Retrospective study of 149 cases of salivary gland carcinoma in a Spanish hospital population.

BACKGROUND: The clinical and histological characteristics of salivary gland tumors vary widely, complicating their diagnosis and management, and major differences have been recorded in the distribution of histopathological diagnoses among different countries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective study reviewed the demographic (age, sex) and clinicopathological (pathology diagnosis and localization) characteristics of cases diagnosed with primary SGC between June 1992 and May 2014 in the Pathology Department of the 12 de Octubre Hospital of Madrid. Diagnoses were recorded according to the 2005 WHO classification. RESULTS: The study included 149 SCG patients, aged between 11 and 94 yrs, with mean age at onset of 55.56 yrs and peak incidence in the eighth decade of life. The male:female ratio was 1.01. The parotid gland was the most frequently involved (75.2%). The most frequent carcinoma was mucoepidermoid carcinoma (24.2%), followed by acinic cell carcinoma (15.4%). CONCLUSIONS: The demographic and histopathological characteristics of patients with salivary gland carcinomas in Spain, reported here for the first time, are broadly similar to those found in other countries.

Methylation in oral cancer and pre-cancerous lesions (Review).

There is considerable interest in the analysis of epigenetic alterations in cancer, including oral cancer and pre-cancerous lesions. These processes affect or inactivate the functions of genes without altering their structure or sequence. One example is the methylation of the promoter region of some genes involved in cell cycle control. Knowledge of methylation patterns is very important for understanding the expression of genes in normal and pathological situations. This review provides an update on research into this issue in oral cancer and pre-cancerous lesions. A greater understanding of this epigenetic alteration could not only assist the diagnosis and prognosis of oral cancer but could also open up novel therapeutic approaches. The presence of methylation in specific tumour suppressor genes could modify their function and alter cell cycle control, so the patients could have an increased risk of developing cancer and also a higher degree of malignancy. The most frequently and extensively studied methylated genes in oral premalignant lesions are p16, MGMT, RARß2, E-cadherin and DAP-kinase.

Peri-implant bone mechanobiology. Review of the literature.

UNLABELLED: The mechanical load applied during bone regeneration in implant treatments influences the early formation of peri-implant bone tissue through the activation of different pathways. The aim of this review was to determine the currently available scientific evidence in this field. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Electronic search in medical databases (Medline, Pubmed and Cochrane Library) of experimental studies in animal models published from 2003 to 2009. RESULTS: There is scientific evidence that the immediate application of an axial load in implantology stimulates bone formation, as measured by various histomorphometric parameters. Different physiological mechanisms (e.g., production of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2) participate in this effect, although their action has not been fully elucidated. CONCLUSION: The precise role of mechanical loading in the osseointegration process remains unknown. Further studies are required to demonstrate the biological mechanisms involved and the load range producing the most effective response and to develop devices for obtaining predictable clinical outcomes.

Aplicación de las técnicas de biologíamolecular en oncología oral / Application of molecular biology techniques in oral cancer

Este artículo de revisión se propone exponer las principales técnicas de biología molecular disponibles actualmente para los investigadores, en el campo del cáncer y precáncer oral, clasificadas según el tipo de material biológico del que se disponga para iniciar la investigación. Éste puede ser ADN, ARN o proteínas. La explicación de cada técnica comprenderá una breve sistemática del proceso, así como sus ventajas, inconvenientes y estado de actividad actual. Todo ello con la finalidad de esclarecer las aplicaciones, pronto indispensables, de las técnicas más destacadas, en el diagnóstico precoz, pronóstico y tratamiento individualizado del carcinoma oral. Entre las técnicas más útiles en este proceso se encuentran: la electroforesis en gel, las técnicas de hibridación, la tecnología microarray, los biochips, la PCR convencional, la cuantitativa o la transcriptas a inversa, las técnicas de Southern, Northern y Western blot, la secuenciación de ADN, la clonación de genes, la inmunohistoquímica, el ensayo ELISA y lacitometría de flujo. Destacan en particular por su gran utilidad, la tecnología microarray, los biochips y la PCR (AU)

This article summarizes the main techniques in the area of molecular biology that are available for the investigation of oral cancer and precancer. They have been classified depending on the biological material we expect to analyze, which can be DNA, RNA or proteins. The explanation for each technique includes a brief description of its basics, as well as some advantages, drawbacks and current use of the technique. Our aim is to throw light on the applications of these techniques, soon indispensable for most studies, in the early diagnosis, prognosis and individualized treatment of oral carcinoma. The most useful techniques for this objective are nowadays: gel electrophoresis, hybridation, microarray technology, biochips, PCR (conventional, quantitative or reverse transcriptase), Southern, Northern and Western blot studies, DNA sequenciation, cloning, immunohistochemistry, ELISA and flow citrometry. Some techniques that deserve a special mention due to their greater usefulness in the area of oral cancer are microarray technology, biochips and PCR (AU)

Regeneración ósea de un defecto circunferencial de tres paredes con hueso autólogo / Autologous bone regeneration of an circumferential three walls defect

La periodontitis provoca, a lo largo de su proceso evolutivo, un deterioro de los tejidos periodontales, entre ellos del hueso alveolar. En la mayoría de las ocasiones, la progresión de esta enfermedad puede ocasionar defectos óseos. Su tratamiento consistirá en la eliminación delos factores etiológicos y recuperar, en la medida de lo posible, la estructura perdida mediante diferentes técnicas regenerativas o respectivas. En el presente artículo, se muestra una opción para el tratamiento de un defecto óseo circunferencial de tres paredes, comparándolo con diferentes alternativas de tratamiento para combatir este defecto (AU)

The periodontal disease causes, along the evaluative process of the illness, a damage of periodontal tissues, including the alveolar bone; in many times, the evolution of the pathology makes irregular bone deformities. The treatment of that disease could be to eliminate the etiological factors and to recuperate as much as possible, the missed structure with regenerative and respective techniques. In this article, we will set up a clinical case where we will describe a treatment option of a circumferential bone defect and we will compare that treatment with others alternatives (AU)

Mecanobiología de los huesos maxilares. III. Regeneración ósea / Mechanobiology of maxillary bones. III. Bone regeneration

La mecanobiología ósea se encarga de la interacción entre las señales mecánicas y los mecanismos moleculares en las células del tejido óseo. Las cargas mecánicas actúan sobre las células que se encuentran en el nuevo foco de fractura y sobre las células incluidas en la matriz extracelular, por lo que la influencia mecánica actúa sobre la regeneración y sobre el remodelado, que se encuentran interrelacionados. El presente artículo intenta establecer la relación entre la carga y la expresión molecular durante la regeneración ósea. También, se realiza una revisión de los estudios de distracción alveolar histogénica y de carga en los implantes dentales en la fase de regeneración ósea (AU)

Bone mechanobiology deals with connection between mechanical signals and molecular events in cells and bone tissue. Mechanic loading has an influence both over cells in fracture callus and cells included into the extracellular matrix, thus mechanical forces have an interconnection between regeneration and remodelling. This paper tries to show the connection between loading and molecular expression during bone regeneration. Studies about alveolar distraction and dental implants under immediate loading are also reviewed (AU)

Update on molecular pathology in oral cancer and precancer.

Oral carcinogenesis is a multifactorial process involving numerous genetic events that alter normal functions of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. This may increase the production of growth factors or the number of receptors on the cell surface, and/or increase transcription factors or intracellular signal messengers. Together with the loss of tumour suppressor activity, these changes lead to a cell phenotype that can increase cell proliferation, with loss of cell cohesion, and infiltration of adjacent tissue thus causing distant metastasis. Molecular pathology is responsible for defining the molecular mechanisms that underlie the onset of oral precancer and cancer. The aim of this review is to describe recent advances in our understanding of the molecular control of the innumerable pathways related to these processes. These may lead to short- or medium term improvements in the diagnosis and prognosis of oral precancerous and cancerous lesions and to the development of novel therapeutic approaches to this disease.

Mecanobiología de los huesos maxilares. II. Remodelación ósea / Mechanobiology of maxillary bones. II. Bone remodelling

La mecanobiología ósea se encarga de la interacción entre las señales mecánicas y los mecanismos moleculares en las células del tejido óseo. El proceso de remodelado óseo se ve influenciado por las cargas biomecánicas a diferentes niveles estructurales. En este artículo se revisa la relación entre la carga y la expresión molecular durante el remodelado óseo e intenta describir las diversas teorías que explican la transducción de señales de carga que parecen influir en la transmisión de cargas perimplantarias (AU)

Bone mechanobiology deals with connection between mechanical signals and molecular events in cells and bone tissue. Remodelling process can be influenced by biomechanical loading in different structural levels. This review paper tries to show the connection between loading and molecular expression during bone remodelling and describes some theories which deals with signals of transduction which seem to have some importance in perimplantary loading transmission (AU)

Marcadores de senescencia celular en cáncer y precáncer oral / Cellular senescence markers in oral cancer and precancer

Estudios recientes han demostrado la capacidad del organismo humano para detener el crecimiento de potenciales células cancerígenas y paralizarlas. Este mecanismo antitumoral, que actúa como freno del proceso maligno, se conocía ya en estudios de laboratorio “in vitro”, pero se ha comprobado también su presencia en modelos “in vivo”, tanto en ratones como en muestras de tejido de pacientes con cáncer. A este mecanismo se le denomina senescencia celular y se define como un sistema de defensa de emergencia de las células que están en camino de convertirse en cancerosas, una respuesta ante el estímulo de un oncogén. Se trataría pues de un freno a la progresión de las lesiones cancerizables, condenando a esas células a una “cadena perpetua celular”. Este artículo de revisión se propone describir este mecanismo y poner al día la evidencia al respecto de este proceso, así como los marcadores de senescencia existentes en relación con el cáncer y precáncer oral This article reviews the paper of oral biopsy on the precancerous lesions diagnosis and on the oral cancer early diagnosis. Different techniques, procedures, materials, indications and other surgical aspects are debated. It proposes to do incisional biopsies on malignant lesions and on malignant suspicious lesions, while doing excisional biopsies on precancerous lesions when the size allows it ( AU)

Recent studies have demonstrated the capacity of the human organism to prevent the growth of potentially carcinogenic cells, paralyzing them. This antitumor mechanism, which acts as a brake on the malignant process, was already known in lab studies “in vitro” but has now also been verified “in vivo” in mice and in tissue samples from cancer patients. This mechanism is known as cellular senescence and is defined as an emergency defense system for cells on the way to becoming cancerous, i.e., a response to the stimulation of an oncogene. These cells are sentenced to “life imprisonment”, impeding the progression of premalignant lesions. This review aims to describe this mechanism and present an update of the evidence on this phenomenon in the setting of oral cancer and precance This article reviews the paper of oral biopsy on the precancerous lesions diagnosis and on the oral cancer early diagnosis. Different techniques, procedures, materials, indications and other surgical aspects are debated. It proposes to do incisional biopsies on malignant lesions and on malignant suspicious lesions, while doing excisional biopsies on precancerous lesions when the size allows it (AU)

No differences in caspase-3 and Bax expression in atrophic-erosive vs. reticular oral lichen planus.

BACKGROUND: Caspase-3 (CPP32) and Bax expression levels in oral lichen planus (OLP) lesions are considered reliable markers of apoptosis. The malignant transformation of OLP remains a very controversial matter. The objective of this study was to compare histological and apoptotic phenomena between atrophic-erosive and reticular forms of OLP. METHODS: Analysis was conducted of biopsy samples from 18 patients with reticular and 14 with atrophic-erosive OLP. Conventional histology techniques were used to quantify histological markers of OLP and peroxidase/anti-peroxidase techniques to determine apoptosis markers caspase-3 (CPP32) and Bax. RESULTS: More Civatte bodies and lymphocyte exocytosis were observed in atrophic-erosive than reticular OLP samples, without any statistical difference. No statistical significant differences in caspase-3 expression were found between these OLP forms in suprabasal layer (58.3% vs. 43.8%), basal layer (83.3% vs. 68.8%) or infiltrate (69.2% vs. 46.6%). Bax expression was relatively infrequent, and no differences were observed between atrophic-erosive and reticular forms. CONCLUSIONS: The low frequency of apoptotic phenomena (caspase-3 and Bax) in epithelial cells of OLP may create a favourable substrate for malignant transformation. However, there does not seem to be an association with the clinical form (atrophic-erosive or reticular).

Oral and perioral piercing complications.

BACKGROUND.: The oral an perioral piercing has a long history as part of religious, tribal,cultural or sexual symbolism and nowdays there is a high incidence of oral and perioral piercing in the adolescent population. This practice has a long history as part of religious, tribal, cultural or sexual symbolism. This article reviews current knowledge on injuries or diseases that might be produced by piercing in the oral cavity. We propose a classification to diagnosed the pathologies related to oral an perioral piercing METHODS.: A search was conducted of articles in PubMed, Scielo published between 1997 and 2007, using the key words ;;oral and perioral, piercing , ;;oral, piercing and disease", ;;recessions and oral piercing . It has reviewed about twentythree articles 17 were narrative reviews and 6 case series RESULTS.: A review was carried out on the origins of oral and perioral body piercing and its local implications, classifying the different alterations like recessions, systemic implications that it can produce in the oral and perioral cavity. CONCLUSION.: Patients with oral and perioral piercing should be regularly followed up because of the possible development of different types of adverse effects. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS.: Adverse effects of oral and perioral piercing can be systemic, with transmission of infectious diseases such as hepatitis B or C, or can be local, with alteration of oral mucosae or even of dental structures.

Liquen plano oral (II). Mecanismos apoptóticos y posible malignización / Oral Lichen planus (II), apoptolic mechanism and possible malignization

Se presenta un estudio histopatológico realizado con una muestra de 52 pacientes con liquen plano oral evaluados en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid con el objetivo de valorar los fenómenos apoptóticos y su posible vinculación con la malignización de las lesiones (AU)

A histopathological study is carried out on 52 patients with oral lichen planus at the Faculty of Dentistry of Madrid, with the aim to assess apoptotic phenomena and their possible relationship with the malignization of the lesions (AU)

Do ambulatory-use Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) concentrates present risks?

Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) concentrates have been widely used in the past decade as a complement to tissue regeneration procedures. The authors who have clinically used PRP refer no risk of infection, disease transmission, or undesirable effects. Nevertheless, there have been reports on the over-expression of growth factors (GFs) and their receptors related to tumour and dysplastic tissues. This has led to evaluation of the possible coincidences between carcinogenesis and the mitogenic pathways employed by GFs. The present study provides a review of the literature on the possible effects of the therapeutic uses of GFs (including PRP) in relation to carcinogenesis, their influence upon tissues with epithelial dysplasia or oral carcinoma, and their relation to tumour growth and infiltration.