Neutron distribution and induced activity inside a Linac treatment room.

Induced radioactivity and photoneutron contamination inside a radiation therapy bunker of a medical linear accelerator (Linac) is investigated in this work. The Linac studied is an Elekta Precise electron accelerator which maximum treatment photon energy is 15 MeV. This energy exceeds the photonuclear reaction threshold (around 7 MeV for high atomic number metals). The Monte Carlo code MCNP6 has been used for quantifying the neutron contamination inside the treatment room for different gantry rotation configuration. Walls activation processes have also been simulated. The approach described in this paper is useful to prevent the overexposure of patients and medical staff.

Neutron activation processes simulation in an Elekta medical linear accelerator head.

Monte Carlo estimation of the giant-dipole-resonance (GRN) photoneutrons inside the Elekta Precise LINAC head (emitting a 15 MV photon beam) were performed using the MCNP6 (general-purpose Monte Carlo N-Particle code, version 6). Each component of LINAC head geometry and materials were modelled in detail using the given manufacturer information. Primary photons generate photoneutrons and its transport across the treatment head was simulated, including the (n, γ) reactions which undergo activation products. The MCNP6 was used to develop a method for quantifying the activation of accelerator components. The approach described in this paper is useful in quantifying the origin and the amount of nuclear activation.

Comparison between transmission and scattering spectrum reconstruction methods based on EPID images.

Numerous improved physics-based methods for Linac photon spectra reconstruction have been published; some of them are based on transmission data analysis and others on scattering data. In this work, the two spectrum unfolding approaches are compared in order to experimentally validate its robustness and to determine which is the optimal methodology for application on a clinical quality assurance routine. Both studied methods are based on EPID images generated when the incident photon beam impinges onto plastic blocks. The distribution of transmitted/scatter radiation produced by this object centered at the beam field size was measured. Measurements were performed using a 6 MeV photon beam produced by the linear accelerator. The same radiation distribution conditions were also simulated with Monte Carlo code for a series of monoenergetic identical geometry photon beams for both cases. Two systems of linear equations were generated to combine the polyenergetic EPID measurements with the monoenergetic simulation results. Regularization techniques were applied to solve the systems for obtaining the incident photon spectrum. We present a comparison between the well-known photon Spectral Reconstruction based on Transmission Data (Trans-based) technology and the Spectral Reconstruction based on Scattering Data (Scatt-based), which we both developed using EPID images. It is shown that Trans-based reconstruction results display much better agreement with photon spectrum theoretical predictions.

MCNP5 Monte Carlo simulation of amorphous silicon EPID dosimetry from MLC radiation therapy treatment beams.

The present work is focused on a MCNP Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of a multi-leaf collimator (MLC) radiation therapy treatment unit including its corresponding Electronic Portal Imaging Device (EPID). We have developed a methodology to perform a spatial calibration of the EPID signal to obtain dose distribution using MC simulations. This calibration is based on several images acquisition and simulation considering different thicknesses of solid water slabs, using a 6 MeV photon beam and a square field size of 20 cm x 20 cm. The resulting relationship between the EPID response and the MC simulated dose is markedly linear. This signal to dose EPID calibration was used as a dosimetric tool to perform the validation of the MLC linear accelerator MCNP model. Simulation results and measurements agreed within 2% of dose difference. The methodology described in this paper potentially offers an optimal verification of dose received by patients under complex multi-field conformal or intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).

6 and 15 MeV photon spectra reconstruction using an unfolding depth dose gradient methodology.

An accurate knowledge of the spectral distribution emission is essential for precise dose calculations in radiotherapy treatment planning. Reconstruction of photon spectra emitted by medical accelerators from measured depth dose distributions in a water cube is an important tool for commissioning a Monte Carlo treatment planning system. However, the reconstruction problem is an inverse radiation transport function which is poorly conditioned and its solution may become unstable due to small perturbations in the input data. In this paper we present a more stable spectral reconstruction method which can be used to provide an independent confirmation of source models for a given machine without any prior knowledge of the spectral distribution. This technique involves measuring the depth dose curve in a water phantom and applying an unfolding method using Monte Carlo simulated depth dose gradient curves for consecutives mono-energetic beams. We illustrate this theory to calculate a 6 and a 15 MeV photon beam emitted from an Elekta Precise radiotherapy unit using the gradient of depth dose curves in a cube-shaped water tank.

Analysis of image quality parameter of conventional and dental radiographic digital images.

The image quality obtained by a radiographic equipment is very useful to characterize the physical properties of the image radiographic chain, in a quality control of the radiographic equipment. In the radiographic technique it is necessary that the evaluation of the image can guarantee the constancy of its quality to carry out a suitable diagnosis. In this work we have designed some radiographic phantoms for different radiographic digital devices, as dental, conventional, equipments with computed radiography (phosphor plate) and direct radiography (sensor) technology. Additionally, we have developed a software to analyse the image obtained by the radiographic equipment with digital processing techniques, as edge detector, morphological operators, statistical test for the detected combinations‥ The design of these phantoms let the evaluation of a wide range of operating conditions of voltage, current and time of the digital equipments. Moreover, the image quality analysis by the automatic software, let study it with objective parameters.

Electron influence on the reconstruction of a linac 6 MeV photon spectra by unfolding methods.

Megavoltage photon sources are normally used for radiotherapy treatments. For these equipments an accurate knowledge of their spectral distribution is essential for accurate dose calculations planning. There are several ways to determine the spectrum of a clinical photon beam: direct measurement, electron source modelling or reconstruction from experimental measures. In this paper we focus on the latter type of spectral reconstruction methods which can be used to provide an independent confirmation of source models for a given machine without any prior knowledge of the spectral distribution. This technique involves measuring the depth dose curve in a water phantom and applying an unfolding method using Monte Carlo simulated depth dose curves for consecutives mono-energetic beams. We illustrate this theory to calculate a 6 MeV photon beam from an Elekta Precise radiotherapy unit using the gradient of depth dose measurements in a cube-shaped water tank.

Comparison of experimental 3D dose curves in a heterogeneous phantom with results obtained by MCNP5 simulation and those extracted from a commercial treatment planning system.

Commercial planning systems used in radiotherapy treatments use determinist correlations to evaluate dose distribution around regions of interest. Estimated dose with this type of planners can be problematic, especially when analyzing heterogeneous zones. The present work is focused in quantifying the dose distribution in a heterogeneous medium irradiated by a 6 MeV photon beam emitted by an Elekta Precise Radiotherapy Unit head. Dose mapping inside the heterogeneous water phantom has been simulated with the photon and electron transport with Monte Carlo computer code MCNP5 and also, using a commercial treatment planning software in the same irradiation conditions. The calculated results were compared with experimental relative dose curves. This comparison shows that inside the heterogeneity region, the commercial algorithms are not able to predict the variation of dose in the heterogeneous zones with the same precision as MCNP5.

Monte Carlo simulation of the iView GT portal imager dosimetry.

This work is mainly focused on developing a methodology to obtain portal dosimetry with an amorphous silicon electronic portal image device (EPID) by means of Monte Carlo simulations and experimental measures. According to this, pixel intensity values of portal images have been compared with dose measured from an ionization chamber and dose obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. To that, several images were acquired with the Elekta iView GT EPID using an attenuator phantom slab (10 cm thickness of solid water) and a 6 MV photon energy beam with different monitor units. The average pixel value in a region of interest (ROI) centered at the beam selecting each image was extracted and compared to dose measures performed with the ionization chamber. These parameters were found to be linearly correlated with the number of monitor units (MU). Since, MCNP5 simulations allow calculating the deposited dose in the ROI within the phosphor layer of the EPID model, we can compare the portal dose with the simulated transit dose in order to perform a treatment control.

Dosimetric capabilities of the Iview GT portal imager using MCNP5 Monte Carlo simulations.

This work is focused on developing a methodology to obtain portal dosimetry with an amorphous silicon Electronic Portal Image Device (a-Si EPID) used in radiotherapy by means of Monte Carlo simulations and experimental measures. Pixel intensity values from portal images have been compared with dose measured from an ionization chamber and dose calculated from Monte Carlo simulations. To this end, several images were acquired with the Elekta iView GT EPID using an attenuator phantom slab (10 cm thickness of solid water) and a 6 MeV photon energy beam with different monitor units settings (MU). The average pixel value in a region of interest (ROI) centered at the beam for each image was extracted and compared to dose measures performed with an ionization chamber. These parameters were found to be linearly related with the number of monitor units. Since MCNP5 simulations allow calculating the deposited dose in the ROI within the phosphor layer of the EPID model, we could compare the portal dose with the simulated transit dose in order to perform a treatment control.

Analysis of digital image quality indexes for CIRS SP01 and CDMAM 3.4 mammographic phantoms.

Mammographic phantom images are usually used to study the quality of images obtained by determined mammographic equipment. The digital image treatment techniques allow carrying out an automatic analysis of the phantom image. Nowadays, the digital radiographic equipments are replacing the traditional film-screen equipments and it is necessary to update the parameters to guarantee the quality of the process. In this work we apply some techniques of digital image processing to compute a specific image quality indexes for mammographic phantoms, namely CIRS SP01 and CDMAM 3.4. to study the evolution of this parameter with different varying conditions of the mammographic equipment. The indexes are calculated from a scoring system based on a designed algorithm which analyses the phantom image by means of an automatic detection of the test objects in each phantom.

Photon spectra calculation for an Elekta linac beam using experimental scatter measurements and Monte Carlo techniques.

The present work is centered in reconstructing by means of a scatter analysis method the primary beam photon spectrum of a linear accelerator. This technique is based on irradiating the isocenter of a rectangular block made of methacrylate placed at 100 cm distance from surface and measuring scattered particles around the plastic at several specific positions with different scatter angles. The MCNP5 Monte Carlo code has been used to simulate the particles transport of mono-energetic beams to register the scatter measurement after contact the attenuator. Measured ionization values allow calculating the spectrum as the sum of mono-energetic individual energy bins using the Schiff Bremsstrahlung model. The measurements have been made in an Elekta Precise linac using a 6 MeV photon beam. Relative depth and profile dose curves calculated in a water phantom using the reconstructed spectrum agree with experimentally measured dose data to within 3%.

Study of digital mammographic equipments by phantom image quality.

Nowadays, the digital radiographic equipments are replacing the traditional film-screen equipments and it is necessary to update the parameters to guarantee the quality of the process. Contrast-detail phantoms are applied to digital radiography to study the threshold contrast-detail sensitivity at operation conditions of the equipment. The phantom that is studied in this work is CDMAM 3.4. One of the most extended indexes to measure the image quality in an objective way is the image quality figure (IQF). The aim of this work is to study the image quality of different images contrast-detail phantom CDMAM 3.4, carrying out the automatic detection of the contrast-detail combination and to establish a parameter which characterize in an objective way the mammographic image quality. This is useful to compare images obtained at different digital mammographic equipments to study the functioning of the equipments that facilitates the evaluation of image contrast and detail resolution.

MCNP simulation of a Theratron 780 radiotherapy unit.

A Theratron 780 (MDS Nordion) 60Co radiotherapy unit has been simulated with the Monte Carlo code MCNP. The unit has been realistically modelled: the cylindrical source capsule and its housing, the rectangular collimator system, both the primary and secondary jaws and the air gaps between the components. Different collimator openings, ranging from 5 x 5 cm2 to 20 x 20 cm2 (narrow and broad beams) at a source-surface distance equal to 80 cm have been used during the study. In the present work, we have calculated spectra as a function of field size. A study of the variation of the electron contamination of the 60Co beam has also been performed.

Declassification of radioactive liquid wastes generated in radio immune assay [corrected] (RIA) laboratories.

Radioactive liquid wastes of low-medium activity level are generated in radio immune assay (RIA) laboratories, which are also potentially infectious because of the pathogens from patient blood. The most common way of managing these wastes consists of a temporal storage, for partial radioactivity decay, followed by management by an authorised company. The object of this work is to study the viability of treating radioactive liquid wastes coming from RIA using membrane techniques in order to reduce their volume, which would mean an improvement from the radiological point of view and a decrease in management costs. This paper describes the results of some experiments carried out with RIA real wastes, by means of processes such as ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. It has been proved that waste volume can be significantly reduced, obtaining a treated liquid that is free of pathogens and organic matter and with an activity level around the environmental background.

A comparative study of computer assisted assessment of image quality index for mammographic phantom images.

Mammographic phantom images are usually used to study the quality of images obtained by dedicated mammographic equipment. The digital image treatment techniques allow us to carry out an automatic analysis of the phantom image. In this work, some techniques of digital image processing are applied to compute a specific image quality index (IQI) for a mammographic phantom, namely CIRS model 11A version SP01. The algorithm designed analyses the phantom image by means of automatic detection of the number of microcalcifications, and the image resolution as the number of line pairs per millimetre. Then, the IQI is calculated from a scoring system. The manner in which the functioning conditions (kV and mAs) of the mammographic equipment and the preprocessing denoising method of the digital image affect the results for the IQI are also studied.

Automatic evaluation of the image quality of a mammographic phantom.

In this work a method has been developed to analyse the digital image quality of a mammographic phantom by means of automatic process techniques. The techniques used for the digital image treatment are standard techniques as the image thresholding to detect objects, the regional growing for pixels pooling and the morphological operator application to determine the objects shape and size, etc. This study allows the obtention of information about the phantom characteristics, that due to its small size and lowly contrast can be obtained very difficultly by direct observation. The final aim of this work is to obtain one or more parameters to characterize the reference phantom quality image in an objective way. These parameters will serve to compare images obtained at different mammographic centers and also, to study the temporal evolution of the image quality produced by determined mammographic equipment.

Monte Carlo image reconstruction of a mammographic phantom.

The aim of this study is the development of a methodology to reconstruct via Monte Carlo techniques the radiographic image of the CIRS 11 A (MAMMO PHANTOM SP01) phantom. This phantom is used in image quality assessment during quality control tests in breast screening locations and other health centers. The mammographic phantom is comprised of a reference point, a glandular tissue step wedge, contrast and resolution targets, and groups of microcalcifications and fibers. The MCNP radiation transport code (version 4c2) has been modified and recompiled to let use of a large number of tallies and detectors per input file, and an azimuthal directional source biasing. The output surface air kerma (OSAK) delivered by the X-rays has been scored employing a rectangular matrix of point detectors (F5 tally) under the phantom, simulating the image system. Some variance reduction techniques have been implemented to ensure that photons reach the detectors and that weight fluctuations were reduced. The characteristic curve of the film-scanner imaging system combination has been obtained throughout several experimental measures with an aluminium sensitometric wedge and Monte Carlo simulations. The reconstructed images agree with the range of values, indicating that this method would be suitable for training purposes, phantom designing or dose calculations.