possible therapeutic agents and the identification of an unconventional chromophore for spider acylpolyamines suggests an even greater chemical diversity.(AU)
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Animais , Venenos de Aranha/toxicidade , Staphylococcus aureus , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz , Escherichia coli , Anti-InfecciososRESUMO
Abstract Background: Acylpolyamines are one of the main non-peptide compounds present in spider venom and represent a promising alternative in the search for new molecules with antimicrobial action. Methods: The venom of Acanthoscurria natalensis spider was fractionated by reverse-phase liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and the antimicrobial activity of the fractions was tested using a liquid growth inhibition assay. The main antimicrobial fraction containing acylpolyamines (ApAn) was submitted to two additional chromatographic steps and analyzed by MALDI-TOF. Fractions of interest were accumulated for ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy and ESI-MS/MS analysis and for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and hemolytic activity determination. Results: Five acylpolyamines were isolated from the venom with molecular masses between 614 Da and 756 Da, being named ApAn728, ApAn614a, ApAn614b, ApAn742 and ApAn756. The analysis of UV absorption profile of each ApAn and the fragmentation pattern obtained by ESI-MS/MS suggested the presence of a tyrosyl unit as chromophore and a terminal polyamine chain consistent with structural units PA43 or PA53. ApAn presented MIC between 128 µM and 256 µM against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, without causing hemolysis against mouse erythrocytes. Conclusion: The antimicrobial and non-hemolytic properties of the analyzed ApAn may be relevant for their application as possible therapeutic agents and the identification of an unconventional chromophore for spider acylpolyamines suggests an even greater chemical diversity.
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Forensic post-mortem toxicological data provide valuable information for the elucidation of cause of death. However, this is still not routine practice in Brazilian laboratories. This study investigated the presence of illicit and prescription drugs, pesticides and metabolites in 111 post-mortem blood samples from cases investigated by the Forensic Medical Institute of the Federal District, Brazil. Quantitative analysis was performed for 14 analytes using a validated programmed temperature vaporisation-large volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method, which was also used as screening (qualitative analysis) for an additional 19 substances of forensic interest. At least one analyte was found in 61.2% of the samples, of which 34 were related to homicide, 15 to accidental death and 10 to suicide cases. The victims were 14-72 years old. The benzodiazepines diazepam, midazolam and 7-aminoflunitrazepan were detected in 46% of the positive samples (0.02-1.12 µg/mL; midazolam only qualitative). Cocaine was found in 34% (0.02-4.07 µg/mL), associated with substances commonly used as cocaine adulterants (e.g. caffeine, lidocaine and phenacetin). Three suicide cases involved the illegal rodenticide chumbinho, residues of which were found in the gastric content, and blood samples showed the presence of terbufos (0.03 and 0.04 µg/mL) and carbofuran (27.3 µg/mL). These results are discussed, along with autopsy and crime-scene information.
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Análise Química do Sangue , Toxicologia Forense , Drogas Ilícitas/sangue , Praguicidas/sangue , Medicamentos sob Prescrição/análise , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Causas de Morte , Feminino , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective To estimate the usual consumption of fruits and vegetables by Brazilian adolescents. Methods We used 24-hour dietary recall data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents conducted in 2013-2014 with 71,740 adolescents between 12 and 17 years old. The usual consumption of fruits and vegetables was estimated in the Statistical Analysis Software using the model of the United States National Cancer Institute, and evaluated according to sex, age, place of residence, economic class, and nutritional status of the participants. Results The mean of usual fruit and vegetable consumption was estimated at 171g/day, mostly fruits (128g/day), mainly in the form of fruit juice (64.8%). The minimum fruit and vegetable consumption of 400g/day recommended by the World Health Organization was reached only by 2% of the adolescents. The adolescents' socioeconomic class or nutritional status had no impact on the usual fruit and vegetable consumption, but adolescents from northern Brazil had a significantly lower consumption than those from the midwestern region. Orange was both the most consumed fruit on a daily basis (mean of 42.6g/day, 90% as juice) and the most reported fruit (by 12.7% of the adolescents), followed by apples (10g/day; 5.6%) and bananas (8.4g/day; 8.3%). Tomato was the most consumed vegetable (9.2g/day), reported by 11.5% of the adolescents. Conclusion Public health policies are necessary to encourage fruit and vegetable consumption among Brazilian adolescents, including of pure juice, essential foods to prevent chronic diseases in adulthood.
RESUMO Objetivo Estimar o consumo de frutas e vegetais por adolescentes brasileiros. Métodos Foram utilizados os dados do Estudo de Risco Cardiovascular de Adolescentes conduzido em 2013-2014 com 71.740 adolescentes entre 12 e 17 anos, que responderam ao questionário recordatório de 24 horas. O consumo usual de frutas e vegetais foi estimado no programa Statistical Analysis Software usando o modelo do Instituto Nacional de Câncer dos Estados Unidos e avaliado de acordo com sexo, idade, residência, classe econômica e estado nutricional dos participantes. Resultados O consumo médio usual estimado de frutas e vegetais dos participantes foi de 171g/dia, sendo 128g/dia de frutas, principalmente na forma de suco in natura (64,8%). O consumo mínimo de 400g/dia recomendado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde foi alcançado por apenas 2% dos adolescentes. A classe socioeconômica e o status nutricional não impactaram o consumo usual, mas adolescentes do norte do Brasil tiveram um consumo significativamente menor de frutas e vegetais se comparados com aqueles da região centro-oeste. A laranja foi a fruta mais consumida no período do estudo (média de 42.6g/dia, 90% como suco) e a mais relatada (por 12,7% dos adolescentes), seguido de maçã (10g/dia; 5,6%) e banana (8,4g/dia; 8,3%). Tomate foi o vegetal mais consumido (9,2g/dia), reportado por 11,5% dos adolescentes. Conclusão Políticas públicas são necessárias para encorajar o consumo de frutas e vegetais entre os adolescentes brasileiros, inclusive na forma de suco puro, pois são alimentos essenciais para prevenir o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas na vida adulta.