N-cadherin directs the collective Schwann cell migration required for nerve regeneration through Slit2/3-mediated contact inhibition of locomotion.

Collective cell migration is fundamental for the development of organisms and in the adult for tissue regeneration and in pathological conditions such as cancer. Migration as a coherent group requires the maintenance of cell-cell interactions, while contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL), a local repulsive force, can propel the group forward. Here we show that the cell-cell interaction molecule, N-cadherin, regulates both adhesion and repulsion processes during Schwann cell (SC) collective migration, which is required for peripheral nerve regeneration. However, distinct from its role in cell-cell adhesion, the repulsion process is independent of N-cadherin trans-homodimerisation and the associated adherens junction complex. Rather, the extracellular domain of N-cadherin is required to present the repulsive Slit2/Slit3 signal at the cell surface. Inhibiting Slit2/Slit3 signalling inhibits CIL and subsequently collective SC migration, resulting in adherent, nonmigratory cell clusters. Moreover, analysis of ex vivo explants from mice following sciatic nerve injury showed that inhibition of Slit2 decreased SC collective migration and increased clustering of SCs within the nerve bridge. These findings provide insight into how opposing signals can mediate collective cell migration and how CIL pathways are promising targets for inhibiting pathological cell migration.

In Vitro Evaluation of Potentially Edible Brazilian Trees and Shrubs in Ruminant Nutrition.

The present study aims to evaluate the nutritional value of different tree and shrub leaves in Brazilian ruminant production systems. Eight potentially edible trees and shrubs were identified from interviews with 30 ruminant producers: Aroeira (ARO; Lithraea molleoides), Black Mulberry (BMU; Morus nigra), Candeia (CAN; Eremanthus erythropappus), Jatobá (JAT; Hymenaea courbaril), Gliricídia (GLI; Gliricidia sepium), Santa Bárbara tree (SBT; Mélia azedarach), Tithonia (TIT; Tithonia diversifolia), and White Mulberry (WMU; Morus alba). Four leaf samples of each edible tree were sampled, and chemical analyses and in vitro assays were performed. Edible trees (except CAN and JAT) had lower neutral detergent fiber content than Mombasa grass. In addition, SBT, BMU, WMU, and TIT had lower fiber content than the other evaluated edible trees. Consequently, SBT, TIT, BMU, and WMU had improved dry matter degradation. Among the edible trees and shrubs, SMW and WMU increased the potential for gas production (a parameter). On the other hand, CAN decreased the estimated gas production 48 h after incubation. Furthermore, TIT decreased methane production up to 24 h after in vitro fermentation. Thus, except ARO, CAN, and JAT, the edible trees evaluated in the present study are potential feeds in moderate- to high-producing animals. Additionally, TIT fermentation reduces in vitro methane production.

Inclusion of babassu bran produced in milk production in Amazonia.

One important species for extraction and subsistence of traditional populations in Brazil is the babassu palm (Attalea speciosa Mart ex Spreng). As a by-product of the babassu oil socio-productive chain in Amazonia region, the residual bran needs to be better used and could represent an additional source of income for coconut breakers, and a local alternative in the composition of diets for dairy cows. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of a diet containing babassu bran on the intake and digestibility of cows, their production and milk composition, in the Amazon region. The experimental trial was arranged in a Cross over design, composed of fourteen animals, two treatments and two periods of 28 days (21 days for adaptation to diets and 7 days for data collection). Treatments were concentrate without babassu bran (CNV) and with babassu bran (BBS). Milk composition did not differ significantly between treatments. The inclusion of 35.6% BBS in feed ration supported an average daily milk production of 18.2 kg/day, while CNV produced 19.8 kg/day. There was lower feed consumption for BBC, but equal to that of CNV when comparing liters of milk produced per kg of ingested concentrate (1:3.09 CNV × 1:3.07 BBS), which demonstrates that treatments did not differ in productive efficiency. Our results bring the possibility of a better use of babassu bran. This alternative could improve the quality of life of rural populations, while being linked to the conservation of native ecosystems and the sustainable use of socio-biodiversity products.

Chitosan level effects on fermentation profile and chemical composition of sugarcane silage / Efeitos de níveis de quitosana sobre o perfil fermentativo e a composição química da silagem de cana-de-açúcar

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of chitosan (CHI) on sugarcane fermentation profile and losses, chemical composition, and in situ degradation. Treatments were: 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 g of CHI/kg of dry matter (DM). Twenty experimental silos (PVC tubing with diameter 28 cm and height 25 cm) were used. Sand (2 kg) was placed at the bottom of each silo to evaluate effluent losses, and silos were weighed 60 d after ensiling to calculate gas losses. Samples were collected from the center of the silo mass to evaluate silage chemical composition, in situdegradation, fermentation profile, and mold and yeast count. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design, and the treatment effect was decomposed using polynomial regression. Chitosan linearly increased acetic acid and NH3-N concentration, while yeast and mold count, and ethanol concentration decreased. Intermediary levels of CHI (from 4.47 to 6.34 g/kg DM) showed the lower values of effluent, gas, and total losses. There was a quadratic effect of CHI on the content of non-fiber carbohydrates, neutral and acid detergent, and in situ DM degradation. The lowest fiber content was observed with levels between 7.01 and 7.47 g/kg DM, whereas the highest non-fiber carbohydrate content and in situ DM degradation were found with 6.30 and 7.17 g/kg DM of CHI, respectively. Chitosan linearly increased acetic acid and NH3-N concentration, whereas it linearly reduced ethanol concentration and count of yeast and mold. Thus, intermediary levels of CHI, between 4.47 and 7.47 g/kg of DM, decrease fermentation losses and improve the nutritional value of sugarcane silage.(AU)

Foram avaliados os efeitos do aumento dos níveis de quitosana (CHI) sobre o perfil e as perdas fermentativas, a composição química e degradação in situ da silagem de cana-de-açúcar. Os tratamentos foram: 0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 g de CHI / kg de matéria seca (MS). Foram utilizados vinte silos experimentais (tubos de PVC com 28 cm de diâmetro e 25 cm de altura). Areia (2 kg) foi adicionada na porção inferior de cada silo para avaliar as perdas por efluentes e os silos foram pesados 60 dias após a ensilagem para calcular as perdas por gases. Amostras foram coletadas do centro da massa do silo para avaliar a composição química, degradação in situ, perfil fermentativo e a contagem de fungos e leveduras da silagem. Os dados foram analisados como um delineamento inteiramente casualizado e o efeito do tratamento foi decomposto usando regressão polinomial. A CHI aumentou linearmente a concentração de ácido acético e N-NH3, enquanto diminuiu a contagem de leveduras e bolores e a concentração de etanol. Os níveis intermediários de CHI (de 4,47 a 6,34 g/kg MS) mostraram os menores valores de perdas por efluentes, gases e totais. Houve efeito quadrático da CHI sobre o teor de carboidratos não fibrosos, fibra em detergente neutro e ácido e sobre a degradação in situ da MS. Os menores teores de fibras foram observados com níveis de CHI entre 7,01 e 7,47 g/kg MS, enquanto que os maiores teores de carboidratos não fibrosos e degradação in situ da MS foram encontrados com 6,30 e 7,17 g/kg MS de CHI, repectivamente. A CHI aumentou linearmente as concentrações de ácido acético e N-NH3, enquanto reduziu linearmente a concentração de etanol e a contagem de fungos e leveduras. Desta forma, níveis intermediários de CHI, entre 4,47 e 7,47 g / kg de MS, diminuem as perdas fermentativas e melhoram o valor nutricional da silagem de cana-de-açúcar.(AU)

Dificuldades na amamentação: sentimentos e percepções paternas / Difficulties in breastfeeding: feelings and paternal perceptions

Objetivo: compreender a percepção paterna frente às dificuldades no aleitamento materno.Métodos: estudo qualitativo, junto a doze pais. A coleta de dados ocorreu por entrevistasemiestruturada, em janeiro de 2017. O referencial metodológico utilizado foi o Discurso do SujeitoColetivo. Resultados: após a análise emergiram quatro ideias centrais: conhecimento versusdesconhecimento sobre o aleitamento materno; o pai não é inserido no aleitamento materno pelaequipe; sentimentos despertados diante das dificuldades na amamentação; oferecendo ajuda atravésde apoio, com os cuidados do bebê e com os afazeres domésticos. Considerações Finais: por meio dopresente estudo foi possível perceber que os pais tinham interesse em participar e apoiar suascompanheiras, porém não são inseridos e estimulados pela equipe de saúde. Expressaram sentimentosde preocupação e tristeza diante das dificuldades, e estas quando superadas o sentimento foi dealívio.

Objective: to understand paternal perception in the face of difficulties in breastfeeding. Methods:qualitative study, with twelve parents. Data collection was by semi-structured interview, in January,2017. The methodological reference used was the Discourse of the Collective Subject. Results: afterthe analysis emerged four central ideas: knowledge versus ignorance about breastfeeding; the fatheris not inserted into breastfeeding by the team; feelings aroused in the face of difficulties inbreastfeeding; offering help through support, with the care of the baby and with household chores.Final Consideration: the study showed that the parents had an interest in participating andsupporting their partners, but they are not inserted and stimulated by the health team. Theyexpressed feelings of concern and sadness in the face of difficulties, and these when overcome, thefeeling was of relief.

Nutritional evaluation of millet at different seeding rates and cutting heights / Avaliação nutricional do milheto submetido a diferentes taxas de semeadura e alturas de corte

This study evaluated the effect of different seeding rates and cutting heights on production and composition of millet. Two randomized block design experiments were performed. In the first trial, 32 parcels (1.2 × 1.2 m) were used for evaluation of seeding rate of 24, 35, 50 and 60 kg/ha. Three cuts were carried out to evaluate plant height, fresh and dry mass yield, dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) concentration and in situ DM and NDF digestibility. In the second trial, 20 parcels (1.2 × 3.0 m) were used to evaluate 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm of cutting heights for two growing cycles, performing the evaluations previously listed. Seeding rate linearly increased plant height, fresh and dry mass production, and tended to linearly decrease dry matter in situ digestibility, without effects on forage composition. Cutting height had no effect on crude protein (CP) concentration, but linearly increased plant height, dry mass production, DM content and tended to decrease NDF in situ digestibility and ADL content. Thus, the use of the highest evaluated seeding rates (60 kg/ha) and cutting height (50 cm) increased forage production; however, the use of the lowest residual height increased forage quality.(AU)

Os efeitos de diferentes taxas de semeadura e altura de corte na produção e composição bromatológica do milheto foram avaliados em dois experimentos executados em delineamento em blocos casualizados. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizadas 32 parcelas (1,2 x 1,2 m) e avaliadas as taxas de semeadura de 24, 35, 50 e 60 kg/ha. Três cortes foram realizados para avaliar a altura das plantas, a produção de massa fresca e seca, os teores de matéria seca (MS), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), proteína bruta (PB) e lignina, assim como a digestibilidade in situ da matéria seca e FDN. No segundo experimento, 20 parcelas (1,2 x 3,0 m) foram usadas para avaliar o efeito das alturas de corte de 20, 30, 40 e 50 cm, sobre as variáveis previamente citadas. De acordo com o aumento da taxa de semeadura, houve aumento linear da altura das plantas e da produção de massa seca e fresca e tendência de redução linear da digestibilidade in situ da matéria seca, sem afetar a composição da forragem. A altura de corte não afetou a concentração de proteína bruta, mas aumentou linearmente a altura das plantas, a produção de massa seca e o teor de matéria seca e tendeu a reduzir a digestibilidade in situ da FDN e a concentração de lignina. Assim, o emprego de maiores taxas de semeadura (60 kg/ha) e de altura de corte (50 cm) aumentam a produção de forragem, enquanto que menores alturas de corte aumentam a qualidade da forragem.(AU)

Percepção dos cuidadores quanto à sede da criança cirúrgica / Percepción de los cuidadores cuanto a la sed del niño quirúrgico / Perceptions of caregivers about surgical children's thirst

Objetivo compreender como o cuidador vivencia o jejum da criança cirúrgica e percebe sua sede no período perioperatório. Métodos pesquisa descritiva de natureza qualitativa, realizada com 15 acompanhantes de crianças entre 1 e 12 anos no pós-operatório em um hospital-escola. Para análise, utilizou-se o método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Resultados emergiram quatro unidades temáticas: A criança cirúrgica em face do jejum e da sede; Percebendo a sede na criança cirúrgica; Vivenciando e enfrentando o período de jejum e a sede junto da criança; Percebendo a ação da equipe em face da sede da criança. Para os familiares, a vivência do jejum é permeada de sentimentos, como impotência e angústia. A presença da sede, detectada pelo autorrelato e por sinais físicos, agrava esse sofrimento. Conclusão o manejo da sede amenizaria o sofrimento da criança e dos familiares. Por conseguinte, é necessário desenvolver estratégias de manejo da sede na criança.

Objetivo comprender cómo el cuidador experimenta el ayuno del niño quirúrgico y percibe su sed en el perioperatorio. Métodos estudio descriptivo, cualitativo, con 15 cuidadores de niños entre 1 y 12 años en postoperatoria en un hospital universitario. Para el análisis, se utilizó el método del Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo. Resultados surgieron cuatro unidades temáticas: Niño quirúrgico delante del ayuno y de la sed; Percibiendo la sed en el niño quirúrgico; Experimentar y enfrentarse el ayuno y sed con el niño; Percibiéndose la acción del equipo delante de la sed del niño. Para la familia, la experiencia del ayuno está llena de sentimientos, como impotencia y angustia. La presencia de la sed, detectada por auto-informe y signos físicos, exacerba ese sufrimiento. Conclusión el manejo de la sed aliviaría el sufrimiento del niño y familias. Por lo tanto, es necesario desarrollar estrategias de manejo de la sed en niño.

Objective to understand how caregivers experience surgical children's fasting and how they realize their thirst in the perioperative period. Methods descriptive study of qualitative nature, carried out with 15 caregivers of children between 1 and 12 years old after surgery in a teaching hospital. For analysis, the Collective Subject Discourse method was used. Results four thematic units emerged: surgical children in the presence of fasting and thirst; realizing thirst in surgical children; experiencing and facing the period of fasting and thirst with children; realizing the action of the health team in the presence of children's thirst. For families, the experience of fasting is permeated with feelings like helplessness and distress. The presence of thirst, detected by self-report and physical signs, exacerbates their suffering. Conclusion thirst management alleviates the suffering of children and families. It is therefore necessary to develop strategies for children's thirst management.

Familiares de pessoas com esquizofrenia: sentimentos e atitudes frente ao comportamento agressivo / Relatives of schizophrenic outpatients: feelings and attitudes towards the aggressive behavior / Familiares de personas con esquizofrenia: sentimientos y actitudes delante del comportamiento agresivo

Discovering the difficulties the family experiences is an imminent need for the consolidation of the psychosocial rehabilitation process. A qualitative research was undertaken to get to know and analyze family members' forms of coping with their relatives' aggressive behavior and the feelings these situations arouse. As a data collection tool, a script was used to interview ten family members living in the coverage area of a Primary Health Care Unit in Londrina, Paraná in 2012, and who had a relative with mental disorder monitored at a mental health service in the city. The results reveal difficulties to manage crises, search for professional and spiritual help and feelings the majority have in common, such as despair, suffering, fear of being victim of aggression, solitude and social isolation. To relive these difficulties, it is considered important for the health service to intervene in the family context (AU).

Conhecer as dificuldades vivenciadas pela família constitui-se em necessidade iminente à consolidação do processo de reabilitação psicossocial. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa para conhecimento e análise de formas de enfrentamento de familiares perante o comportamento agressivo de seus parentes, e os sentimentos que tais situações geram. Como instrumento de coleta de dados empregou-se roteiro de entrevista a dez familiares, residentes na área de abrangência de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde, em Londrina, estado do Paraná, em 2012, cujo acompanhamento do indivíduo com transtorno mental fosse realizado em algum serviço de saúde mental da cidade. Os resultados revelam dificuldades de manejo de crises, busca por auxílio profissional e espiritual, assim como sentimentos em comum à maioria, como a desesperança, o sofrimento, o medo de sofrer agressão, a solidão e o isolamento social. Com a finalidade de aliviar tais dificuldades, acredita-se ser importante a intervenção do serviço de saúde no âmbito familiar (AU).

Conocer las dificultades vividas por la familia es una gran necesidad para la consolidación del proceso de reabilitación psicosocial. Esta es una investigación cualitativa para conocimiento y análisis de formas de afrontamiento de familiares delante del comportamiento agresivo del paciente, y los sentimientos que tales situaciones generan. Para obtener los datos, fue usado guion de entrevista a diez familiares, residentes en el área de abrangencia de una Unidad Básica de Salud, en Londrina, estado del Paraná, en 2012, cuyo acompañamiento del individuo con trastorno mental fuera realizado en algun servicio de salud mental de la ciudad. Los resultados apuntan dificultades de manejo de crisis, búsqueda por ayuda profesional y espiritual, así como sentimientos en común a la mayoría, como la desesperanza, el sufrimiento, el miedo de sufrir agresión, la soledad y el aislamiento social. Con la finalidad de quitar tales dificultades, se cree ser importante la intervención del servicio de salud en el ámbito familiar (AU).