Mental health assessment of the Brazilian LGBTQIAP+ population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the frequency and associated factors of non-psychotic mental disorders and anxiety symptoms in a Brazilian LGBTQIAP+ sample. METHOD: Cross-sectional study, conducted from September to October 2020 using an online questionnaire, with instruments for sociodemographic characterization, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener and the Self-Report Questionnaire. The analysis was performed using the Chi-square and Fisher's Exact tests. Poisson regression with robust variance was performed to estimate the effect of sociodemographic variables on mental health. RESULTS: Positive screening for anxiety and non-psychotic disorders were identified in 85.2% and 60.2% of the participants, respectively. Younger age groups, who professed some religion, only had access to public health, and presented with medical conditions showed a higher risk for non-psychotic mental disorders. Individuals under 30 (1.33, 95%, CI = 1.17-1.52) presented a high risk for anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of anxiety and non-psychotic disorders during the COVID pandemic was high. Implementation of health policies and interventions targeting identified risk factors is recommended.

Disparity in the use of Alzheimer's disease treatment in Southern Brazil.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment is freely available in the Brazilian public health system. However, the prescription pattern and its associated factors have been poorly studied in our country. We reviewed all granted requests for AD treatment in the public health system in October 2021 in the Rio Grande do Sul (RS) state, Southern Brazil. We performed a spatial autocorrelation analysis with the population-adjusted patients receiving any AD medication as the outcome and correlated it with several socioeconomic variables. 2382 patients with AD were being treated during the period analyzed. The distribution of the outcome variable was not random (Moran's I 0.17562, P <.0001), with the most developed regions having a higher number of patients/100,000 receiving any AD medication. We show that although AD medications are available through the public health system, there is a clear disparity between regions of RS state. Factors related to socioeconomic development partly explain this finding.

Efficacy of telemedicine interventions for depression and anxiety in older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Anxiety and depression are prevalent in the elderly and lead to loss of functionality and increased mortality. Although the use of antidepressants and face-to-face psychotherapies are indicated, the current context of telemedicine provides an alternative, with the advantage of facilitating access to care. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of telemedicine interventions to reduce anxiety and depression in the elderly through a systematic review with meta-analysis. METHODS: The systematic review, through a search in 7 databases, included studies that evaluated the use of telemedicine interventions for depressive or anxious symptoms in the elderly, compared with usual care or waiting list or with another telemedicine intervention. Quantitative assessment was performed through meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 31 articles identified in the search met the eligibility criteria and four were included for meta-analysis. Studies showed that telemedicine interventions are feasible and several studies demonstrated significant improvement in depressive or anxiety symptoms. Four studies evaluated the efficacy of internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for depression and anxiety in older adults, compared with a waitlist, and found pooled effect sizes of -1.20 (95% CI -1.60 to -0.81) and -1.14 (95% CI -1.56 to -0.72), respectively, with low heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: Telemedicine interventions can be an alternative for the treatment of mood and anxiety symptoms in the elderly. However, more studies are needed to prove their clinical effectiveness, especially in countries with lower incomes and diverse culture and education.

Mental health assessment of the Brazilian LGBTQIAP+ population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study / Avaliação da saúde mental da população LGBTQIAP+ brasileira durante a pandemia de COVID-19: estudo transversal / Evaluación de la salud mental de la población LGBTQIAP+ brasileña durante la pandemia de COVID-19: un estudio transversal

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the association between the frequency and associated factors of non-psychotic mental disorders and anxiety symptoms in a Brazilian LGBTQIAP+ sample. Method: Cross-sectional study, conducted from September to October 2020 using an online questionnaire, with instruments for sociodemographic characterization, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener and the Self-Report Questionnaire. The analysis was performed using the Chi-square and Fisher's Exact tests. Poisson regression with robust variance was performed to estimate the effect of sociodemographic variables on mental health. Results: Positive screening for anxiety and non-psychotic disorders were identified in 85.2% and 60.2% of the participants, respectively. Younger age groups, who professed some religion, only had access to public health, and presented with medical conditions showed a higher risk for non-psychotic mental disorders. Individuals under 30 (1.33, 95%, CI = 1.17-1.52) presented a high risk for anxiety symptoms. Conclusion: The prevalence of anxiety and non-psychotic disorders during the COVID pandemic was high. Implementation of health policies and interventions targeting identified risk factors is recommended.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre a frequência e fatores associados de transtornos mentais não psicóticos e sintomas de ansiedade em uma amostra brasileira LGBTQIAP+. Método: Estudo transversal, realizado de setembro a outubro de 2020 por meio de um questionário online, incluindo instrumentos de caracterização sociodemográfica, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener e o Self-Report Questionnaire. A análise foi realizada utilizando-se testes Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher. Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta foi realizada para estimar o efeitodas variáveis sociodemográficas sobre a saúde mental. Resultados: A triagem positiva para ansiedade e transtornos não psicóticos foi identificada em 85,2% e 60,2% dos participantes, respectivamente. Faixas etárias mais jovens, que possuíam alguma religião, tinham acesso somente à saúde pública e alguma condição clínica prévia apresentaram maior risco para transtornos mentais não psicóticos. Indivíduos com menos de 30 anos (1,33, 95%, IC = 1,17-1,52) apresentaram alto risco para sintomas de ansiedade. Conclusão: A prevalência de ansiedade e transtornos não psicóticos durante a pandemia de COVID foi alta. Recomenda-se a implementação de políticas e intervenções de saúde direcionadas aos fatores de risco identificados.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Investigar la asociación entre la frecuencia y los factores asociados de trastornos mentales no psicóticos y síntomas de ansiedad en una muestra brasileña LGBTQIAP+. Método: Estudio transversal realizado de septiembre a octubre de 2020 mediante cuestionario en línea, con instrumentos de caracterización sociodemográfica, el Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener y el Self-Report Questionnaire. El análisis se realizó mediante las pruebas Chi-cuadrado y Exacto de Fisher. Se realizó una regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta para estimar el efecto de las variables sociodemográficas sobre la salud mental. Resultados: Se observó resultado positivo para ansiedad y trastornos no psicóticos en el 85,2% y el 60,2% de los participantes, respectivamente. Los grupos de edad más jóvenes, que profesaban alguna religión, solo tenían acceso a la salud pública y tenían condiciones médicas presentaban mayor riesgo de trastornos mentales no psicóticos. Los individuos menores de 30 años (1,33, 95%, IC = 1,17-1,52) presentaron alto riesgo de síntomas de ansiedad. Conclusión: La prevalencia de ansiedad y trastornos no psicóticos durante la pandemia de COVID fue alta. Se recomienda la implementación de políticas e intervenciones de salud dirigidas a los factores de riesgo identificados.

A Cross-National Analysis of the Psychometric Properties of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory.

OBJECTIVES: Assessing late-life anxiety using an instrument with sound psychometric properties including cross-cultural invariance is essential for cross-national aging research and clinical assessment. To date, no cross-national research studies have examined the psychometric properties of the frequently used Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) in depth. METHOD: Using data from 3,731 older adults from 10 national samples (Australia, Brazil, Canada, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Singapore, Thailand, and United States), this study used bifactor modeling to analyze the dimensionality of the GAI. We evaluated the "fitness" of individual items based on the explained common variance for each item across all nations. In addition, a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was applied, testing for measurement invariance across the samples. RESULTS: Across samples, the presence of a strong G factor provides support that a general factor is of primary importance, rather than subfactors. That is, the data support a primarily unidimensional representation of the GAI, still acknowledging the presence of multidimensional factors. A GAI score in one of the countries would be directly comparable to a GAI score in any of the other countries tested, perhaps with the exception of Singapore. DISCUSSION: Although several items demonstrated relatively weak common variance with the general factor, the unidimensional structure remained strong even with these items retained. Thus, it is recommended that the GAI be administered using all items.

Association of GPX1 and GPX4 polymorphisms with episodic memory and Alzheimer's disease.

It is well established that healthy aging, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are associated with substantial declines in episodic memory. However, there is still debate about the roles of GPX1 and GPX4 polymorphisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of rs1050450 and rs713041 polymorphisms with memory. This research was composed of a cross-sectional study (334 subjects) and a case-control study (108 healthy controls and 103 with AD-NINCDS/ARDA, DSM-IV-TR criteria). For the association of the genetic polymorphisms with memory or cognitive loss, the phenotypes were analyzed as follows: 1) each memory as a quantitative trait; 2) presence of deficit on a specific memory; 3) presence of MCI; 4) presence of AD. To assess verbal learning and the ability to store new information, we used the Rey Verbal Learning Test. Scores were recorded as a function of age as in the WMS-R testing battery. DNA was obtained from whole blood, and genotypes for GPX1 (rs1050450) and GPX4 (rs713041) were detected by allelic discrimination assay using TaqMan® MGB probes on a real-time PCR system. GPX1 TT homozygotes had lower long-term visual memory scores than CC/CT group (-0.28 ±â€¯1.03 vs. 0.13 ±â€¯1.03, respectively, p = 0.017). For the GPX4 rs713041, the frequency of the TT genotype was higher in the group with normal scores than in the group with long-term visual memory deficits (p = 0.025). In a multivariate logistic regression, GPX1 CC homozygotes had a 2.85 higher chance of developing AD (OR = 2.85, CI95% = 1.04-7.78, p = 0.041) in comparison to the reference genotype. No significant differences were observed regarding the MCI group between genetic variants. This study is one of the first to show that polymorphisms in GPX1 and GPX4 are significantly associated with episodic memory and AD in a South Brazilian population.

Trends in elderly psychiatric admissions to the Brazilian public health care system

Objective: To evaluate trends in psychiatric bed occupancy by elderly inpatients in the Brazilian public health care system between 2000 and 2010 and to determine the leading psychiatric diagnosis for hospital admissions. Methods: Data from all 895,476 elderly psychiatric admissions recorded in the Brazilian Public Health Care Database (DATASUS) between January 2000 and February 2010 were analyzed. Polynomial regression models with estimated curve models were used to determine the trends. The number of inpatient days was calculated for the overall psychiatric admissions and according to specific diagnoses. Results: A moderate decreasing trend (p < 0.001) in the number of inpatient days was observed in all geriatric psychiatric admissions (R2 = 0.768) and in admissions for organic mental disorders (R2 = 0.823), disorders due to psychoactive substance use (R2 = 0.767), schizophrenia (R2 = 0.680), and other diagnoses (R2 = 0.770), but not for mood disorders (R2 = 0.472). Most admissions (60 to 65%) were due to schizophrenia. Conclusion: There was a decreasing trend in inpatient days for elderly psychiatric patients between 2000 and 2010. The highest bed occupancy was due to schizophrenia, schizotypal, and delusional disorders.

Trends in elderly psychiatric admissions to the Brazilian public health care system.

OBJECTIVE:: To evaluate trends in psychiatric bed occupancy by elderly inpatients in the Brazilian public health care system between 2000 and 2010 and to determine the leading psychiatric diagnosis for hospital admissions. METHODS:: Data from all 895,476 elderly psychiatric admissions recorded in the Brazilian Public Health Care Database (DATASUS) between January 2000 and February 2010 were analyzed. Polynomial regression models with estimated curve models were used to determine the trends. The number of inpatient days was calculated for the overall psychiatric admissions and according to specific diagnoses. RESULTS:: A moderate decreasing trend (p < 0.001) in the number of inpatient days was observed in all geriatric psychiatric admissions (R2 = 0.768) and in admissions for organic mental disorders (R2 = 0.823), disorders due to psychoactive substance use (R2 = 0.767), schizophrenia (R2 = 0.680), and other diagnoses (R2 = 0.770), but not for mood disorders (R2 = 0.472). Most admissions (60 to 65%) were due to schizophrenia. CONCLUSION:: There was a decreasing trend in inpatient days for elderly psychiatric patients between 2000 and 2010. The highest bed occupancy was due to schizophrenia, schizotypal, and delusional disorders.

The synergistic risk effect of apolipoprotein ε4 and DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3 beta (DNMT3B) haplotype for Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and multifactorial disease with the contribution of several genes and polymorphisms to its development. Among these genes, the APOEε4 is the best known risk factor for AD. Methylation is associated with APOE expression and AD development. Recently, we found an association of the TGG haplotype in the DNMT3B gene, one of the catalyst enzyme for methylation, with AD. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate whether APOEε4 and TGG haplotype have an synergistic effect on AD. The sample was composed of 212 Caucasian individuals (108 healthy controls and 104 with AD by NINCDS-ADRDA and DSM-IV-TR criteria) from southern Brazil. The genetic analyses were performed by real time PCR for TaqMan(®) assay. Multivariate logistic regression was performed categorizing groups according to presence of APOEε4 and/or TGG haplotype as an independent variable for outcome AD. The presence of TGG haplotype plus the allele APOEε4 were strongly associated with AD [OR 11.13; 95 % CI (4.25-29.16); P < 0.001]. This association had a higher risk than each risk factor alone. We found a strong association of the interaction of DNMT3B gene with the APOEε4 in this sample of AD patients. The presence of TGG haplotype and APOEε4 significantly increased the risk of developing the disease, showing an synergistic effect.

Association of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) with diagnosis of delirium in oncology inpatients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) blood levels as disease biomarkers of delirium in oncology inpatients. METHODS: Seventeen oncology inpatients with delirium, 28 oncology inpatients without delirium, and 25 non-oncology controls (caregivers) were consecutively recruited from a Brazilian cancer center. This sample was matched by age, sex, and education level. The Confusion Assessment Method, the Mini-Mental State Examination, and the Digit Span Test were administered to ascertain delirium diagnosis. BDNF and TNF-α levels were measured by the Sandwich-ELISA method and flow cytometry, respectively. Blood samples were collected immediately after clinical evaluation. RESULTS: Oncology inpatients (with and without delirium) showed significantly lower BDNF levels compared with non-oncology controls (F = 13.830; p = 0.001). TNF-α levels did not differ between the three groups. CONCLUSION: A cross-sectional relationship of BDNF and TNF-α blood levels with delirium in oncology inpatients was not demonstrated. The association between cancer and reduced serum BDNF levels may be mediated by confounding factors.

Association of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) with diagnosis of delirium in oncology inpatients

Objective:To evaluate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) blood levels as disease biomarkers of delirium in oncology inpatients.Methods:Seventeen oncology inpatients with delirium, 28 oncology inpatients without delirium, and 25 non-oncology controls (caregivers) were consecutively recruited from a Brazilian cancer center. This sample was matched by age, sex, and education level. The Confusion Assessment Method, the Mini-Mental State Examination, and the Digit Span Test were administered to ascertain delirium diagnosis. BDNF and TNF-α levels were measured by the Sandwich-ELISA method and flow cytometry, respectively. Blood samples were collected immediately after clinical evaluation.Results:Oncology inpatients (with and without delirium) showed significantly lower BDNF levels compared with non-oncology controls (F = 13.830; p = 0.001). TNF-α levels did not differ between the three groups.Conclusion:A cross-sectional relationship of BDNF and TNF-α blood levels with delirium in oncology inpatients was not demonstrated. The association between cancer and reduced serum BDNF levels may be mediated by confounding factors.

The complex role of having confidant on the development of Alzheimer's disease in a community-based cohort of older people in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Social interaction is a lifestyle factor associated with a decreased risk of dementia in several studies. However, specific aspects of these social factors influencing dementia are unknown. This study aimed at evaluating the role of the distinct aspects of social support on the incidence of dementia in a community-based cohort of older people in Brazil. METHODS: A total of 345 healthy and independent elderly subjects living in the community were followed by 12 years. Incident cases of dementia and probable Alzheimer's disease were defined by DSM-IV criteria and NINCDS-ADRDA criteria, respectively. Social variables evaluated were marital status, living arrangement, living children, living sibling, confidant and attending recreational groups. Sex, age, education, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, depressive symptoms and family income were entered as co-variates in a Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: The absence of confidant was the only social variable associated to higher risk of developing dementia (HR = 5.31; p < 0.001), even after adjustment for age (HR = 1.08; p = 0.048) and baseline MMSE score (HR = 0.79; p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that to have a confidant could be an important lifestyle factor associated with dementia.

Staff training to reduce behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia in nursing home residents: a systematic review of intervention reproducibility / Revisão sistemática da reprodutibilidade dos treinamentos de equipes de profissionais de instituições de longa permanência de idosos para o manejo de sintomas psicológicos e comportamentais da demência

Staff training has been cited as an effective intervention to reduce behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in nursing home residents. However, the reproducibility of interventions can be a barrier to their dissemination. A systematic review of controlled clinical trials on the effectiveness of staff training for reducing BPSD, published between 1990 and 2013 on the EMBASE, PUBMED, LILACS, PSYCHINFO and CINAHL databases, was carried out to evaluate the reproducibility of these interventions by 3 independent raters. The presence of sufficient description of the intervention in each trial to allow its reproduction elsewhere was evaluated. Descriptive analyses were carried out. Despite reference to a detailed procedures manual in the majority of trials, these manuals were not easily accessible, limiting the replication of studies. The professional expertise requirement for training implementation was not clearly described, although most studies involved trainers with moderate to extensive expertise, further limiting training reproducibility.

Treinamentos de equipes têm sido citados como intervenções efetivas na redução de sintomas comportamentais e psicológicos da demência (SCPD) em residentes de Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos. Entretanto, a reprodutibilidade das intervenções pode ser uma barreira para sua disseminação. Uma revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos controlados da efetividade de treinamento de equipes para a redução dos SCPD publicados entre 1990 e 2013 foi realizada através das bases de dados EMBASE, PUBMED, LILACS, PSYCHINFO e CINAHL para analisar a reprodutibilidade das intervenções por 3 avaliadores independentes. A presença de suficiente descrição da intervenção para permitir sua reprodução foi avaliada. Análise descritiva foi realizada. Apesar da citação na maioria dos estudos de um manual que detalha todos os procedimentos, esses não foram facilmente acessíveis. Embora a experiência profissional requerida não tenha sido claramente mencionada, a maioria dos treinadores tinha moderada a extensa experiência, o que também limita a reprodutibilidade.

Staff training to reduce behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia in nursing home residents: a systematic review of intervention reproducibility.

Staff training has been cited as an effective intervention to reduce behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in nursing home residents. However, the reproducibility of interventions can be a barrier to their dissemination. A systematic review of controlled clinical trials on the effectiveness of staff training for reducing BPSD, published between 1990 and 2013 on the EMBASE, PUBMED, LILACS, PSYCHINFO and CINAHL databases, was carried out to evaluate the reproducibility of these interventions by 3 independent raters. The presence of sufficient description of the intervention in each trial to allow its reproduction elsewhere was evaluated. Descriptive analyses were carried out. Despite reference to a detailed procedures manual in the majority of trials, these manuals were not easily accessible, limiting the replication of studies. The professional expertise requirement for training implementation was not clearly described, although most studies involved trainers with moderate to extensive expertise, further limiting training reproducibility.

Treinamentos de equipes têm sido citados como intervenções efetivas na redução de sintomas comportamentais e psicológicos da demência (SCPD) em residentes de Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos. Entretanto, a reprodutibilidade das intervenções pode ser uma barreira para sua disseminação. Uma revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos controlados da efetividade de treinamento de equipes para a redução dos SCPD publicados entre 1990 e 2013 foi realizada através das bases de dados EMBASE, PUBMED, LILACS, PSYCHINFO e CINAHL para analisar a reprodutibilidade das intervenções por 3 avaliadores independentes. A presença de suficiente descrição da intervenção para permitir sua reprodução foi avaliada. Análise descritiva foi realizada. Apesar da citação na maioria dos estudos de um manual que detalha todos os procedimentos, esses não foram facilmente acessíveis. Embora a experiência profissional requerida não tenha sido claramente mencionada, a maioria dos treinadores tinha moderada a extensa experiência, o que também limita a reprodutibilidade.

Avaliação dos escores do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental de acordo com diferentes faixas de idade e escolaridade, e sexo, em uma grande amostra brasileira de sujeitos saudáveis / Evaluation of Mini-Mental State Examination scores according to different age and education strata, and sex, in a large Brazilian healthy sample

Until better measures have been accepted for wider use, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) will continue to be utilized. In this context, knowledge on characteristics and determinants of its distribution for the Brazilian population are particularly valuable. The present study aimed to evaluate, based on multivariate analysis, the independent effect of age, educational level and sex, and their interactions, on MMSE scores in a healthy sample. Methods: Demographic data and scores on the MMSE of 1,553 healthy individuals were analyzed. The sample was grouped according to age and education. Results: The sample was composed of 963 females (62%), mean age ±SD was 49.6±20.7 yrs (range 20 to 92 yrs). The mean years of education ±SD was 8.9±5.5 yrs (range 0 to 28 yrs). The mean score ±SD on the MMSE was 27.3±2.7 (range 15 to 30). A significant effect of the interaction between education and sex (p=0.011), and also between education and age was observed (p=0.003). An independent effect of education (p<0.001) and age (p<0.001) was found. Participants from the higher educated group presented higher MMSE scores than the other groups. Younger adults presented higher MMSE scores than the other age groups. Conclusions: We observed an effect of education and age on MMSE scores. Younger individuals and higher educated participants presented higher scores.

O Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) continuará sendo amplamente utilizado até que outras medidas sejam estabelecidas, por isso o conhecimento de características e determinantes de sua distribuição na população é particularmente útil. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito independente e suas interações da idade, sexo e nível educacional em uma análise multivariada sobre os escores do MEEM em uma amostra saudável. Métodos: Dados demográficos e escores do MEEM de 1.553 indivíduos saudáveis foram analisados. A amostra foi agrupada de acordo com a idade e a educação. Resultados: A amostra foi composta de 963 mulheres (62%), a média ±DP da idade foi 49,6±20,7 (variando entre 20 e 92 anos). A média ±DP dos anos de estudo foi 8,9±5,5 (variando entre 0 e 28 anos de estudo). A média ±DP dos escores do MEEM foi 27,3±2,7 (variando entre 15 e 30). Um efeito significativo na interação entre educação e sexo foi observado (p=0,011). Um efeito significativo na interação entre educação e idade também foi observado (p=0,003). Um efeito independente da educação (p<0,001) e da idade (p<0,001) foi observado. Participantes do grupo com alto nível educacional apresentaram maiores escores no MEEM do que os participantes dos outros grupos. Do mesmo modo, adultos jovens apresentaram maiores escores no MEEM do que os participantes dos outros grupos etários. Conclusões: Nós observamos efeito da educação e da idade sobre os escores do MEEM. Indivíduos mais jovens e indivíduos com alto nível educacional apresentaram escores maiores no MEEM.

Evaluation of Mini-Mental State Examination scores according to different age and education strata, and sex, in a large Brazilian healthy sample.

Until better measures have been accepted for wider use, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) will continue to be utilized. In this context, knowledge on characteristics and determinants of its distribution for the Brazilian population are particularly valuable. The present study aimed to evaluate, based on multivariate analysis, the independent effect of age, educational level and sex, and their interactions, on MMSE scores in a healthy sample. METHODS: Demographic data and scores on the MMSE of 1,553 healthy individuals were analyzed. The sample was grouped according to age and education. RESULTS: The sample was composed of 963 females (62%), mean age ±SD was 49.6±20.7yrs (range 20 to 92 yrs). The mean years of education ±SD was 8.9±5.5yrs (range 0 to 28 yrs). The mean score ±SD on the MMSE was 27.3±2.7(range 15 to 30). A significant effect of the interaction between education and sex (p=0.011), and also between education and age was observed (p=0.003). An independent effect of education (p<0.001) and age (p<0.001) was found. Participants from the higher educated group presented higher MMSE scores than the other groups. Younger adults presented higher MMSE scores than the other age groups. CONCLUSIONS: We observed an effect of education and age on MMSE scores. Younger individuals and higher educated participants presented higher scores.

O Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) continuará sendo amplamente utilizado até que outras medidas sejam estabelecidas, por isso o conhecimento de características e determinantes de sua distribuição na população é particularmente útil. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito independente e suas interações da idade, sexo e nível educacional em uma análise multivariada sobre os escores do MEEM em uma amostra saudável. MÉTODOS: Dados demográficos e escores do MEEM de 1.553 indivíduos saudáveis foram analisados. A amostra foi agrupada de acordo com a idade e a educação. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi composta de 963 mulheres (62%), a média ±DP da idade foi 49,6±20,7 (variando entre 20 e 92 anos). A média ±DP dos anos de estudo foi 8,9±5,5 (variando entre 0 e 28 anos de estudo). A média ±DP dos escores do MEEM foi 27,3±2,7 (variando entre 15 e 30). Um efeito significativo na interação entre educação e sexo foi observado (p=0,011). Um efeito significativo na interação entre educação e idade também foi observado (p=0,003). Um efeito independente da educação (p<0,001) e da idade (p<0,001) foi observado. Participantes do grupo com alto nível educacional apresentaram maiores escores no MEEM do que os participantes dos outros grupos. Do mesmo modo, adultos jovens apresentaram maiores escores no MEEM do que os participantes dos outros grupos etários. CONCLUSÕES: Nós observamos efeito da educação e da idade sobre os escores do MEEM. Indivíduos mais jovens e indivíduos com alto nível educacional apresentaram escores maiores no MEEM.

Association of caregiver demographic variables with neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease patients for distress on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI).

Behavioral symptoms are frequently observed in Alzheimer's disease patients and are associated to higher distress for patients and caregivers, early institutionalization, worst prognosis and increased care. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of neuropsychiatric symptoms in a sample of Alzheimer's disease patients and to analyze association between caregiver demographic characteristics and patient symptoms. METHODS: Sixty Alzheimer's disease patients (NINCDS-ADRDA) and their caregivers were consecutively included in the investigation by the Dementia Outpatient clinic of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) was applied to evaluate behavioral symptoms and their impact upon caregivers. Age, sex, educational attainment, relationship to the patient, and time as caregiver were obtained from all caregivers. RESULTS: Apathy was the symptom responsible for the highest distress level, followed by agitation and aggression. A significant correlation between total severity NPI and distress NPI was observed. None of the caregiver demographic data showed association to distress. The most frequent symptoms were apathy and aberrant motor behavior. Patients' relatives also considered apathy as the most severe symptom, followed by depression and agitation. CONCLUSIONS: Apathy was the most frequent and severe neuropsychiatric symptom. No relationship between caregiver demographic characteristics and distress was observed.

Sintomas comportamentais são freqüentemente observados nos pacientes com doença de Alzheimer e estão associados a maior desgaste para pacientes e cuidadores, institucionalização precoce, pior prognóstico e mais cuidado. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar freqüência de sintomas neuropsiquiátricos em uma amostra de pacientes com doença de Alzheimer e analisar a associação entre características demográficas do cuidador e sintomas do paciente. MÉTODOS: Um total de 60 pacientes com doença de Alzheimer (NINCDS-ADRDA) e seus cuidadores foram consecutivamente incluídos na investigação provenientes do Ambulatório de Demência do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. O Inventário Neuropsiquiátrico (INP) foi aplicado para avaliar sintomas comportamentais e seu impacto sobre os cuidadores. Idade, sexo, educação, parentesco com o paciente e tempo como cuidador foram obtidos dos cuidadores. RESULTADOS: Apatia foi o sintoma responsável pelo maior nível de desgaste, seguido por agitação e agressão. Uma correlação significativa entre escore total do INP e desgaste foi observada. Nenhuma das variáveis demográficas do cuidador mostrou associação com desgaste. Os sintomas mais freqüentes foram apatia e comportamento motor aberrante. Os familiares do pacientes também consideraram apatia como sintoma mais grave seguido por depressão e agitação. CONCLUSÕES: Apatia foi o sintoma neuropsiquiátrico mais freqüente e grave. Nenhuma relação entre as variáveis demográficas do cuidador e desgaste foi observada.

Schizophrenia in males of cognitive performance: discriminative and diagnostic values.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the discriminative and diagnostic values of neuropsychological tests for identifying schizophrenia patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 36 male schizophrenia outpatients and 72 healthy matched volunteers was carried out. Participants underwent the following neuropsychological tests: Wisconsin Card Sorting test, Verbal Fluency, Stroop test, Mini Mental State Examination, and Spatial Recognition Span. Sensitivity and specificity estimated the diagnostic value of tests with cutoffs obtained using Receiver Operating Characteristic curves. The latent class model (diagnosis of schizophrenia) was used as gold standard. RESULTS: Although patients presented lower scores in most tests, the highest canonical function for the discriminant analysis was 0.57 (Verbal Fluency M). The best sensitivity and specificity were obtained in the Verbal Fluency M test (75 and 65, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The neuropsychological tests showed moderate diagnostic value for the identification of schizophrenia patients. These findings suggested that the cognitive impairment measured by these tests might not be homogeneous among schizophrenia patients.

Schizophrenia in males of cognitive performance: discriminative and diagnostic values

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the discriminative and diagnostic values of neuropsychological tests for identifying schizophrenia patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 36 male schizophrenia outpatients and 72 healthy matched volunteers was carried out. Participants underwent the following neuropsychological tests: Wisconsin Card Sorting test, Verbal Fluency, Stroop test, Mini Mental State Examination, and Spatial Recognition Span. Sensitivity and specificity estimated the diagnostic value of tests with cutoffs obtained using Receiver Operating Characteristic curves. The latent class model (diagnosis of schizophrenia) was used as gold standard. RESULTS: Although patients presented lower scores in most tests, the highest canonical function for the discriminant analysis was 0.57 (Verbal Fluency M). The best sensitivity and specificity were obtained in the Verbal Fluency M test (75 and 65, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The neuropsychological tests showed moderate diagnostic value for the identification of schizophrenia patients. These findings suggested that the cognitive impairment measured by these tests might not be homogeneous among schizophrenia patients