Notified cases of mpox in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a descriptive study, 2022.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the profile of cases of mpox in the city of Rio de Janeiro between June and November 2022. METHODS: This was a descriptive study of secondary data obtained from mpox notification forms. Socioeconomic, clinical and spatial data were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 928 cases, 93.7% were male, 85.0% cisgender male, 65.6% homosexual, 41.8% between 30 and 39 years old, and 41.0% were of White race/skin color. A total of 34.5% had immunosuppression due to illness, and 41.9% reported their HIV status as being positive. The most prevalent signs and symptoms were: skin lesions (96.6%), especially with multiple manifestations (67.8%) in the genital region (46.1%), in addition to fever (58.3%), adenomegaly (43.3%) and headache (38.7%). Most notifications occurred in public services (81.3%) and in hospital care (51.3%). CONCLUSION: The study revealed high incidence of mpox, especially among young, cisgender and homosexual men. Most cases were mild, with genital lesions, progressing to cure without hospitalization. Person-to-person transmission was predominant.

REVIEW: Evidence supporting the 'preparation for oxidative stress' (POS) strategy in animals in their natural environment.

Hypometabolism is a common strategy employed by resilient species to withstand environmental stressors that would be life-threatening for other organisms. Under conditions such as hypoxia/anoxia, temperature and salinity stress, or seasonal changes (e.g. hibernation, estivation), stress-tolerant species down-regulate pathways to decrease energy expenditures until the return of less challenging conditions. However, it is with the return of these more favorable conditions and the reactivation of basal metabolic rates that a strong increase of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) occurs, leading to oxidative stress. Over the last few decades, cases of species capable of enhancing antioxidant defenses during hypometabolic states have been reported across taxa and in response to a variety of stressors. Interpreted as an adaptive mechanism to counteract RONS formation during tissue hypometabolism and reactivation, this strategy was coined "Preparation for Oxidative Stress" (POS). Laboratory experiments have confirmed that over 100 species, spanning 9 animal phyla, apply this strategy to endure harsh environments. However, the challenge remains to confirm its occurrence in the natural environment and its wide applicability as a key survival element, through controlled experimentation in field and in natural conditions. Under such conditions, numerous confounding factors may complicate data interpretation, but this remains the only approach to provide an integrative look at the evolutionary aspects of ecophysiological adaptations. In this review, we provide an overview of representative cases where the POS strategy has been demonstrated among diverse species in natural environmental conditions, discussing the strengths and weaknesses of these results and conclusions.

Estudo observacional dos casos de violência contra mulher notificados em um hospital fluminense em 2020 / Case study observational of violence against women reported in a Rio de Janeiro hospital in 2020

RESUMO Este estudo analisou o perfil das mulheres em situação de violência atendidas no serviço de acolhimento de um hospital na região metropolitana I do Rio de Janeiro, bem como a presença de alguns determinantes sociais que podem se relacionar à ocorrência da violência e atuar sobre as condições de acesso a estes serviços. Foram analisados os dados das notificações de violência, considerando a violência sexual e outras violências, em 2020. Casos de HIV e sífilis compuseram os grupos de comparação. Realizou-se o mapeamento e o levantamento dos perfis de mulheres. O total de residentes fora da área metropolitana I foi maior entre casos de violência sexual do que entre outras violências, HIV e sífilis. Dentre as mulheres brancas, estas foram mais frequentes entre casos de violência sexual e as negras entre as atendidas por outras violências. Os casos de violência sexual relataram maior escolaridade e frequência de emprego. A maioria das mulheres em todos os grupos analisados eram negras, enquanto a maioria das que acessaram o aborto legal eram brancas. O estudo sugere que fatores sociais e econômicos afetam o acesso ao serviço de atendimento às mulheres em situação de violência, sendo necessária uma reorganização deste para garantir o pleno acesso das mulheres.

ABSTRACT This study analyzed the profile of women in situations of violence who accessed care service of a hospital in the metropolitan region I of Rio de Janeiro, as well as the presence of some social determinants that may be related to the occurrence of violence and act on the conditions of access to these services. Data of the violence notification form were analyzed, considering cases of sexual violence and other violence, in 2020. Cases of HIV and syphilis were used as comparison groups. The mapping and survey of the profiles of women were carried out. The total number of residents outside first metropolitan area was higher among cases of sexual violence than among other violence, HIV, and syphilis. White women were more frequent among cases of sexual violence and black women among those cared for other violence. Cases of sexual violence had higher education and reported being employed more often. Most women in all groups were black, while most of those who accessed legal abortion were white. The study suggests that social and economic factors affect access to the care service for women in situations of violence, requiring its reorganization to guarantee women's full access to health care.

Commentary: On the merit of an early contributor of the "Preparation for Oxidative Stress" (POS) theory.

This commentary acknowledges the contributions of the Ukrainian biologist, Dr. Volodymyr Lushchak, to the understanding of the physiological adaptive strategy called "Preparation for Oxidative Stress" (POS). In the 1990s, various studies revealed that activities of antioxidant enzymes rose in animals under hypometabolic conditions. These timely observations allowed scientists to propose that this increase could prepare animals for reoxygenation events following the release of oxygen restriction, but in doing so, would trigger oxidative damage, hence the use of the term "preparation". Over next 25 years, the phenomenon was described in detail in more than one hundred studies of animals under conditions of aestivation, hypoxia/anoxia, freezing, severe dehydration, ultraviolet exposure, air exposure of water-breathing animals, salinity stress, and others. The POS phenomenon remained without a mechanistic explanation until 2013, when it was proposed that a small increase in oxyradical formation during hypoxia exposure (in hypoxia-tolerant animals) could activate redox-sensitive transcription factors that, in turn, would initiate transcription and translation of antioxidant enzymes. Dr. Lushchak, who studied goldfish under severe hypoxia in the 1990s, had actually proposed the increased production of oxyradicals under this condition and concluded that it would lead to an upregulation of antioxidant enzymes, the hallmark of the POS strategy. However, his research partner at the time, Dr. Hermes-Lima, thought the idea did not have sufficient evidence to support it and recommended the removal of this explanation. In those days, the main line of thinking was that increased oxyradical formation under hypoxia was "impossible". So, as it turns out, the ideas of Dr. Lushchak were well ahead of his time. It then took >10 years before the biochemical and molecular mechanisms responsible for triggering the POS response were clarified. In the present article, this fascinating history is described to highlight Dr. Lushchak's contributions and insights about the POS theory.

Compounds of tucum-do-cerrado (Bactris setosa) fruit with antioxidant activity.

'Tucum-do-cerrado' (Bactris setosa) is an edible fruit from the Brazilian 'Cerrado' biome marked by a high antioxidant potential and polyphenol content when compared to other fruits from the same biome. Its antioxidant activity is higher in the peel than in the pulp. Ethanolic and aqueous peel extracts were analyzed by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. We also investigated the aqueous peel extract for its antioxidant mechanism and isolated some of its compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography. Among the extracts tested, the aqueous peel extract exhibited the highest FRAP values, with a predominant free radical scavenger activity. The isolated compounds were identified as two catechins, a cyanidin, a peonidin, and a quercetin. Testing the antioxidant potential of the isolated compounds using the 2-deoxyribose degradation assay revealed that catechin and quercetin showed the highest antioxidant activity. Thus, our results advance the identification of 'tucum-do-cerrado' compounds with antioxidant activity.

Pro-Oxidant and Cytotoxic Effects of Tucum-Do-Cerrado (Bactris setosa Mart.) Extracts in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Caco-2 Cells.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. Bioactive natural compounds can act in cancer chemoprevention as tumor growth inhibitors. Tucum-do-cerrado (Bactris setosa Mart.) is a Brazilian fruit that contains several phenolic compounds. This study investigated the effect of tucum aqueous extract in Caco-2 cells in comparison to primary human intestinal organoids and fibroblasts. Cells were exposed to 0.5 and 1 mg/ml of tucum aqueous extract for 24 h. ROS production, mRNA levels for SOD1 and SOD2, CAT, GPX1, NFE2L2, HIF1A and NOS2 were evaluated in Caco-2 cells exposed to tucum extract. Cell viability of Caco-2 cells was decreased upon tucum extract exposure. Mitochondrial ROS levels increased in Caco-2 cells exposed to tucum extract. The mRNA levels of SOD1, SOD2, CAT, GPX, NFE2L2 and HIF1A were downregulated in Caco-2 cells exposed to tucum extract, while NOS2 mRNA levels remained unchanged. Protein levels of SOD2, CAT and NRF2 remained unchanged in Caco-2 cells treated with tucum extract, indicating that catalase and SOD2 cellular functions may be unaffected by the tucum extract at 24 h, of exposure. Aqueous extract of tucum-do-cerrado may induce cellular toxicity in a cancer cell-specific manner, possibly through increased mitochondrial ROS production and gene expression regulation.

Biomonitoring of Exposure to Metals in a Population Residing in an Industrial Area in Brazil: A Feasibility Study.

BACKGROUND: Industries are sources of environmental pollutants. However, there are few human biomonitoring (HBM) studies in the vicinity of industrial areas. Thus, we evaluate the feasibility of conducting an HBM study to assess exposure to metals in an industrial area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional survey was conducted near a steel factory. Adults (exposed = 775; controls = 775) were randomly selected and sex-matched. Subjects were interviewed using a questionnaire and a 24 h dietary recall. Blood samples were collected to analyze metal concentrations, blood count, biochemical parameters, and thyroid hormones. The feasibility of the survey was assessed following guidelines. The descriptive analysis was performed for the first 250 participants (pilot study). RESULTS: Adjustments were made to the survey execution, including age-matching, fieldwork team, questionnaire, blood collection, and research awareness. The complete questionnaire was answered by ≥97% of participants; metals were measured in ≥98% and clinical parameters in ≥89%, except thyroid hormones (13-44%). The average age and family income were of 50 years and USD 575/month, respectively. The participants had equal distribution among sexes: 50% had a medium education level, and 59% were nonwhite. CONCLUSION: This preliminary HBM study demonstrates feasibility for the total population, with results indicating representativeness of the target population.

[Exposure to metals in the adult population living in industrial areas: a systematic review of the literature]. / Exposição a metais em população adulta residente em áreas industriais: revisão sistemática da literatura.

This study aimed to review studies of human biomonitoring (HBM) that evaluated exposure to lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As) and manganese (Mn) in adults living close to industrial areas. A systematic review of studies was selected, without initial date limit through to December 2017, from the MEDLINE and BVS databases. Original studies in English, Portuguese or Spanish conducted among the adult population using blood and/or urine as biomarkers were included. The articles were evaluated according to methodological criteria, including studies with comparison groups and/or probabilistic sampling. Of the 28 studies selected, 54% were conducted in Europe, 36% in Asia, 7% in North America and 4% in Africa. Foundries, metal works and steel mills were the most frequently studied. Urine and blood were used in 82% and 50% of studies, respectively. The elements most investigated were Cd, Pb and As. Despite using heterogeneous methodologies, the results revealed higher metal concentrations, especially from As and Hg in general, than in the comparison group. This review highlights the need for more rigorous methodological studies of HBM, stressing the importance of public health vigilance among populations exposed to toxic metals, especially in developing countries.

Este artigo objetivou revisar os estudos de biomonitoramento humano (BMH) que avaliaram a exposição a chumbo (Pb), cádmio (Cd), mercúrio (Hg), níquel (Ni), arsênio (As) e manganês (Mn) em adultos residentes próximo a áreas industriais. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática, sem limite de data inicial até dezembro de 2017, utilizando a base de dados da MEDLINE e a BVS. Foram incluídos estudos originais em inglês, português ou espanhol, com uso de sangue e/ou urina como biomarcador. Os artigos foram avaliados pelos critérios metodológicos, incluindo-se estudos com grupo de comparação e/ou amostragem probabilística. Dos 28 estudos incluídos, 54% foram realizados na Europa, 36% na Ásia, 7% na América do Norte e 4% na África. Fundições, metalúrgicas e siderúrgicas foram as indústrias mais estudadas. Urina e sangue foram usados em 82% e 50% dos estudos, respectivamente. Os elementos mais investigados foram Cd, Pb e As. Embora com metodologias heterogêneas, em geral, os estudos observaram maiores concentrações de metais em expostos, especialmente As e Hg, do que nos grupos de comparação. Esta revisão evidencia a necessidade de estudos de BMH com maior rigor metodológico, reforçando a importância da vigilância em saúde de populações expostas a metais tóxicos, sobretudo nos países em desenvolvimento.

Exposição a metais em população adulta residente em áreas industriais: revisão sistemática da literatura / Exposure to metals in the adult population living in industrial areas: a systematic review of the literature

Resumo Este artigo objetivou revisar os estudos de biomonitoramento humano (BMH) que avaliaram a exposição a chumbo (Pb), cádmio (Cd), mercúrio (Hg), níquel (Ni), arsênio (As) e manganês (Mn) em adultos residentes próximo a áreas industriais. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática, sem limite de data inicial até dezembro de 2017, utilizando a base de dados da MEDLINE e a BVS. Foram incluídos estudos originais em inglês, português ou espanhol, com uso de sangue e/ou urina como biomarcador. Os artigos foram avaliados pelos critérios metodológicos, incluindo-se estudos com grupo de comparação e/ou amostragem probabilística. Dos 28 estudos incluídos, 54% foram realizados na Europa, 36% na Ásia, 7% na América do Norte e 4% na África. Fundições, metalúrgicas e siderúrgicas foram as indústrias mais estudadas. Urina e sangue foram usados em 82% e 50% dos estudos, respectivamente. Os elementos mais investigados foram Cd, Pb e As. Embora com metodologias heterogêneas, em geral, os estudos observaram maiores concentrações de metais em expostos, especialmente As e Hg, do que nos grupos de comparação. Esta revisão evidencia a necessidade de estudos de BMH com maior rigor metodológico, reforçando a importância da vigilância em saúde de populações expostas a metais tóxicos, sobretudo nos países em desenvolvimento.

Abstract This study aimed to review studies of human biomonitoring (HBM) that evaluated exposure to lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As) and manganese (Mn) in adults living close to industrial areas. A systematic review of studies was selected, without initial date limit through to December 2017, from the MEDLINE and BVS databases. Original studies in English, Portuguese or Spanish conducted among the adult population using blood and/or urine as biomarkers were included. The articles were evaluated according to methodological criteria, including studies with comparison groups and/or probabilistic sampling. Of the 28 studies selected, 54% were conducted in Europe, 36% in Asia, 7% in North America and 4% in Africa. Foundries, metal works and steel mills were the most frequently studied. Urine and blood were used in 82% and 50% of studies, respectively. The elements most investigated were Cd, Pb and As. Despite using heterogeneous methodologies, the results revealed higher metal concentrations, especially from As and Hg in general, than in the comparison group. This review highlights the need for more rigorous methodological studies of HBM, stressing the importance of public health vigilance among populations exposed to toxic metals, especially in developing countries.

Respiratory Hospitalizations and Their Relationship with Air Pollution Sources in the Period of FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: From 2010 onwards, the city of Rio de Janeiro has undergone changes related to the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games, potentially affecting the respiratory health of inhabitants. Thus, the spatial distribution of respiratory hospitalizations (2008-2017) and the relationship between this outcome and potential air pollution sources in the city of Rio de Janeiro (2013-2017) were evaluated. METHODS: An ecological study was performed using the Bayesian model with multivariate Poisson regression for the period of the sporting events (2013-2017). The outcome was the ratio of hospitalizations for respiratory diseases by the population at risk. Data analysis was performed in the total population and by sex and age group. The air pollution-related variables included industrial districts, traffic density, tunnel portals, a seaport, airports, and construction/road work. RESULTS: All explanatory variables, except tunnel portals, were associated with an increase in the outcome. Construction/road work showed a greater magnitude of association than the other pollution-related variables. Airports were associated with an increased hospitalization ratio among the ≥60 year-old group (mean = 2.46, 95% credible intervals = 1.35-4.46). CONCLUSION: This study allows for a better understanding of the geographical distribution of respiratory problems in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Present results may contribute to improved healthcare planning and raise hypotheses concerning exposure to air pollution and respiratory hospitalizations.

Occurrence of green tobacco sickness and associated factors in farmers residing in Dom Feliciano Municipality, Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Region of Brazil.

This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of the green tobacco sickness (GTS) and its associated factors in tobacco familiar farmers residing in Dom Feliciano, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted evaluating the sickness in 354 small tobacco farmers, between October 2011 and March 2012. The urinary concentration of cotinine, a biomarker of exposure to nicotine, was determined during the tobacco harvest period. Subjects presenting cotinine urinary levels ≥ 50ng/mL, that had contact with tobacco leaves up to 48 hours before the sample collection and reported at least one disease symptom were deemed as cases. A non-conditional logistic analysis was performed to evaluate the association between GTS and the population characteristics. A total of 122 (34.5%) cases were identified, with 39% of them being smokers and 61% being males. The median cotinine urinary concentrations were 75.6ng/mL (74.1ng/mg of creatinine) for non-cases and 755.8ng/mL (632.1ng/mg of creatinine) for the cases (p-value ≤ 0.01). The multivariate analysis showed a positive association between GTS and sunlight exposure time, exposure to pesticides, worse health status, and inverse association with wood cultivation. This study presented a high GTS prevalence and suggest that the use of urinary cotinine is a significant biomarker to determine GTS cases, influencing in the distribution by sex. Once the tobacco production involves health hazards, is important to implement measures to prevent the harm caused to tobacco farmers, as set in articles 17 and 18 of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

Analysis of Benzene Exposure in Gas Station Workers Using Trans,Trans-Muconic Acid.

In Brazil, gas station workers are occupationally exposed to the benzene present in gasoline. Brazilian law indicates the use of trans,trans-muconic acid(t,t-MA) as a biomarker of benzene exposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of exposure to benzene in gas station workers, through the quantification of t,t-MA present in urine. A total number of 269 gas station workers divided into 179 filling station attendants exposed by inhalation and dermal route and 90 convenience store workers exposed only by inhalation were included. A control group was formed by 100 office workers, without occupational exposure to benzene. The urinary levels of t,t-MA were evaluated by HPLC with a UV detector. Gas station workers showed higher mean values of t,t-MA (0.204 mg/g creatinine; 95% CI 0.170-0.237) than office workers (0.126 mg/g creatinine; 95% CI 0.0817-0.1693). T,t-MA levels were higher in convenience store workers exposed to gasoline only by inhalation (0.221 mg/g creatinine; 95% CI 0.160-0.282), than in those exposed to gasoline by inhalation and dermal route-filling station attendants (0.195 mg/g creatinine; 95% CI 0.155-0.235). Gas station workers with a higher level of t,t-MA had epistaxis. T,t-MA values were higher in the Downtown (0.15 mg/g creatinine) region's workers than in the more affluent South Zone region's workers (0.07 mg/g creatinine). Smoking habits influenced the urinary t,t-MA values, while the frequency of consumption of industrialized and frozen foods showed no influence.

Occurrence of green tobacco sickness and associated factors in farmers residing in Dom Feliciano Municipality, Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Region of Brazil / Ocorrência da doença da folha verde do tabaco e fatores associados entre fumicultores no Município de Dom Feliciano, Rio Grande do Sul, Região Sul do Brasil / Ocurrencia de la enfermedad del tabaco verde y factores asociados en agricultores que residen en el Municipio de Dom Feliciano, Estado de Rio Grande do Sul, Región Sur de Brasil

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of the green tobacco sickness (GTS) and its associated factors in tobacco familiar farmers residing in Dom Feliciano, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted evaluating the sickness in 354 small tobacco farmers, between October 2011 and March 2012. The urinary concentration of cotinine, a biomarker of exposure to nicotine, was determined during the tobacco harvest period. Subjects presenting cotinine urinary levels ≥ 50ng/mL, that had contact with tobacco leaves up to 48 hours before the sample collection and reported at least one disease symptom were deemed as cases. A non-conditional logistic analysis was performed to evaluate the association between GTS and the population characteristics. A total of 122 (34.5%) cases were identified, with 39% of them being smokers and 61% being males. The median cotinine urinary concentrations were 75.6ng/mL (74.1ng/mg of creatinine) for non-cases and 755.8ng/mL (632.1ng/mg of creatinine) for the cases (p-value ≤ 0.01). The multivariate analysis showed a positive association between GTS and sunlight exposure time, exposure to pesticides, worse health status, and inverse association with wood cultivation. This study presented a high GTS prevalence and suggest that the use of urinary cotinine is a significant biomarker to determine GTS cases, influencing in the distribution by sex. Once the tobacco production involves health hazards, is important to implement measures to prevent the harm caused to tobacco farmers, as set in articles 17 and 18 of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência de doença da folha verde (DFV) e fatores associados entre fumicultores familiares no Município de Dom Feliciano, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foi realizado um estudo transversal sobre DFV em 354 pequenos produtores de tabaco, entre outubro de 2011 e março de 2012. Foi medida a concentração urinária da cotinina, um biomarcador da exposição à nicotina, durante a temporada de colheita do tabaco. Os casos de DFV foram definidos como indivíduos com níveis urinários de cotinina ≥ 50ng/mL, que tiveram contato com folhas de tabaco em até 48 horas antes da coleta da amostra sanguínea e que relatavam pelo menos um sintoma da doença. Foi realizada uma análise logística não condicional para avaliar a associação entre DFV e as características da população. Foram identificados um total de 122 (34,5%) casos da doença, entre os quais 39% eram fumantes e 61% eram do sexo masculino. As concentrações urinárias medianas de cotinina foram 75,6ng/mL (74,1ng/mg de creatinina) para não-casos e 755,8ng/mL (632,1ng/mg de creatinina) para os casos (valor de p ≤ 0,01). A análise multivariada mostrou uma associação positiva entre DFV e tempo de exposição à luz solar, exposição a pesticidas e pior estado de saúde geral, e uma associação inversa com cultivo de lenha. O estudo identificou alta prevalência de DFV e sugere o uso da cotinina como biomarcador significativo para identificar os casos de DFV, influenciando a distribuição por sexo. Uma vez que a fumicultura envolve danos à saúde, é importante implementar medidas para prevenir os impactos para os fumicultores, de acordo com os artigos 17 e 18 da Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco da Organização Mundial da Saúde.

Resumen: Este estudio visó evaluar la ocurrencia de la enfermedad del tabaco verde (GTS por sus siglas en inglés) y sus factores asociados en pequeños agricultores de tabaco, que residen en Dom Feliciano, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Se realizó un estudio transversal, evaluando la enfermedad del tabaco verde, en 354 pequeños agricultores de tabaco, entre octubre de 2011 y marzo 2012. La concentración urinaria de cotinina, un biomarcador de la exposición a la nicotina, se determinó durante el periodo de cosecha del tabaco. Los individuos que presentan niveles de cotinina urinarios ≥ 50ng/mL, que tuvieron contacto con hojas de tabaco hasta 48 horas antes de la recogida de la muestra, e informaron de al menos un síntoma de la enfermedad, fueron considerados casos. Se realizó un análisis logístico no condicional para evaluar la asociación entre GTS y las características de la población. Se identificaron un total de 122 (34,5%) casos, siendo un 39% de ellos fumadores y un 61% hombres. Las concentraciones medias de cotinina urinaria fueron 75,6ng/mL (74,1ng/mg de creatinina) para los no casos y 755,8ng/mL (632,1ng/mg de creatinina) para los casos (valor de p ≤ 0,01). El análisis multivariado mostró una asociación positiva entre el GTS y las horas de exposición a la luz solar, exposición a los pesticidas, un estatus peor de salud, y la asociación inversa con la cultura maderera. Este estudio presentó una alta prevalencia de GTS y sugiere que el uso de la cotinina urinaria es un biomarcador significativo para identificar casos de GTS, influenciando en la distribución por sexo. Debido a que la producción de tabaco implica perjuicios para la salud, es importante implementar medidas para prevenirlos en los agricultores del tabaco, como está estipulado en los artículos 17 y 18 del Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud.

Corrigendum: Current Trends and Research Challenges Regarding "Preparation for Oxidative Stress".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00702.].

Subtropical hibernation in juvenile tegu lizards (Salvator merianae): insights from intestine redox dynamics.

Juvenile tegu lizards (Salvator merianae) experience gradual and mild temperature changes from autumn to winter in their habitat. This tropical/subtropical reptile enter a state of dormancy, with an 80% reduction in metabolic rate, that remains almost constant during winter. The redox metabolism in non-mammalian vertebrates that hibernate under such distinguished conditions is poorly understood. We analyzed the redox metabolism in the intestine of juvenile tegus during different stages of their first annual cycle. The effect of food deprivation (in spring) was also studied to compare with fasting during hibernation. Both winter dormancy and food deprivation caused decreases in reduced glutathione levels and glutathione transferase activity. While glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase activities decreased during winter dormancy, as well as glutathione (GSH) levels, other antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase) remained unchanged. Notably, levels of disulfide glutathione (GSSG) were 2.1-fold higher in late autumn, when animals were in the process of depressing metabolism towards hibernation. This increased "oxidative tonus" could be due to a disruption in NADPH-dependent antioxidant systems. In dormancy, GSSG and lipid hydroperoxides were diminished by 60-70%. The results suggest that the entrance into hibernation is the main challenge for the redox homeostasis in the intestine of juvenile tegus.

Current Trends and Research Challenges Regarding "Preparation for Oxidative Stress".

Survival under stress, such as exposure to hypoxia, anoxia, freezing, dehydration, air exposure of water breathing organisms, and estivation, is commonly associated to enhanced endogenous antioxidants, a phenomenon coined "preparation for oxidative stress" (POS). The regulation of free radical metabolism seems to be crucial under these selective pressures, since this response is widespread among animals. A hypothesis of how POS works at the molecular level was recently proposed and relies on two main processes: increased reactive species production under hypoxia, and activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors and signaling pathways, increasing the expression of antioxidants. The present paper brings together the current knowledge on POS and considers its future directions. Data indicate the presence of POS in 83 animal species (71.6% among investigated species), distributed in eight animal phyla. Three main research challenges on POS are presented: (i) to identify the molecular mechanism(s) that mediate/induce POS, (ii) to identify the evolutionary origins of POS in animals, and (iii) to determine the presence of POS in natural environments. We firstly discuss the need of evidence for increased RS production in hypoxic conditions that underlie the POS response. Secondly, we discuss the phylogenetic origins of POS back 700 million years, by identifying POS-positive responses in cnidarians. Finally, we present the first reports of the POS adaptation strategy in the wild. The investigation of these research trends and challenges may prove useful to understand the evolution of animal redox adaptations and how they adapt to increasing stressful environments on Earth.

Blog construction as an effective tool in biochemistry active learning.

To boost active learning in undergraduate students, they were given the task of preparing blogs on topics of clinical biochemistry. This "experiment" lasted for 12 teaching-semesters (from 2008 to 2013), and included a survey on the blogs' usefulness at the end of each semester. The survey (applied in the 2008-2010 period) used a Likert-like questionnaire with eight questions and a 1-to-6 scale, from "totally disagree" to "fully agree." Answers of 428 students were analyzed and indicated overall approval of the blog activity: 86% and 35% of the responses scored 4-to-6 and 6, respectively. Considering the survey results, the high grades obtained by students on their blogs (averaging 8.3 in 2008-2010), and the significant increase in average grades of the clinical biochemistry exam after the beginning of the blog system (from 5.5 in 2007 to 6.4 in 2008-2010), we concluded that blogging activity on biochemistry is a promising tool for boosting active learning. © 2016 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 45(3):205-215, 2017.

Exposure to non-persistent pesticides and thyroid function: A systematic review of epidemiological evidence.

Numerous pesticides are recognized for their endocrine-disrupting properties. Non-persistent pesticides such as organophosphates, dithiocarbamates and pyrethroids may interfere with thyroid function as suggested by animal studies. However, the influence of chronic exposure to these compounds on thyroidal functions in humans remains to be determined. The present study aimed to review epidemiological evidence for an association between exposure to non-persistent pesticides and circulating levels of thyroid hormones (thyroxin [T4] and triiodothyronine [T3]) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). A systematic review was conducted using MEDLINE, SCOPUS and Virtual Health Library (BVS) databases. Articles were limited to original studies and reports published in English, Portuguese or Spanish. Nineteen epidemiological studies were identified, 17 of which were cross-sectional, 14 were of occupationally exposed workers and 11 used exposure biomarkers. Fungicides and organophosphates (OP) insecticides were the most studied pesticides. Although methodological heterogeneity between studies was noted, particularly regarding study design, exposure assessment, and control of confounding, most of them showed associations with changes in T3 and T4, and/or TSH levels, while results from a few of these are consistent with experimental data supporting the findings that non-persistent pesticide exposure exerts hypothyroid-like effects. However, reporting quality was moderate to poor in 50% of the studies, particularly regarding method of selection of participants and discussion of external validity. Overall, current knowledge regarding the impact of non-persistent pesticides on human thyroid function is still limited. Given the widespread use of pesticides, future research should assess effects of exposure to currently-used pesticides in cohort studies combining comprehensive questionnaire-based assessment and biomarkers. Investigators need to pay particular attention to exposure during critical windows of brain development and exposure in agricultural populations.

Preparation for oxidative stress under hypoxia and metabolic depression: Revisiting the proposal two decades later.

Organisms that tolerate wide variations in oxygen availability, especially to hypoxia, usually face harsh environmental conditions during their lives. Such conditions include, for example, lack of food and/or water, low or high temperatures, and reduced oxygen availability. In contrast to an expected strong suppression of protein synthesis, a great number of these animals present increased levels of antioxidant defenses during oxygen deprivation. These observations have puzzled researchers for more than 20 years. Initially, two predominant ideas seemed to be irreconcilable: on one hand, hypoxia would decrease reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, while on the other the induction of antioxidant enzymes would require the overproduction of ROS. This induction of antioxidant enzymes during hypoxia was viewed as a way to prepare animals for oxidative damage that may happen ultimately during reoxygenation. The term "preparation for oxidative stress" (POS) was coined in 1998 based on such premise. However, there are many cases of increased oxidative damage in several hypoxia-tolerant organisms under hypoxia. In addition, over the years, the idea of an assured decrease in ROS formation under hypoxia was challenged. Instead, several findings indicate that the production of ROS actually increases in response to hypoxia. Recently, it became possible to provide a comprehensive explanation for the induction of antioxidant enzymes under hypoxia. The supporting evidence and the limitations of the POS idea are extensively explored in this review as we discuss results from research on estivation and situations of low oxygen stress, such as hypoxia, freezing exposure, severe dehydration, and air exposure of water-breathing animals. We propose that, under some level of oxygen deprivation, ROS are overproduced and induce changes leading to hypoxic biochemical responses. These responses would occur mainly through the activation of specific transcription factors (FoxO, Nrf2, HIF-1, NF-κB, and p53) and post translational mechanisms, both mechanisms leading to enhanced antioxidant defenses. Moreover, reactive nitrogen species are candidate modulators of ROS generation in this scenario. We conclude by drawing out the future perspectives in this field of research, and how advances in the knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the POS strategy will offer new and innovative study scenarios of biological and physiological cellular responses to environmental stress.

Exposição a pesticidas organoclorados e desenvolvimento cognitivo em crianças e adolescentes residentes em uma área contaminada no Brasil / Exposure to organochloride pesticides and the cognitive development of children and adolescents living in a contaminated area in Brazil

Avaliar o desempenho cognitivo de crianças e adolescentes residentes em uma área contaminada com pesticidas organoclorados (OC), e fatores associados à exposição. Métodos: realizou-se um estudo seccional com 102 indivíduos entre 6-16 anos residentes em Cidade dos Meninos, RJ, entre 2012-2013. Uma subamostra de 46 destas crianças dispunha das concentrações séricas de pesticidas OC e hormônios tireóideos, determinados entre 2003-2004. Local de residência materna e tempo de amamentação foram informados por todos os participantes. Desempenho cognitivo foi avaliado pela escala WISC-III. Utilizou-se regressão multivariada para explorar as associações. Resultados: pelo menos 40 por cento das crianças apresentaram inteligência inferior à média (QI<90) em seis domínios cognitivos. A função executiva demonstrou o menor escore. Local de residência materna e tempo de amamentação não associaram-se à cognição, exceto a função executiva. Níveis de alfahexaclorocicloexano (HCH) associaram-se a redução de 0,45, 0,33 e 0,46 pontos nas áreas de execução, resistência à distração (RD) e velocidade de processamento (VP), respectivamente; gama-HCH associou-se a redução de 1,74 pontos na RD e 1,84 pontos na VP; e p,p’-DDT (dicloro-difenil-tricloroetano) relacionou- se a menor pontuação (-0,81) na VP. Observou-se leve associação inversa entre os níveis de triiodotironina total e organização perceptual. Conclusões: resultados sugerem que a exposição crônica aos pesticidas OC poderia acarretar déficits cognitivos nestas crianças e adolescentes...

To assess the cognitive performance of children and adolescents living in an area contaminated with organochloride (OC) pesticides and factors associated with exposure. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted with 102 individuals aged between 6 and 16 years living in Cidade dos Meninos, in the Brazilian State of Rio de Janeiro, between 2012 and 2013. A subsample of 46 of these children had serum concentrations of OC pesticides and thyroid hormones determined between 2003 and 2004. Information on place of residence of the mother and duration of breastfeeding were provided for all participants. Cognitive performance was assessed using the WISC-III scale. Multivariate regression was employed to investigate associations. Results: at least 40 percent of the children presented with below average intelligence (IQ<90) in six cognitive categories. Executive function was the lowest score. Place of residence of the mother and duration of breastfeeding were not associated with cognition, except for the executive function. Levels of alphahexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) were associated with a reduction of 0.45, 0.33 and 0.46 points in the areas of execution, resistance to distraction (RD) and processing speed (PS), respectively; gamma-HCH was associated with a reduction of 1.74 points in RD and 1.84 points in PS; and p,p’-DDT (dichlorodiphenyl- trichloroethane) was associated with a lower score (-0.81) in PS. A slight inverse association was found between levels of total triiodothyronine and perceptual organization. Conclusions: the results suggest that chronic exposure to OC pesticides may have led to cognitive deficiencies in these children and adolescents...