Hepatic and skeletal muscle tissue immunometabolism in trained rats / Inmunometabolismo del tejido hepático y muscular esquelético de ratas entrenadas / Imunometabolismo tecidual hepático e muscular esquelético de ratos treinados

ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical exercise can be an alternative for preventing and treating the harmful effects of obesity, mainly inflammatory effects on skeletal muscle and liver tissues. However, no consensus exists regarding this purpose's best physical training model. Objective: Evaluate morphological, metabolic, and inflammatory alterations in rats' skeletal and hepatic muscle tissues caused by aerobic and resistance training. Methods: 24 Wistar rats were divided into sedentary (S), aerobic (AE), and resistance training (R) groups. Blood glucose, total cholesterol, and serum triglycerides were measured periodically. After euthanasia, body mass was measured to calculate the total mass gain during the experiment. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) was measured. Adipose tissue was extracted to calculate its percentage relative to body mass and the liver, soleus, and gastrocnemius muscles for morphological analyses and concentrations of glycogen, lipids, and Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α). The Kruskall-Wallis test and Dunn's post-test were performed for statistical analysis, adopting p<0.05. Results: Both training models reduced the percentage of adipose tissue, body mass gain, and hepatic TNF-α concentration (p<0.05). AE increased serum HDL, gastrocnemius fiber diameter and reduced the fractal dimension in the soleus (p<0.05). R reduced blood glucose and serum and liver lipids, increased liver and soleus glycogen concentrations, increased gastrocnemius fiber diameter, and decreased TNF-α (p<0.05). Conclusion: Both training models reduced body mass, relative visceral adipose tissue, serum total cholesterol concentration, and liver inflammation. However, resistance training was more effective in promoting metabolic effects in the liver and skeletal muscle and reducing muscle inflammation in rats. Level of Evidence V; Expert Opinion.

RESUMEN Introducción: El ejercicio físico puede ser una alternativa para prevenir y tratar los efectos nocivos de la obesidad, principalmente los efectos inflamatorios sobre los tejidos del músculo esquelético y del hígado. Sin embargo, no existe consenso sobre cuál es el mejor modelo de entrenamiento físico para este fin. Objetivo: Evaluar las alteraciones morfológicas, metabólicas e inflamatorias del entrenamiento aeróbico y de resistencia en sobre los tejidos músculo esqueléticos y hepáticos de ratas. Métodos: 24 ratas Wistar se dividieron en grupos sedentarios (S), aeróbicos (AE) y de entrenamiento de resistencia (R). Se midieron periódicamente glucosa en sangre, colesterol total y triglicéridos. Después de la eutanasia, se midió la masa corporal para calcular la ganancia de masa total durante el experimento. Se midió la lipoproteína de alta densidad (HDL). Se extrajo tejido adiposo para calcular su porcentaje relativo a la masa corporal, así como hígado, músculos sóleo y gastrocnemio para análisis morfológicos y concentraciones de glucógeno, lípidos y Factor de Necrosis Tumoral α (TNF-α). Para el análisis estadístico fueron utilizados Kruskall-Wallis y el post-test de Dunn, adoptando p<0,05. Resultados: Ambos entrenamientos redujeron el porcentaje de tejido adiposo, masa corporal y la concentración de TNF-α hepático (p<0,05). AE aumentó el HDL sérico, el diámetro de la fibra del gastrocnemio y redujo la dimensión fractal en el sóleo (p<0,05). R redujo la glucosa en sangre y los lípidos séricos y hepáticos, aumentó las concentraciones de glucógeno hepático y sóleo, aumentó el diámetro de la fibra del gastrocnemio y disminuyó el TNF-α (p<0,05). Conclusión: Ambos modelos de entrenamiento redujeron la masa corporal, el tejido adiposo visceral relativo, la concentración sérica de colesterol total y la inflamación hepática. El entrenamiento de resistencia demostró ser más eficaz para promover los efectos metabólicos en el hígado y el músculo esquelético, además de reducir la inflamación muscular en ratas. Nivel de Evidencia V; Opinión del Especialista.

RESUMO Introdução: O exercício físico pode se apresentar como uma alternativa para prevenção e tratamento de efeitos deletérios da obesidade, principalmente efeitos inflamatórios sobre os tecidos muscular esquelético e hepático. No entanto, não há consenso quanto ao melhor modelo de treinamento físico para tal finalidade. Objetivos: Avaliar alterações morfológicas, metabólicas e inflamatórias dos treinamentos aeróbico e resistido sobre os tecidos muscular esquelético e hepático de ratos. Métodos: 24 ratos Wistar foram divididos nos grupos sedentário (S), treinamento aeróbico (AE) e resistido (R). Glicemia, colesterol total e triglicerídeos séricos foram mensurados periodicamente. Após a eutanásia, a massa corporal foi mensurada para calcular o ganho total de massa durante o experimento. A lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) foi dosada. O tecido adiposo foi extraído para cálculo de sua porcentagem relativa à massa corporal assim como o fígado e os músculos sóleo e gastrocnêmio para as análises morfológicas e das concentrações de glicogênio, lipídios e Fator de Necrose Tumoral α (TNF-α). Para análise estatística, foram utilizados o teste de Kruskall-Wallis e o pós-teste de Dunn, adotando-se p<0,05. Resultados: Ambos os modelos de treinamento reduziram o percentual de tecido adiposo, ganho de massa corporal e concentração hepática de TNF-α (p<0,05). AE aumentou o HDL sérico, o diâmetro das fibras do gastrocnêmio e reduziu a dimensão fractal no sóleo (p<0,05). R reduziu a glicemia e os lipídios séricos e hepáticos, aumentou a concentração de glicogênio hepático e sóleo, aumentou o diâmetro das fibras gastrocnêmicas e diminuiu o TNF-α (p<0,05). Conclusão: Ambos os modelos de treinamento reduziram a massa corporal, o tecido adiposo visceral relativo, a concentração sérica de colesterol total e a inflamação hepática. No entanto, o treinamento resistido mostrou-se mais eficaz em promover efeitos metabólicos no fígado e no músculo esquelético, além de reduzir a inflamação muscular em ratos. Nível de Evidência V; Opinião do Especialista.

Effect of high-intensity interval training on the skeletal muscle of spontaneously hypertensive rats

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on the skeletal muscle of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR). Method: In total, 20 male rats, SHR, 12 months old, were used, distributed into 2 groups: Control Group (C) and Training Group (HIIT). The training lasted approximately 50 minutes/day, 5 days/week, for 8 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (BP) was measured at the beginning and end of the study. Analysis: The medial gastrocnemius muscle was used to measure the smallest fiber diameter, after which the Shapiro-Wilk normality test was performed, followed by the Mann Whitney test to compare the medians and interquartile intervals (IQI) of the muscle fibers and Student t-test for performance. For analysis of BP, Analysis of Variance - ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's post-test. All procedures adopted a significance value of 5% (p < 0.05). Results: The median values for the variable "smallest diameter" of muscle fibers were 29.48 (IQI: 9.96) µm in the C group and 33.45 (IQI: 9.44) µm in the HIIT group (p < 0.05). Also, the performance was increased in the trained animal group and blood pressure values decreased significantly at the end of the experiment (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The HIIT intensity promoted an increase in the median values of the muscle fibers and performance. Finally, a significant decrease was observed in blood pressure variation values.

Collagen I and III ratios and tenacity of rats muscle injured and treated with platelet-rich plasma / Relaciones de colágeno I y III y tenacidad del músculo de rata lesionado y tratado con plasma rico en plaquetas

SUMMARY: Severe muscle injuries are common in accidents and have a delayed recovery of muscle integrity. In these cases, muscle suture surgery is the standard treatment. However, Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP), has been widely used in orthopedic injuries due to its growth factors. Thus, the objective of the study will be to analyze the association of suture and PRP techniques in the collagen and tenacity of the injured muscle. Were used seventy rats, divided into five groups: control (C), injury control (CI), injury and suture (IS), injury and PRP (IP), injury, suture, and PRP (ISP). Were sectioned approximately 50 % of the width and 100 % of the thickness of the gastrocnemius muscle. The homologous PRP was applied 24h after the injury. On the 7th day after the injury, the animals were euthanized and their muscles subjected to mechanical testing to measure tenacity or collagen analysis to calculate the ratio between type I and III collagen. The results show a significant decrease (p <0.05) in the values of the relationship between collagens in all injured groups (CI, IS, IP, ISP) compared to group C. In injured groups, the tenacity was significantly (p <0.05) reduced compared to the control group, with no observed difference between treatments and injured groups. The amount of collagen in the injured area has increased, but it did not affect the tenacity of the muscles, which was reduced.

RESUMEN: Las lesiones musculares graves son comunes durante los accidentes y la integridad del músculo está sujeta a una larga recuperación. En esos casos la cirugía, para la sutura del músculo, es el tratamiento común, no obstante el plasma rico en plaquetas (PRP) ha sido utilizado recientemente en lesiones ortopédicas, debido a sus factores del crecimiento. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la asociación de las técnicas de sutura y PRP en la histología y tenacidad de músculo lesionado. Fueron utilizadas 70 ratas distribuidas en cinco grupos: control (C), control lesión (CL), lesión y sutura (LS), lesión y PRP (LPRP), lesión, sutura y PRP (LSPRP). Aproximadamente en la lesión, el 50 % de la longitud y el 100 % del espesor del músculo gastrocnemio fueron seccionados. El PRP homólogo fue aplicado 24 horas después de la lesión. En el 7º día después de la lesión los animales fueron eutanasiados y las muestras fueran sometidas al ensayo mecánico para la medición de la tenacidad y análisis del colágeno, para realizar el cálculo de la relación entre los colágenos I y III. Los resultados demostraron una reducción significativa (p<0,05) en los valores de la relación entre los colágenos en todos los grupos lesionados en relación al grupo C. La tenacidad fue (p<0,05) reducida significativamente en los grupos lesionados en relación al grupo control, sin diferencia entre los tratados. En la lesión muscular hubo disminución de los valores de colágeno, aunque en los tratamientos se observó elevación de la cantidad de colágeno en la área lesionada, esta no tuvo efecto en la tenacidad de los músculos que fue disminuida en la lesión.

Effects of different swimming intensities on the bone properties of the tibia and femur of Wistar Rats in which knee rheumatoid arthritis was induced / Efectos de las diferentes intensidades de la natación en las propiedades óseas de la tibia y fémur de Ratas Wistar con artritis reumatoide inducida en rodillas

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease triggered by environmental and genetic factors. Research suggests that physical exercise has benefits such as delaying functional disability. In vivo studies using experimental models of arthritis can provide useful information about these benefits. to analyze the effects that different intensities of aquatic physical exercise have on the proprieties of the bones in induced arthritis in knees of Wistar rats. Male Wistar adults rats (n=20) were divided into 5 groups: Group Control Arthritis (GCA) n=4, Group control Placebo (GCP) n=4, Group Low Physical Activity (GB) n=4, Group Moderate Physical Activity (GM) n=4 and Group Intense Physical Activity (GI) n=4. The physical activity groups got an intra-articular injection of Zymosam on the right knee; the GCA received saline solution in the right knee; the GCP was submitted to the stress of the needle. The animals were submitted to aquatic activity for 30 minutes, 4 times a week for 5 weeks, and the intensity of the exercise was determined by a weight placed on their back: GB=1 %, GM=5 %, GI=15 % of their body weight. It was observed that the group GB, and the groups that did not exercise GCA and GCP, gained more weight compared to the group GM. In relation to the bone mineral content of the tibia, there was a decrease in the GM group when compared to the GCP group, whereas in the tibial bone mineral density there was a decrease in the GM group compared to the GCP, GCA, GB. As for the area of the femur, the GI group presented an increase of it compared to the GB and GM groups. It is concluded that the high intensity exercises promote better results in bone properties.

La investigación sugiere que el ejercicio físico tiene beneficios como retrasar la discapacidad funcional de la artritis reumatoide. Los estudios in vivo que utilizan modelos experimentales de artritis pueden proporcionar información útil sobre estos beneficios. Se analizaron los efectos de las intensidades del ejercicio físico acuático sobre las propiedades de los huesos, en la artritis inducida en las rodillas de ratas Wistar. Las ratas Wistar macho adultas (n = 20) se dividieron en 5 grupos: grupo de control artritis (ACG) n = 4, grupo control placebo (CGP) n = 4, grupo de actividad física baja (GB) n = 4, grupo de actividad física moderada (GM) n = 4 y grupo de actividad física intensa (GI) n = 4. Los grupos de actividad física recibieron una inyección intraarticular de Zymosam en la rodilla derecha; el GCA recibió solución salina en la rodilla derecha; el CGP fue sometido a la tensión de una aguja. Los animales fueron sometidos a actividad acuática durante 30 minutos, 4 veces a la semana durante 5 semanas, y la intensidad del ejercicio se determinó mediante un peso colocado sobre su espalda: GB = 1 %, GM = 5 %, GI = 15 % de su peso corporal. Se observó que el grupo GB, y los grupos que no ejercitaron GCA y CGP, ganaron más peso en comparación con el grupo GM. En relación con el contenido mineral óseo de la tibia, hubo una disminución en el grupo GM en comparación con el grupo GCP, mientras que en la densidad mineral del hueso tibial hubo una disminución en el grupo GM en comparación con el GCP, GCA, GB. En cuanto al área del fémur, el grupo GI presentó un aumento en comparación con los grupos GB y GM. En conclusión el ejercicio de alta intensidad promueve mejores resultados en las propiedades óseas.

Effects of muscular strength training and growth hormone (GH) supplementation on femoral bone tissue: analysis by Raman spectroscopy, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and mechanical resistance.

The aim of the present study was to verify the effects of muscular strength training and growth hormone (GH) supplementation on femoral bone tissue by Raman spectroscopy (Raman), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and mechanical resistance (F-max) analysis. A total of 40 male Wistar animals, 60 days old, were used. The animals were distributed into four groups: control (C), control with GH (GHC), muscular strength training (T), and muscular strength training with GH (GHT). Blood samples were collected for the quantification of creatine kinase (CK-MB) and the femurs were removed for analysis by Raman, DXA, and F-max. A more pronounced increase in the bone mineral components was verified in the T group, for all the variables obtained by the Raman (calcium, phosphate, amide, and collagen). In addition, for animals submitted to GH supplementation, there was a reduction in the variable bone mineral density (BMD) obtained by the DXA (p < 0.05). Finally, the animals that received GH supplementation presented a higher F-max, but without statistical significance (p > 0.05). It was concluded that animals that received GH supplementation demonstrated a decrease in BMD. In addition, T alone was able to promote increased calcium, phosphate, amide, and collagen compounds in bone tissue.

Effects of consumption of soft drinks on the muscular morphology of animals submitted to concurrent training / Efecto del consumo de bebidas refrescantes en la morfología muscular de animales sometidos a entrenamiento concurrente

The consumption of industrialized foods and beverages contributes to the increase in body weight and manifestation of diverse illnesses. Among these industrialized products, soft drinks can be mentioned, which when consumed in large quantities can contribute to weight gain and the emergence of chronic non-communicable diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. In terms of performance, several training protocols have been used, among which concurrent training is presented as a tool that can aid in the control of body weight and muscle development. Thus, the identification of dietary factors, as well as the use of appropriate training methods, can be essential factors in the increase in physical performance. To study the effects of concurrent training on the skeletal muscles of animals submitted to soft drink consumption. In the present study, 32 male rats were used, of the Wistar breed, in the post-weaning biological phase (30 days). The animals performed a concurrent training protocol. Forty-eight hours after the final training session, the animals were submitted to a surgical procedure to remove samples of gastrocnemius muscle. After preparation of the histological slides, the muscle fibers of the different groups of animals were measured. The median values for the minimum diameter of muscle fibers presented the following values: Control (C): 35.78, Control Soft Drinks (CSD): 36.93, Training (T): 39.12, and Training Soft Drinks (TSD): 37.82. The CSD and TSD groups demonstrated the greatest increase in body mass in relation to the C and T groups. In addition, the groups that performed the concurrent training presented a higher mean of the smallest fiber diameter. It was concluded that the ingestion of soft drinks had a negative effect on the muscular hypertrophy of animals submitted to a concurrent training protocol.

El consumo de alimentos y bebidas industrializadas contribuyen al aumento de peso corporal y manifestación de diversas enfermedades. Entre estos alimentos, se encuentran las bebidas refrescantes, que al ser consumidas en grandes proporciones, pueden contribuir al aumento de peso y a la aparición de enfermedades crónicas, tales como la hipertensión, diabetes y obesidad. En cuanto al desempeño, diversos protocolos han sido utilizados, entre estos, el entrenamiento concurrente que puede ser una forma de ayuda en el control de peso corporal y el desarrollo muscular. Siendo así, la identificación de los factores alimentarios, como también la utilización de los métodos correctos de entrenamiento, pueden ser esenciales en el aumento del desempeño físico. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar los efectos del entrenamiento concurrente en la musculatura esquelética de animales sometidos al consumo de bebidas refrescantes. En la presente investigación fueran utilizadas 32 ratas Wistar. Los animales fueran sometidos a un protocolo de entrenamiento concurrente. Después de 48 horas de la última sesión de entrenamiento, los animales fueran sometidos a un proceso quirúrgico para la remoción de muestras de tejido muscular. Los valores de la media del diámetro de las fibras musculares fueron: Control (C): 35,78; Control y Bebida Refrescante (CBR): 36,93; Entrenamiento (ET): 39,12; y Entrenamiento y Bebida Refrescante (EBR): 37,82. Se observó que los grupos CBR y EBR presentaron mayor aumento de masa corporal en comparación con C y T. Además, los grupos que realizaran el entrenamiento concurrente obtuvieron una mayor media en el diámetro de las fibras. Es posible concluir que el consumo de bebidas refrescantes tiene una influencia negativa en la hipertrofia muscular de animales sometidos a un protocolo de entrenamiento concurrente.

Muscle strength training is better than the use of growth hormone (GH) in bone health of Wistar rats / Entrenamiento de la fuerza muscular es mejor que el uso de la hormona del crecimiento (GH) en salud ósea del ratas Wistar

SUMMARY: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of growth hormone (GH) and muscle strength training (ST) on the composition of bone tissue of Wistar rats through Raman spectroscopy. In total, 40 male rats were randomly distributed into four groups: (N = 10) control (C), control with the application of GH (GHC), strength training (T), and strength training with the application of GH (GHT). The training consisted of four series of 10 water jumps, performed three times a week, with an overload corresponding to 50 % of body weight and duration of four weeks. GH was applied at a dose of 0.2 IU / kg in each animal three times a week and every other day. After four weeks, the animals were euthanized and the right femurs collected for analysis of the bone structure. Raman spectroscopy (ER) was used to observe the following compounds from their respective bands: Calcium Carbonate-Triglycerides (fatty acids) 1073 cm-1, Collagen type I 509 cm-1, Bone-DNA Phosphate (Protein) 589 cm-1, Phosphate Phospholipids 1078 cm-1. For the statistical analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk and ANOVA One-Way variance analysis normality tests were performed, followed by the Tukey post-test. The results showed an increase in the concentrations of calcium carbonate-triglycerides (fatty acids), type I collagen, bone phosphate-DNA (protein), and phosphate phospholipids in all experimental groups, with or without ST and/or GH , But only the isolated training group differed significantly from the control group (P <0.05). It was concluded that all treatments could promote bone tissue gain, however, only the T group demonstrated a significant difference in the mineral compounds analyzed.

RESUMEN: El objetivo del estudio fue avaluar el efecto de la aplicación de la hormona del crecimiento (GH) y entrenamiento de la fuerza muscular (EF) en la composición del tejido óseo de ratas Wistar a partir de la espectroscopía Raman. Fueron utilizadas 40 ratas machos distribuidas de forma aleatoria en cuatro grupos (n=10): control (C), control y aplicación de GH (GHC), entrenamiento de la fuerza muscular (EF) y entrenamiento de la fuerza muscular y aplicación del GH (GHE). El entrenamiento fue consistió en cuatro series de 10 saltos acuáticos, realizados tres veces en la semana, con sobrecarga correspondiente a 50 % de la masa corporal y durante cuatro semanas. El GH fue aplicado en la dosificación de 0,2 UI/kg en cada animal, tres veces en la semana y en días alternados. Después de cuatro semanas, los animales fueran eutanasiados y retirados los fémures derechos para un análisis de la estructura ósea. La espectroscopía Raman fue utilizada para observar los siguientes compuestos a partir de las respectivas bandas: Carbonato de Calcio-Triglicéridos (ácidos grasos) 1073 cm-1, Colágeno Tipo I 509 cm-1, Fosfato Óseo-DNA (Proteína) 589 cm1, Fosfato Fosfolípidos 1078 cm-1. Para el análisis estadístico, fueron realizadas las pruebas Shapiro-Wilk y el análisis de variancia ANOVA One-Way, seguida de test post hoc de Tukey. Los resultados revelaran aumento de la concentración de Carbonato de Calcio-Triglicéridos (ácidos grasos), Colágeno Tipo I, Fosfato Óseo- DNA (Proteína), Fosfato Fosfolípidos en todos los grupos experimentales, asociados o no a la realización del EF y/o aplicación del GH. Además, solamente el grupo EF mostró diferencia significativa del grupo C (p<0,05). Es posible concluir que todos los tratamientos mostraran aumentos en el tejido óseo, sin embargo, solamente el grupo T demostró una diferencia significativa en los compuestos minerales analizados.

Adaptations of muscle tissue of rats submitted to aerobic and anaerobic physical training in different ergometer models / Adaptaciones en tejido muscular de ratas sometidas a entrenamiento físico aeróbico y anaeróbico en diferentes modelos de ergómetros

SUMMARY The objective of the present study was to analyze the effects of four different training models, two aerobic and two anaerobic models, in relation to muscular hypertrophy, by means of morphometric analysis of the muscle cells of the soleus muscle and the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL). The animals were divided into five groups, control (C), aerobic training in swimming (ATS), resistance training in water (RTW), aerobic training on a treadmill (ATT), and resistance training in climbing (RTC). The aerobic training was performed at 70 % of the anaerobic threshold for 30 minutes, while the RTW was composed of 3 series of 10 jumps, and the RTC 4 series of climbs, both at 80 % of the maximum load. All training protocols were performed for a total period of 4 weeks, 3 times per week. The diameters of the muscle cells were measured by means of histological slides of the EDL and soleus muscles. For the EDL muscle, there was no difference between the ATS and ATT aerobic training models (p = 0.20). However, the RTW presented greater hypertrophy when compared to the RTC (p <0.01). Regarding the soleus muscle, the ATS was responsible for generating greater hypertrophy than the ATT (p <0.01). In addition, the RTC was more efficient at producing hypertrophy than the RTW (p <0.01). In this way, it was concluded that exercise adaptation was according to exercise type, aerobic or anaerobic, and not to the modality used.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue analizar los efectos de cuatro diferentes modelos de entrenamiento, dos aeróbicos y dos anaeróbicos en la hipertrofia muscular en ratas, a través del análisis morfométrico de las células musculares de los músculos sóleo y extensor largo de los dedos (ELD). Los animales fueran divididos en cinco grupos: control (C), entrenamiento aeróbico en natación (TAN), entrenamiento resistido en medio acuático (TRA), entrenamiento resistido en escalada (TRE) y entrenamiento aeróbico en estera rodante (TRE). Los entrenamientos aeróbicos fueron realizados a 70 % del umbral anaeróbico, durante 30 minutos, en cuanto los TRA fueron realizados por 3 series de 10 saltos y el TRE, 4 series de escaladas, ambos a la intensidad de 80 % de la carga máxima. Todos los protocolos de entrenamientos fueron realizados tres veces a la semana por un período de 4 semanas. Fueron demarcados los diámetros de las células musculares de los músculos ELD y sóleo por medio de láminas histológicas. En el músculo ELD no se pudo observar diferencia entre los modelos de entrenamiento aeróbico TAN y TAE (p=0,20). Además, el TRA demostró mayor hipertrofia comparado al TRE (p<0,01). Con relación al músculo sóleo, el TAN fue responsable de generar mayor hipertrofia respecto al TRA (p<0,01). De este modo es posible concluir que la adaptación depende del tipo de ejercicio, aeróbico o anaeróbico, y no en función de la modalidad utilizada.

Intermittent training followed by detraining provides the preservation of hepatic tissue and body composition of eutrophic rats in relation to obese rats after the detraining period / El entrenamiento intermitente seguido de desacondicionamiento facilita la preservación del tejido hepático y la composición corporal de las ratas eutróficas en relación a las ratas obesas después del período de desacondicionamiento

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of intermittent training followed by detraining on liver tissue and body composition of rats subjected to a normolipidic or hyperlipidic diet. Sixty Wistar rats were divided into the groups Sedentary Control (SC), Exercised Control (EC), Sedentary Control euthanized at six months of age (SC(6)), Detrained Control (DC), Sedentary Obese (SO), Exercised Obese (EO), Sedentary Obese euthanized at six months of age (SO(6)) and Detrained Obese (DO), which performed intermittent training for eight weeks. After, the groups SC(6), DC, SO(6) and DO performed a detraining protocol for eight weeks. The animals were euthanized, with measurements of body mass and length taken, and retrieval of Epididymal Adipose Tissue (EAT) for body composition variables and the liver for karyometric and stereological analysis. Significant differences were found in the liver mass values of the EC relative to the DO and in the SO(6) liver in relation to all groups, with a greater gain in body mass of the SO(6) in comparison to the EC; in the EAT total, EAT percentage and BM of SO(6) and DO in relation to the EC and the DC and in the karyometric variables of the EC and the DC in relation to EO and DO, with no differences in the stereology and on the Lee index between all groups. Intermittent training showed better effects on the DC liver tissue compared to EO and DO, and on the EC and DC body composition compared to SO(6) and DO.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los efectos del entrenamiento intermitente seguido de desentrenamiento en el tejido hepático y la composición corporal de ratas sometidas a una dieta normolipídica e hiperlipídica. Sesenta ratas Wistar se dividieron en los siguientes grupos: Control Sedentario (CS), Control Entrenado (CE), Control Sedentario sacrificado a los seis meses de edad (SC (6)), Control Desentrenado (CD), Obeso Sedentario (OS), Obeso Entrenado (OE), Obesidad Sedentaria sacrificados a los seis meses de edad (OS) (6)) y Obesidad Desentrenada (DOD), que realizó un entrenamiento intermitente durante ocho semanas. Posteriormente, los grupos CS (6), CD, OS (6) y DO realizaron un protocolo de desentrenamiento durante ocho semanas. Los animales fueron sacrificados, con mediciones de masa corporal y longitud, y la recuperación de tejido adiposo epididimal (EAT) para las variables de composición corporal y el hígado para el análisis estereológico y cariométrico. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en los valores de la masa hepática de CE en relación con DO y en el hígado SO (6) en relación con todos los grupos, con un mayor aumento en la masa corporal del SO (6) en comparación con la CE; en el total de EAT, porcentaje de EAT y BM de SO (6) y OD en relación con CE y CD y en las variables cariométricas de CE y CD en relación con OE y OD, sin diferencias en la estereología y en el índice de Lee entre todos los grupos. En el entrenamiento intermitente se observaron mejores efectos en el tejido hepático de CD en comparación con OE y OD, y en la composición corporal de CE y CD en comparación con OS (6) y OD.

Alterations in morphology and aerobic resistance of rats subjected to different physical training protocols / Alteraciones en la morfología y resistencia aeróbica de animales sometidos a diferentes protocolos de entrenamiento

The objective of this study was to investigate the alterations in morphology and aerobic resistance of rats subjected to different physical training protocols. The study consisted of 55 rats of the "Wistar" breed, 100 days of age, over a period of 8 weeks. The animals were randomly distributed between four groups: control (CTLE); neuromuscular anaerobic (TAN); aerobic (TAE) and concurrent training (TCc). After four weeks, some of the animals were euthanized. The body mass index (BMI), Lee index (Lee), epididymal adipose tissue (TecAdp), body weight, and feed efficiency ratio (CoefAlim) were measured. The Anaerobic Threshold was determined by critical workload (7 %, 9 % and 11 % of body weight). TAE and TCc training caused alterations in Lee and BMI, at four and eight weeks respectively (LeeTAE=X:2.86±0.08; X:2.89±0.07 and LeeTCc=X:2.85±0.05; X:3.00±0.09). For the TecAdp, all groups presented a decrease, with the TCc value down after eight weeks (X:1.77±0.32). Finally, TAN training improved the CoefAlim (X:31.57±3.70) after the eight week period and the TCc presented the highest value for Lan (X:7.10±0.80).

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las alteraciones en la morfología y la resistencia aeróbica de animales sometidos a diferentes protocolos de entrenamiento. Se analizaron 55 ratas macho "Wistar" de 100 días de edad, durante un período de ocho semanas. Los animales fueron separados aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos: grupo control (CTLE); entrenamiento anaerobio neuromuscular (TAN); entrenamiento aerobio (TAE) y entrenamiento concurrente (TCc). Al término de cuatro semanas, algunos de los animales fueron sacrificados. Se midieron: índice de masa corporal (IMC), índice de Lee (Lee) y tejido adiposo del epidídimo (TecAdp), masa corporal y coeficiente de la eficacia alimentaria (CoefAlim). El umbral anaerobio (Lan) fue determinado por la carga crítica de trabajo (11, 9 y 7 % de la masa corporal). El entrenamiento TAE e TCc provocó alteraciones de Lee e IMC, en los períodos de cuatro y ocho semanas, respectivamente (LeeTAE=X:2,86±0,08; X:2,89±0,07 y LeeTCc=X:2,85±0,05; X:3,00±0,09). En relación a TecAdp, se observó una disminución en todos los grupos. Por último, el entrenamiento TAN mejoró en el período de ocho semanas para la variable CoefAlim (X:31,57±3,70) y el TCc con un valor mayor de Lan (X:7,10±0,80).

Physical exercise after immobilization of skeletal muscle of adult and aged rats / Exercício físico após imobilização de músculo esquelético de ratos adultos e idosos / Ejercicio físico después de la inmovilización del músculo esquelético de ratas adultas y mayores

ABSTRACT Introduction: Immobilization is a treatment technique often used to reduce pain and prevent worsening of the injury. However, it promotes harmful effects on musculoskeletal tissue, resulting in a marked loss of muscle function, which may be aggravated in the elderly. Physical exercise is an important intervention to mitigate these harmful effects. Objective: To analyze possible morphometric changes in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats after immobilization and remobilization with physical exercise. Methods: Fifty-six rats were divided into adult (A) and aged (E) groups and subdivided into adult and aged control (AC and EC), immobilized (AI and EI), free remobilized (AIF and EIF), and remobilized through physical exercise (AIE and EIE). The hind limbs were immobilized with the gastrocnemius muscle in a shortened position for a period of seven days, except for the control group. The exercise protocol consisted of five swimming sessions, once per day (25 minutes/session). The animals were euthanized by administration of an overdose of ketamine hydrochloride plus xylazine hydrochloride, followed by sample collection and preparation of hematoxylin and eosin slides. Measurements of the smallest diameter of 120 muscle fibers of each animal were taken with software NIS-Elements D3.0 - SP7 - Nikon® instruments Inc., NY, USA. Results: There was a significant reduction in the mean fiber diameter in the AI (38.43 µm ± 4.20; p=0.01) and AIF (36.97 µm ± 3.41; p<0.01) groups compared to AC (45.39 µm ± 3.41) and in the EI (42.26 µm ± 4.39; p<0.01), EIF (36.00 µm ± 4.15; p<0.01), and EIE (41.86 µm ± 4.95; p<0.01) groups compared to the EC (51.37 µm ± 3.86) group. The data showed that exercise was able to restore muscle trophism in the adult groups; however, none of the protocols has succeeded in aged rats. Conclusion: Immobilization in the shortened position induced muscle atrophy and physical exercise was effective in restoring muscular trophism only in adult animals. Level of Evidence I; Therapeutic studies - Investigating the Results of Treatment.

RESUMO Introdução: A imobilização é uma técnica de tratamento utilizada frequentemente para redução de dor e prevenção do agravamento da lesão. Entretanto, promove efeitos nocivos no tecido músculo-esquelético, resultando em perda acentuada de função muscular, que pode ser agravada em idosos. O exercício físico constitui intervenção importante para atenuar esses efeitos nocivos. Objetivo: Analisar possíveis alterações morfométricas no músculo gastrocnêmio de ratos após imobilização e remobilização com exercício físico. Métodos: Cinquenta e seis ratos divididos em grupo adulto (A) e grupo idoso (E) e subdivididos em controles adultos e idosos (AC e EC), imobilizado (AI e EI), remobilizado livre (AIF e EIF) e remobilizado por meio de exercício físico (AIE e EIE). Os membros traseiros foram imobilizados com o músculo gastrocnêmio em posição de encurtamento por um período de sete dias, exceto no grupo controle. O protocolo de exercícios foi composto por cinco sessões de natação uma vez por dia (25 minutos/sessão). Os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia por administração de cloridrato de cetamina em dose elevada e cloridrato de xilazina, seguida da coleta da amostra e preparação das lâminas com hematoxilina e eosina. Foram feitas as medidas do menor diâmetro de 120 fibras musculares de cada animal com o software NIS-Elements D3.0 - SP7 - Nikon® instruments Inc.®, NY, EUA. Resultados: Houve redução significante na média do diâmetro das fibras nos grupos AI (38,43 µm ± 4,20; p = 0,01) e AIF (36,97 µm ± 3,41; p < 0,01) com relação ao grupo AC (45,39 µm ± 3,41) e dos grupos EI (42,26 µm ± 4,39; p < 0,01), EIF (36,00 µm ± 4,15; p<0,01) e EIE (41,86 µm ± 4,95; p < 0,01) com relação ao grupo EC (51,37 µm ± 3,86). Os dados mostraram que o exercício foi capaz de restaurar o trofismo muscular nos grupos adultos; entretanto, nenhum dos protocolos teve sucesso nos ratos idosos. Conclusão: A imobilização em posição de encurtamento induziu à atrofia muscular e o exercício físico foi eficaz para restabelecer o trofismo muscular apenas nos animais adultos. Nível de Evidência I; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La inmovilización es una técnica de tratamiento utilizada frecuentemente para reducir el dolor y prevenir el agravamiento de la lesión. Sin embargo, promueve efectos nocivos en el tejido músculo-esquelético, resultando en una pérdida acentuada de función muscular y puede agravarse en ancianos. El ejercicio físico constituye una intervención importante para atenuar estos efectos nocivos. . Objetivo: Analizar posibles cambios morfométricos en el músculo gastrocnemio de ratas después de la inmovilización y removilización con ejercicio físico. Métodos: Cincuenta y seis ratas divididas en grupo adulto (A) y mayores (E) y subdividas en controles adultos y mayores (AC y EC), inmovilizado (AI y EI), removilizado libre (AIF y EIF) y removilizados con ejercicio físico (AIE y EIE). Las extremidades traseras de los animales fueron inmovilizados con el músculo gastrocnemio en posición de acortamiento por un período de siete días, excepto en el grupo control. El protocolo de ejercicios se compuso de cinco sesiones de natación una vez el día (25 minutos/sesión). Los animales fueron sometidos a la eutanasia por administración de clorhidrato de ketamina en dosis elevada y clorhidrato de xilazina, seguida de la recolección de la muestra y preparación de las láminas con hematoxilina y eosina. Se realizaron las medidas del menor diámetro de 120 fibras musculares en cada animal con el programa NIS-Elements D3.0 - SP7 - Nikon® Instruments Inc. ® , NY, EE.UU. Resultados: Hubo una reducción significativa en la media del diámetro de las fibras en los grupos AI (38,43 µm ± 4,20; p = 0,01) y AIF (36,97 µm ± 3,41; p < 0,01) en comparación con el grupo AC (45,39 µm ± 3,41) y de los grupos EI (42,26 µm ± 4,39; p < 0,01), EIF (36,00 µm ± 4,15; p < 0,01) y EIE (41,86 µm ± 4,95; p < 0,01) con relación al grupo EC (51,37 µm ± 3,86). Los datos mostraron que el ejercicio fue capaz de restaurar el trofismo muscular en los grupos adultos; sin embargo, ninguno de los protocolos tuvo éxito en las ratas mayores. Conclusión: La inmovilización en posición de acortamiento indujo a la atrofia muscular y el ejercicio físico fue eficaz para restablecer el trofismo sólo en los animales adultos. Nivel de Evidencia I; Estudios Terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del Tratamento.

Histological analysis of the association of low level laser therapy and platelet-rich plasma in regeneration of muscle injury in rats.

OBJECTIVE: Muscle injuries are common, and their treatment requires costs and time off. Platelet rich plasma and low level laser therapy have been shown to be affordable and easy to use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associated effects of low level laser therapy and platelet rich plasma on the treatment of the soleus muscle injured by strain in rats. METHODS: Thirty-five rats were randomly allocated into five groups: Control (C), Injury Control (IC), injury PRP (IP), injury LLLT (ILT) and injury LLLT and PRP (ILTP). The strain injury was induced in the soleus muscle and the IP group received application of platelet rich plasma immediately after the lesion, while the ILT group received low level laser therapy. After seven days, all animals were euthanized and the soleus muscle removed for further histological analysis. RESULTS: The association of both treatments (ILTP) resulted in better histological aspects than the low level laser therapy and platelet rich plasma alone, when compared with the injury group (IC). The collagen analysis exhibited a significant increase in the ILT group (2.99 SD=1.13) compared to the C (1.88 SD=0.41, p=0.012) and IP (2.04 SD=0.44, p=0.018). CONCLUSION: The association of low level laser therapy with platelet rich plasma produced better results on muscle injury compared to the isolated use of these therapies. Furthermore, none of the treatments could modulate the collagen deposition in relation to injury group.

THE INFLUENCE OF PASSIVE TOBACCO EXPOSURE AND PHYSICAL EXERCISE ON BONE TISSUE OF YOUNG RATS.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of passive smoking during pregnancy and associated with swimming on bone area growth, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC). METHODS: The offspring was grouped by control matrices (G1) and passive smokers (G2). The offspring was regrouped in eight subgroups, with exposure to smoking (2x/day) and physical exercise (1 session/day), respecting the group of matrices in: sedentary control (G1CS and G2CS), swimming control (G1CN and G2CN), sedentary passive smoker (G1FS and G2FS), and passive smoker swimmer (G1FN and G2FN). The area, BMD and BMC were measured by the tibia and femur and analyzed by densitometer. The results were analyzed by One-Way ANOVA test with Tukey post-test, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: In the tibia BMC study, a better rate was observed in G2CN group when compared to G1CS, G1CN and G1FN (p ≤ 0.023). When assessing BMD in the femur, a higher density ratio was observed in G1FS group when compared to G2CS, G2CN, G2FS and G2FN (p<0.008). In the tibia study, the animals of the G1FS group had higher rates when compared to G2CS and G2FN groups (p≤0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The model of male offspring exposed to passive smoking during fetal development showed a strong decrease in the analyzed parameters. Level of Evidence I, Randomized High Quality Clinical Trial With or Without Statistically Significant Difference, But Narrow Confidence Intervals.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo desse estudo é investigar o efeito do tabagismo passivo durante a prenhez e associado à natação no crescimento de área óssea, densidade mineral óssea (DMO) e conteúdo mineral ósseo (CMO). MÉTODOS: Os filhotes foram gerados por matrizes controle (G1) e tabagistas (G2). Os filhotes foram reagrupados em oito subgrupos, com exposição ao tabagismo (2x/dia) e realização de exercício físico (1 sessão/dia), respeitando o grupo de matrizes em: controle sedentário (G1CS e G2CS), controle natação (G1CN e G2CN), tabagista passivo sedentário (G1FS e G2FS) e tabagista passivo natação (G1FN e G2FN). A área, a DMO e o CMO foram aferidos pela tíbia e pelo fêmur e analisados pelo densitômetro. Os resultados foram analisados pelo teste de ANOVA One-Way, com pós-teste de Tukey, com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: No estudo do CMO da tíbia, foi observada taxa melhor no grupo G2CN quando comparada aos filhotes dos grupos G1CS, G1CN e G1FN (p ≤ 0,023). Na averiguação da DMO no fêmur, foi observada maior taxa de densidade no grupo G1FS quando confrontado aos grupos G2CS, G2CN, G2FS e G2FN (p ≤ 0,008). Já no estudo da tíbia, os animais do grupo G1FS apresentaram maiores taxas quando comparados aos grupos G2CS e G2FN (p≤0,007). CONCLUSÕES: O modelo de filhotes machos expostos ao tabagismo passivo durante o desenvolvimento fetal apresentou uma forte diminuição dos parâmetros analisados. Nível de Evidência I, Estudo Clínico Randomizado de Alta Qualidade Com ou Sem Diferença Estatisticamente Significante, Mas Com Intervalos de Confiança Estreitos.

Morphometric study of muscle fibers in rats submitted to strength training and growth hormone / Estudio morfométrico de las fibras musculares de ratas sometidos a entrenamiento de la fuerza muscular y hormona del crecimiento

The aim of the present study was to observe the changes in the muscle tissue of rats after application of growth hormone (GH) and performing a strength training protocol (ST). In total, 40 male Wistar rats, 60 days old, were used, divided into four groups: control (C), control and application of GH (GHC), strength training (T), and strength training with the application of GH (GHT). The physical training protocol (PT) was composed of four series of 10 jumps in water, 3x/week, with an overload of 50 % of body weight for four weeks. GH was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 0.2 IU/Kg to the GHC and GHT groups and saline (0.9 % sodium chloride) to the C and T groups. After four weeks of PT, the animals were euthanized and samples taken from the Soleus muscle. Histological sections were produced with a thickness of 5 mm and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR). The markings for determining the measurement of the smallest diameter of muscle fibers (MF) were carried out using the software (AuxioVisionRel 4.8-Carl Zeiss® and NIS-Elements D3.0-SP7-Nikon®). After obtaining the data, the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality was performed and then the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn post-test were used for analysis of MF and the Student t test for the analysis of intragroup body weights. All procedures adopted a 5 % significance value (p <0.05) and were performed using the software SPSS 22.0 for Windows®. It was observed that both the GH and PT were able to generate increased diameter of MF (C:31.81±6.35; GHC:36.88±6.38; T:38.38± 6.94; GHT:36.89±7.16). Moreover, when analyzing the type, a significant increase was found only in the fast twitch MF (C:33.78±7.78; GHC:37.80±6.03; T:38.53±6.94; GHT:37.98±7.65) when compared to the slow twitch (C:25.93±6.66; GHC:26.95±8.03; T:26.24±6.90; GHT:27.20±5.77).

El objetivo de la investigación fue observar las modificaciones en tejido muscular esquelético de ratas después de la aplicación de la hormona del crecimiento (GH) y posterior entrenamiento de fuerza muscular (EFM). Fueran utilizadas 40 ratas Wistar, con 60 días de edad, distribuidas en: control (C), control y aplicación de la hormona del crecimiento (GHC), entrenamiento de fuerza muscular (T), y entrenamiento de fuerza muscular y hormona del crecimiento (GHT). El protocolo de entrenamiento (PT) fue compuesto por cuatro series de diez saltos acuáticos, 3x/semana, con sobrecarga de 50 % del peso corporal, por cuatro semanas. El GH fue aplicado de forma intraperitoneal con una dosis de 0,2UI/kg en grupos GHC y GHT y solución salina (0,9% clorhidrato de sodio) en grupos C y T. Después de cuatro semanas del PT, los animales fueron sacrificados y retirados los músculos sóleos. Se realizaron cortes de 5 µm los que fueron coloreados con Hematoxilina y Eosina (HE), posteriormente fueron sometidos a reacción con nicotinamida adenina dinucleotide tetrazolium reductasa (NADH-TR). Después de la obtención de los datos, fue utilizado la prueba del Shapiro-Wilk para la verificación de la normalidad de los datos y se usó el ensayo de Kruskal-Wallis con pos verificación del Dunn para análisis de las fibras musculares (FM) y prueba t del Student para la análisis del peso corporal entre los grupos. Todos los procedimientos fueron establecidos con valor de la significancia de 5 % (p<0,05) y realizados con el software SPSS 22.0 for Windows®. Fue verificado que tanto lo GH cuanto lo PT fueran capaces de proporcionar el aumento en el diámetro de las FM (C:31.81±6.35; GHC:36.88±6.38; T:38.38±6.94; GHT:36.89±7.16). En relación al tipo de fibras se observó aumento significativo solamente en las FM de contracción rápida (C:33.78±7.78; GHC:37.80±6.03; T:38.53±6.94; GHT:37.98±7.65) cuando se comparó con las FM de contracción lenta (C:25.93±6.66; GHC:26.95±8.03; T:26.24±6.90; GHT:27.20±5.77).

THE INFLUENCE OF PASSIVE TOBACCO EXPOSURE AND PHYSICAL EXERCISE ON BONE TISSUE OF YOUNG RATS / INFLUÊNCIA DO TABAGISMO PASSIVO E DO EXERCÍCIO FÍSICO NO TECIDO ÓSSEO DE RATOS JOVENS

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of passive smoking during pregnancy and associated with swimming on bone area growth, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC). Methods: The offspring was grouped by control matrices (G1) and passive smokers (G2). The offspring was regrouped in eight subgroups, with exposure to smoking (2x/day) and physical exercise (1 session/day), respecting the group of matrices in: sedentary control (G1CS and G2CS), swimming control (G1CN and G2CN), sedentary passive smoker (G1FS and G2FS), and passive smoker swimmer (G1FN and G2FN). The area, BMD and BMC were measured by the tibia and femur and analyzed by densitometer. The results were analyzed by One-Way ANOVA test with Tukey post-test, with a significance level of 5%. Results: In the tibia BMC study, a better rate was observed in G2CN group when compared to G1CS, G1CN and G1FN (p ≤ 0.023). When assessing BMD in the femur, a higher density ratio was observed in G1FS group when compared to G2CS, G2CN, G2FS and G2FN (p<0.008). In the tibia study, the animals of the G1FS group had higher rates when compared to G2CS and G2FN groups (p≤0.007). Conclusions: The model of male offspring exposed to passive smoking during fetal development showed a strong decrease in the analyzed parameters. Level of Evidence I, Randomized High Quality Clinical Trial With or Without Statistically Significant Difference, But Narrow Confidence Intervals.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo é investigar o efeito do tabagismo passivo durante a prenhez e associado à natação no crescimento de área óssea, densidade mineral óssea (DMO) e conteúdo mineral ósseo (CMO). Métodos: Os filhotes foram gerados por matrizes controle (G1) e tabagistas (G2). Os filhotes foram reagrupados em oito subgrupos, com exposição ao tabagismo (2x/dia) e realização de exercício físico (1 sessão/dia), respeitando o grupo de matrizes em: controle sedentário (G1CS e G2CS), controle natação (G1CN e G2CN), tabagista passivo sedentário (G1FS e G2FS) e tabagista passivo natação (G1FN e G2FN). A área, a DMO e o CMO foram aferidos pela tíbia e pelo fêmur e analisados pelo densitômetro. Os resultados foram analisados pelo teste de ANOVA One-Way, com pós-teste de Tukey, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: No estudo do CMO da tíbia, foi observada taxa melhor no grupo G2CN quando comparada aos filhotes dos grupos G1CS, G1CN e G1FN (p ≤ 0,023). Na averiguação da DMO no fêmur, foi observada maior taxa de densidade no grupo G1FS quando confrontado aos grupos G2CS, G2CN, G2FS e G2FN (p ≤ 0,008). Já no estudo da tíbia, os animais do grupo G1FS apresentaram maiores taxas quando comparados aos grupos G2CS e G2FN (p≤0,007). Conclusões: O modelo de filhotes machos expostos ao tabagismo passivo durante o desenvolvimento fetal apresentou uma forte diminuição dos parâmetros analisados. Nível de Evidência I, Estudo Clínico Randomizado de Alta Qualidade Com ou Sem Diferença Estatisticamente Significante, Mas Com Intervalos de Confiança Estreitos.

Effects of aerobic, anaerobic, and concurrent training on bone mineral density of rats

Abstract A sample of 39 rats were divided into the following groups: baseline (BL); aerobic training (ET4 and ET8); anaerobic training (ST4 and ST8); and concurrent training (CT4 and CT8). The aerobic training was performed by swimming with a load corresponding to 70% of the anaerobic threshold; the anaerobic training was performed by jumping in water with a load corresponding to 50% of body weight; and the concurrent training combined the two protocols. The analysis of BMDwas performed on the tibia of the animals and showed an increase in the density of the ST4, CT4, ET8, ST8, and CT8 groups when compared with both the BL and ET4. Thus, it is concluded that anaerobic exercise was shown to be effective in increasing the BMD of animals afterfour weeks of training; however, aerobic training was only able to raise BMD following eight weeks of training.(AU)

Analysis of photobiomodulation associated or not with platelet-rich plasma on repair of muscle tissue by Raman spectroscopy.

Treatment of muscle injuries usually results in the interruption of sports practice; thus, studies aimed at accelerating the return to activity, with proper tissue repair, are important. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM), associated or not with platelet-rich plasma (PRP), on the treatment of muscle injury. Thirty-five animals were used and divided into five groups (n = 7): control (C), control lesion (CL), lesion treated with low-level laser therapy (LLLT) (LLt), lesion treated with PRP (LP), and lesion treated with both techniques, LLLT and PRP (LLtP). Muscle injury was induced by stretching the gastrocnemius muscle, and the animals in the LLtP and LP groups received the application of PRP immediately following the injury. The LLLT was applied daily for 7 days. The animals were euthanized 7 days after the injury. Analysis of the NADH/NAD ratio and collagen was performed by Raman spectroscopy; in addition to which, histological analysis of the gastrocnemius muscle was performed. The LLtP group demonstrated a reduction in the area of injury, regenerating cells and a healthy appearance of muscle fibers. The Raman analyses showed a reduction in the NADH/NAD ratio in the CL group, demonstrating oxidative stress, and the collagen presented a reduction in the CL and LLt groups, when compared with the C group. It is concluded that either PBM or PRP, and the association of both, was able to reduce the oxidative stress promoted by injury and modulate collagen production at the site of the injury. Furthermore, although both treatments individually were effective for repairing the damage caused by muscle injury, the association of both demonstrated a better histological aspect.

Morphometric and fractal analysis of injured skeletal muscle tissue subjected to a combination of treatments; cryotherapy and therapeutic ultrasound / Análisis de la morfometría y de la dimensión fractal en la lesión del tejido muscular esquelético expuesto en la combinación de los tratamientos de crioterapia y ultrasonido

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of an association of cryotherapy and therapeutic ultrasound on the treatment of muscle injured by impact. Fifty-five Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 11), Acute Injury (AI), Injury (I), Cryotherapy (CR), Therapeutic Ultrasound (TU) and Association of Cryotherapy and Therapeutic Ultrasound (CRTU). The CR and CRTU groups received applications of Cryotherapy three times (immediately, 24 and 48 h after injury) of 20 minutes duration. The TU and CRTU groups received applications of Therapeutic Ultrasound for seven days, for five minutes, in pulsed mode, 0.5 w/cm intensity, frequency 1 MHz. Body mass and gastrocnemius mass were analyzed. In addition to histological slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin used for morphometric analysis, picrosirius dye was used for quantification of collagen by Fractal Dimension (FD). The results of the intra-group analysis showed lower body mass and gastrocnemius in the CRTU group in relation to the AI (p = 0.001), I (p = 0.001), CR (p = 0.001) and TU groups (p = 0.001), and lower values of FD to quantify collagen in the CRTU group in relation to the AI (p = 0.007) and CR groups (p = 0.014). In summary, the present study showed that the association of Cryotherapy with Therapeutic Ultrasound promoted better results in the aspects analyzed compared to application of the therapies in isolation.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la asociación de las técnicas de crioterapia y ultrasonido terapéutico en el tratamiento de la lesión muscular por impacto. Fueron utilizadas 55 ratas Wistar, expuestas a lesión y separadas en grupos (n = 11): Lesión aguda (LA), Lesión (L), Crioterapia (CR), Ultrasonido Terapéutico (UT) y Crioterapia + Ultrasonido Terapéutico (CRUT). Los grupos CR y CRUT recibieron la aplicación, durante 20 minutos, en tres momentos (inmediatamente, 24 y 48 horas, después de la lesión). Los grupos UT y CRUT, recibieron UT por siete días, con una duración de cinco minutos, en modo pulsado, con una intensidad de 0,5 W/cm2 y frecuencia de 1 MHz. Fueran medidos el peso corporal y el peso de los músculos gastrocnemios y se realizaron cortes histológicos del músculo gastrocnemio, los cuales fueron teñidos con hematoxilina-eosina (HE) para el análisis morfométrico y con picrosirius para el análisis del colágeno por dimensión fractal (DF). Los resultados de los análisis intragrupo demostraron una menor disminución de la masa coporal y muscular en el grupo CRUT. Además, fue observado un valor inferior en la morfometría en el grupo CRUT en comparación a los grupos LA (p = 0,001), L (p = 0,001), CR (p = 0,001) y UT (p = 0,001), y un menor valor de la DF con respecto al colágeno en el grupo CRUT en comparación a los grupos LA (p = 0,007) y CR (p = 0,014). En síntesis, el presente estudio demostró que el protocolo de asociación de las técnicas de CR y UT causaron mayores respuestas benéficas en los aspectos analizados en comparación a los protocolos con los tratamientos aplicados de forma aislada.

Can the intermittent training generate alterations on the liver tissue of rats submitted to a hyperlipidic diet? / ¿El entrenamiento intermitente puede generar alteraciones sobre el tejido hepático de ratas sometidas a una dieta alta en grasa?

Studies indicate that increasing physical activity and decreasing levels of fat in the liver help to decrease the risk of morbidity from liver conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an eight week intermittent training program on the liver tissue of rats subjected to a hyperlipidic diet. The study consisted of 30 male Wistar rats, divided into the following groups: Sedentary Control (SC) Exercise Control (EC) (fed on standard feed and water) Sedentary Obese (SO) and Exercise Obese (EO) (fed on bacon, ham, sausage, biscuits, soda and standard feed), which performed intermittent training through electrically stimulated jumps, with three sets of 12 repetitions, three times per week for eight weeks. At the end of the training period, the animals were euthanized, and their livers removed for histological processing and hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE). Soon afterwards, caryometric analysis of the hepatocyte nuclei was performed. From the presented results it can be seen that the hepatocyte nuclei of the obese animals were smaller in relation to those of the control animals, therefore, exercise combined with an appropriate diet proved to be efficient in not causing alterations in the hepatocyte nuclei, conserving normal cell function and reducing the chances of the appearance of tissue damage. Furthermore, exercise in isolation cannot be considered a protective factor against the alteration of the liver cells.

Estudios indican que el aumento de la actividad física y la disminución de los niveles de grasa en el hígado ayudan a reducir el riesgo de morbilidad por enfermedades hepáticas. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de un programa de entrenamiento intermitente de ocho semanas en el tejido hepático de ratas con dieta alta en grasa. Treinta ratas Wistar machos fueron divididas en grupos Control Sedentario (SC), Control Ejercicio (CE) (con fuente de alimentación que consiste en la ración estándar y agua), Obeso Sedentario (OS) y Obeso Ejercicio (OE) (con alimentación compuesta por tocino, mortadela, salchichas, galletas, refrescos y ración estándar), sometidas a un entrenamiento intermitente a través de saltos mediante estimulación eléctrica con tres series de 12 repeticiones, tres veces por semana durante ocho semanas. Al final del período de entrenamiento, los animales fueron sacrificados; se extrajeron sus hígados para el procesamiento histológico y tinción con hematoxilina y eosina (HE). Luego se realizó el análisis cariométrico de los núcleos de los hepatocitos. Se observó que los núcleos de los hepatocitos fueron menores en los animales obesos en comparación con los núcleos de hepatocitos de los animales de control, pues el ejercicio combinado con una dieta adecuada se mostró eficiente para que causar alteraciones en los núcleos de hepatocitos, y esa combinación puede retener la función normal de las células y disminuir las posibilidades de la aparición de daños en los tejidos. Además, el ejercicio aislado no puede ser considerado como un factor de protección contra la alteración las células del hígado.

Fractal analysis of skeletal muscle tissue of rats subjected to stretch injury / Análisis fractal de tejido muscular esquelético en ratas sometidas a lesión por estiramiento

The aim of this study was to analyze changes in the skeletal muscle tissue of rats after muscle stretch injury using fractal analysis. Nineteen rats were divided into three groups, Control (n= 5) (C), Lesion two days (n= 7) (L2), and Lesion seven days (n= 7) (L7). Histological slides of the gastrocnemius muscle of the animals were prepared and stained with Hematoxylin and eosin for analysis of the inflammatory process, and picrosirius for the demonstration of collagen. The stained slides were subsequently analyzed using Fractal Dimension (FD). The results showed high FD values of the inflammatory process in the experimental groups L2 and L7 in relation to C (p= 0.000). The analysis of collagen in the picrosirius stained slides showed high FD in the L2 group compared to the L7 (p= 0.0001), with no statistically significant difference among other groups. In summary, the present study demonstrated that fractal analysis was able to identify changes in the inflammatory process in injured skeletal muscle tissue.

El objetivo de la investigación fue observar las modificaciones en tejido muscular esquelético en ratas después de la lesión por estiramiento muscular con análisis fractal. En el estudio se incluyeron 19 ratas, divididas en tres grupos, Control (n= 5) (C), lesión dos días (n= 7) (L2) y lesión siete días (L7). Los cortes histológicos del músculo gastrocnemio fueron coloreados con hematoxilina-eosina para el análisis de la inflamación y picrosirius para la determinación del colágeno. Los cortes histológicos fueron posteriormente analizados por medio de dimensión fractal (FD). Los resultados mostraron valores elevados de FD en proceso inflamatorio en los grupos experimentales L2 y L7, en comparación con grupo C (p= 0,000). El análisis de colágeno mostró mayor FD en grupo L2 comparado con L7 (p= 0,0001), se observó diferencia estadísticamente significativa con los demás. En resumen, esta investigación ha demostrado que el análisis fractal fue capaz de identificar las alteraciones del proceso inflamatorio en tejido muscular esquelético después de la lesión.