Autolesion no suicida: conceptualización y evaluación clínica en población hispanoparlante / Non-suicidal self-injury: conceptualization and clinical assessment in the spanish-speaking population

La Autolesión No Suicida (ANS) ha variado su conceptualización y evaluación a lo largo de los años. El conocimiento clínico sobre ANS depende de la evaluación y muestra investigada. Sin embargo, la mayoría de revisiones al respecto no cuentan con muestras hispanoparlantes. Este estudio trata de revisar el concepto y la evaluación clínica de ANS en población hispanoparlante desde un punto de vista comprensivo. Mediante revisión sistemática, incluyendo literatura gris, se encontraron 8 instrumentos validados en muestras hispanoparlantes. Se describen en cuanto a su desarrollo, formato, características que mide, aplicabilidad clínica y psicométricos. Siendo mayoría las adaptaciones en adolescentes comunitarios, destaca la creación y adaptación en mexicanos. Aunque con potencial clínico, no son instrumentos suficientemente probados en la intervención de la ANS. Finalmente se discute la evaluación de ANS hispanoparlante y sus posibles mejoras. (AU)

The conceptualization and assessment of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) has varied over the years. Clinical knowledge about NSSI depends on the evaluation and the sample investigated. However, the majority of the reviews on this subject do not have Spanish-speaking samples. This study aims to review the concept and clinical assessment of NSSI in the Spanish-speaking population from a comprehensive point of view. Through a systematic review, including the gray literature, 8 validated instruments were found in Spanish-speaking samples. These instruments are described in terms of their development, format, the characteristics that they measure, and their clinical and psychometric applicability. The majority are adaptations for community adolescents, and Mexicans stand out in terms of creation and adaptations. Although they have clinical potential, these instruments have not been sufficiently proven for NSSI intervention. Finally, Spanish-speaking NSSI evaluation and possible improvements are discussed. (AU)

Factores protectores y de riesgo asociados a las conductas delictivas en adolescentes: una revisión sistemática / Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Criminal Behaviors in Adolescents: A Systematic Review / Fatores de proteção e risco associados ao comportamento deliti em adolescentes: uma revisão sistemática

Resumen La delincuencia juvenil implica la concreción de conductas tipificadas como delito según un marco legal, por una población exenta de responsabilidades jurídicas plenas. Dados los cambios biológicos, cognitivos y sociales que confluyen durante la adolescencia, es preciso que desde la psicología se enriquezca el contexto teórico sobre las variables que inciden en la aparición de conductas tipificadas como delito durante este periodo vital. Por tal razón, el presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo describir los factores de riesgo y de protección para la manifestación de conductas delictivas durante la adolescencia. El método desarrollado consistió en una revisión sistemática de la literatura, concretamente de artículos empíricos publicados en español e inglés en las bases de datos Scopus y Redalyc en una ventana de tiempo comprendida entre enero de 1998 y junio de 2019. Como resultado se encontró un total de 2,202 estudios, después del proceso de cribado y verificación de los criterios de exclusión e inclusión se seleccionaron 41 artículos como unidades de análisis. Con base en el modelo ecológico de Bronfenbrenner (1987), en la lectura a texto completo de los artículos seleccionados se identificaron 16 factores de riesgo en el microsistema y cuatro en el exosistema, además de 13 factores de la dimensión personal. Del mismo modo, se hallaron factores de protección, siete enmarcados en el microsistema, uno en el exosistema, y siete dentro de la dimensión personal. La discusión de los resultados está centrada en las consideraciones a tener en cuenta en los programas de prevención e intervención de las conductas tipificadas como delito en la adolescencia.

Abstract Juvenile crime implies a population exempt from full legal responsibilities performing behaviors defined as a crime according to a legal framework. Due to the biological, cognitive and social changes that coalesce during adolescence, it is necessary to enrich the theoretical context of the variables that influence the appearance of these criminal behaviors during this vital period from a psychological perspective. For this reason, this study's objective was to describe the risk and protective factors of demonstrating criminal behaviors during adolescence. The developed method consisted of a systematic review of literature, specifically empirical articles published in English and Spanish in the Scopus and Redalyc databases in a period of time between January 1998 and June 2019. As a result, 2,202 studies were found. After the screening process and having verified exclusion and inclusion criteria, 41 articles were selected as units of analysis. Based on the Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory (1987), after having fully read the selected articles, 16 risk factors were identified in the microsystem and four in the exosystem, in addition to 13 factors in the personal dimension. In the same way, protective factors were observed - seven in the microsystem, one in the exosystem and seven in the personal dimension. The discussion on these results focuses on the considerations to be taken into account in prevention and intervention programs for criminal behaviors during adolescence.

Resumo A delinquência juvenil implica a realização de condutas classificadas como crime, segundo um marco legal, por uma população isenta de plenas responsabilidades jurídicas. Dadas as mudanças biológicas, cognitivas e sociais que convergem durante a adolescência, é necessário que a partir da psicologia seja enriquecido o contexto teórico sobre as variáveis que afetam o aparecimento de condutas classificadas como crime neste período vital. Por esse motivo, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo descrever os fatores de risco e proteção para a manifestação de comportamentos delitivos na adolescência. O método desenvolvido consistiu em uma revisão sistemática de literatura, especificamente de artigos empíricos publicados em espanhol e inglês nas bases de datos Scopus e Redalyc no período de janeiro de 1998 a junho de 2019. Como resultado, foram encontrados 2.202 estudos e, após o processo de triagem e verificação dos critérios de exclusão e inclusão, foram selecionados 41 artigos como unidades de análise. Na leitura dos textos completos dos artigos selecionados, com base no modelo bioecológico de Bronfenbrenner (1987), foram identificados 16 fatores de risco no microssistema e quatro no exossistema, além de 13 fatores da dimensão pessoal. Da mesma forma, foram encontrados fatores de proteção, sete enquadrados no microssistema, um no exossistema e sete na dimensão pessoal. A discussão dos resultados está centrada nas considerações a levar em conta nos programas de prevenção e intervenção das condutas classificadas como crime na adolescência.

A test of the vulnerability-stress model with brooding and reflection to explain depressive symptoms in adolescence.

To date, few studies have attempted to test the effect of rumination and its components (brooding and reflection) on depression from a diathesis-stress approach, which involves an interaction between stressors and rumination. The purpose of this study was to assess whether rumination moderates the predictive association between stress and depressive symptoms in adolescents. The possible moderation effect of gender on the relationships between the two rumination components and depressive symptoms over time was also analyzed. It was hypothesized that brooding, both alone and in interaction with stressors, would predict an increase in depressive symptoms over time. In contrast, no main effects or similar interactions were expected for reflection. Finally, it was expected that the relationship between depressive symptoms and brooding would be higher in girls than in boys. A longitudinal study was carried out in three waves with a 6-month interval, in which a total of 998 adolescents (45 % female), aged between 13 and 17 years, completed measures of rumination, stressors, and depressive symptoms. The results showed that initial levels of stressors, brooding, and reflection predicted average levels of depressive symptoms over time. There was no significant interaction between rumination and stressors. Finally, brooding predicted depressive symptoms more strongly in girls than in boys. As a conclusion, these findings suggest that stressors and rumination components contribute separately to the development of depressive symptoms over time, and that brooding acts as a vulnerability factor for depression more strongly in girls than in boys.

Psychometric properties of the looming maladaptative style questionnaire (LMSQ-R) in young Spanish adults / Propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de Estilo Disfuncional de Looming (LMSQ-R) en jóvenes españoles

BACKGROUND: The looming cognitive style (LCS) is a specific putative cognitive vulnerability to anxiety but not to depression. LCS is assessed by the Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire (LMSQ-R), which assesses a tendency to generate, maintain, and attend to internally generated scenarios of threats as rapidly increasing and headed in one's direction. This study investigated the structure, measurement invariance across subsamples, concurrent validity, consistency, and stability of a Spanish translation of the LMSQ-R. METHOD: LMSQ-R was examined in a large sample of Spanish students (n = 1,128, 56.47% women). A subsample of 675 was followed-up six months later. The participants also completed measures of social anxiety, generalized anxiety, and depression. RESULTS: The results provide evidence from factor analyses confirming two second-order factors (social and physical threat). Multiple-group analysis indicated the measurement invariance of the model for men and women and for groups that displayed clinically significant generalized social anxiety and those that did not. Women scored higher on the LMSQ-R. Partial correlation analyses indicated that LMSQ-R scales were independently associated with symptoms of generalized and social anxiety but they were not independently associated with depression. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the LMSQ-R has shown good psychometric properties

ANTECEDENTES: el Estilo Cognitivo de Looming (ECL) es una vulnerabilidad cognitiva específica a la ansiedad pero no a la depresión. El ECL se evalúa con el Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire (LMSQ-R), que mide la tendencia interna a generar, mantener y atender escenarios en los que la amenaza aumenta dirigiéndose hacia la persona. Evaluamos la estructura, invarianza de medida entre submuestras, consistencia, estabilidad y validez concurrente de la adaptación al español del LMSQ-R. MÉTODO: el LMSQ-R se examinó en una muestra de estudiantes españoles (n = 1.128, 56,47% mujeres), evaluando a una submuestra de 675 seis meses después. Los participantes completaron medidas de ansiedad social, ansiedad generalizada y depresión. RESULTADOS: los resultados obtenidos confirman una estructura de dos factores de segundo orden (amenaza social y física). Los análisis multigrupo indicaron la invarianza de medida a través de género y en un grupo con puntuaciones clínicas en ansiedad social y sin ellas. Las mujeres puntuaron más alto en el LMSQ-R. Las correlaciones indicaron la asociación de las escalas del LMSQ-R con los síntomas de ansiedad social y generalizada pero no se asociaban independientemente con la depresión. CONCLUSIONES: la versión española del LMSQ-R ha demostrado buenos índices de fiabilidad y validez

Psychometric properties of the Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire (LMSQ-R) in young Spanish adults.

BACKGROUND: The looming cognitive style (LCS) is a specific putative cognitive vulnerability to anxiety but not to depression. LCS is assessed by the Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire (LMSQ-R), which assesses a tendency to generate, maintain, and attend to internally generated scenarios of threats as rapidly increasing and headed in one's direction. This study investigated the structure, measurement invariance across subsamples, concurrent validity, consistency, and stability of a Spanish translation of the LMSQ-R. METHOD: LMSQ-R was examined in a large sample of Spanish students (n = 1,128, 56.47% women). A subsample of 675 was followed-up six months later. The participants also completed measures of social anxiety, generalized anxiety, and depression. RESULTS: The results provide evidence from factor analyses confirming two second-order factors (social and physical threat). Multiple-group analysis indicated the measurement invariance of the model for men and women and for groups that displayed clinically significant generalized social anxiety and those that did not. Women scored higher on the LMSQ-R. Partial correlation analyses indicated that LMSQ-R scales were independently associated with symptoms of generalized and social anxiety but they were not independently associated with depression. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the LMSQ-R has shown good psychometric properties.

Daño cerebral adquirido: percepción del familiar de las secuelas y su malestar psicológico / Acquired brain injury: Family perceptions of the sequels and their psychological distress

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la percepción que el familiar tiene de los problemas de la persona afectada por un daño cerebral adquirido y su asociación a sus propios síntomas de estrés, depresión y duelo. Participaron 223 familiares (cuidadores principales). Se desarrolló un inventario de 36 secuelas percibidas estructuradas en 6 factores: déficits cognitivos y sensoriales, cambios de personalidad, dependencia, actividad disminuida, trastornos emocionales y autoconciencia y percepción social disminuida. Los resultados mostraron que las secuelas percibidas tienen relativamente poco impacto en el malestar psicológico del familiar. Las secuelas con mayor asociación a los síntomas psicológicos fueron dependencia, asociada significativamente a sentimientos actuales de duelo, y la actividad disminuida, que se asocia a las respuestas involuntarias de estrés de aproximación y alejamiento. Estos datos contradicen la literatura que sostiene la relación causal entre secuelas percibidas y síntomas en los familiares, sugiriendo otro tipo de factores implicados (AU)

This study aimed at assessing family´s perception of the problems of the person affected by an acquired brain injury and its association with their own symptoms of stress, depression, and grief. A sample of 223 family members (primary caregivers) participated in the study. We developed an inventory of 36 sequels structured into 6 factors: Cognitive and Sensory Deficits, Personality Changes, Dependency, Decreased Activity, Emotional Disorders, and Diminished Social Perception and Self-awareness. The results showed that the pe rceived sequels have relatively little impact on the caregivers´ distress. The sequels with greater association to psychological symptoms were Dependence, which was associated with current feelings of grief, and Diminished Activity, which was associated with involuntary stress responses of approach and withdrawal. These data contradict the literature that supports a causal relation between perceived symptoms and stress in relatives, suggesting other factors involved (AU)

Rumiación, género y síntomas depresivos en adolescentes: Adaptación de la escala de respuestas rumiativas del cuestionario CRSS / Rumination, gender and depressive symptoms in adolescents: Adaptation of the ruminative scale of the CRSS questionnaire

El presente estudio se basa en la Teoría de los Estilos de Respuesta (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1987, 1991). Los objetivos fueron adaptar a adolescentes españolas la escala de respuestas rumiativas del cuestionario Children´s Response Styles Scale (CRSS; Ziegert & Kistner, 2002) y evaluar si las diferencias de género en los componentes de la rumiación (rumiación negativ ay reflexión) explicaban las mayores puntuaciones en depresión de las chicas. Un total de 1188 adolescentes 8544 chicas y 644 chicos) con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 18 años completaron la escala de respuestas rumiativas así como medidas de depresión (CES-D; Radloff, 1977). El análisis factorial confirmó la existencia de un modelo de dos factores y presentó buenas propiedades psicométricas. Finalmente, los resultados mostraron que las diferencias de género en reflexión explicaban parcialmente las mayores tasas de depresión de las chicas adolescentes (AU)

This study is base don the Response Style Theory (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1987, 1991). The aims were to adapt the ruminative responses scale of the Children´s Response Styles adolescents and to test whether gender differences in the components of rumination (brooding and reflection) account for the higher scores in depression among girls. A total of 1188 adolescents (544 girls and 644 boys), aged of 1188 adolescents (544 girls and 644 boys), aged between 12 and 18 years, completed the ruminative response scale and a measure of depressive symptoms (CES-D; Radloff, 1977). The factor analysis confirmed the two factor model and presented good internal consistency. Finally, the results showed that gender differences in reflection partially explained the higher depressive scores of adolescent girls (AU)

Racionalidad y personas mayores / Rationality and elderly

Este estudio evaluó si la edad influye en la racionalidad del pensamiento. Cuatro grupos contestaron el Test de Creencias Irracionales (Jones, 1968): grupo de 230 personas mayores de 65 años de la comunidad, grupo de 280 adultos más jóvenes de la comunidad (edades entre 18 y 50 años), grupo de 153 padres y madres (entre 21 y 52 años) y grupo de 226 estudiantes (entre 18 y 39 años). Los datos indicaron que aunque las personas mayores obtenían puntuaciones más racionales en algunas creencias (Irresponsabilidad Emocional, Indefensión acerca del Cambio) eran más irracionales en otras (Altas Autoexpectativas y Tendencia a Culpabilizar). Asimismo, se evaluaron diferencias de género, encontrándose que, tanto entre los mayores como entre los jóvenes, los hombres puntuaban más en Tendencia Culpabilizar y Perfeccionismo y que, entre los mayores, las mujeres eran menos irracionales en Altas Autoexpectativas y Necesidad de Aprobación (AU)

This study examined the influence of age on people’s rationality. Four samples participated: a sample of 230 old people from the community (over 65 years old), a group of 280 younger adults (age ranging from 18 to 50 years old), a group of 153 parents (age ranging from 21 to 52 years old), and a group of 226 students (age ranging from 18 to 39 years old). All the participants completed the Irrational Belief Test. The results showed that, although old people were more rational in some of the beliefs (Emotional Irresponsibility and Helplessness about Changing), they were more irrational with regard to Self-Expectations and Blaming. Gender effect was studied and results showed that men scored higher in Blaming and Perfectionism both among old people and young people. Indeed, older women showed less irrationality than older men in High Self-Expectations and Need of Approval (AU)