Does the diversity of vegetation and diatoms correlate with soil and water factors in a tropical cloud forest's complex land use/land cover scenario?

Soil and water characteristics in micro basins with different land uses/land cover (LULC) can influence riparian vegetation diversity, stream water quality, and benthic diatom diversity. We analyzed 18 streams in the upper part of the La Antigua River basin, México, surrounded by cloud forests, livestock pastures, and coffee plantations. Concentrations of P, C, and N were elevated in the humus of forested streams compared to other land uses. In contrast, cations, ammonium, and total suspended solids (TSS) of water streams were higher in pastures and coffee plantations. These results indicate that LULC affects stream chemistry differently across land uses. Vegetation richness was highest (86-133 spp.) in forest streams and lowest in pastures (46-102), whereas pasture streams had the greatest richness of diatoms (9-24), likely due to higher light and temperatures. Some soil and water characteristics correlated with both true diversity and taxonomic diversity; soil carbon exchange capacity (CEC) correlated with vegetation diversity (r = 0.60), while water temperature correlated negatively (r = - 0.68). Diatom diversity was related to soil aluminum (r = - 0.59), magnesium (r = 0.57), water phosphorus (r = 0.88), and chlorophyll (r = 0.75). These findings suggest that land use affects riparian vegetation, while physical and chemical changes influence diatom diversity in stream water and soil. The lack of correlation between vegetation and diatom diversity indicates that one cannot predict the other. This research is an essential first step in understanding how land use changes impact vegetation and diatom diversity in mountain landscapes, providing valuable insights for environmental monitoring and conservation efforts in tropical cloud forests.

Mangrove and Freshwater Wetland Conservation Through Carbon Offsets: A Cost-Benefit Analysis for Establishing Environmental Policies.

Mexico has extensive coastal wetlands (4,243,137 ha), and one of its most important sites is the Alvarado Lagoon System, located in the Papaloapan River Basin on the Gulf of Mexico. The land cover dedicated to livestock and sugarcane has increased: by 25 % in 2005 and 50 % in 2010, with a loss of wetland vegetation and the carbon that it stores. We found that the Net Present Value of mangrove carbon offsets profit is equal to $5822.71, that of broad-leaved marshes is $7958.86, cattail marshes $5250.33, and forested wetlands $8369.41 per hectare, during a 30-year-carbonoffset contract. However, the opportunity cost from conserving wetland instead of growing sugarcane is positive according to REDD+ methodology, e.g., broad-leaved marsh conservation ranged from $6.73 to $20 USD/t CO2e, that of cattail marshes from $12.20 to $32.65 USD/t CO2e, and forested wetlands from $7.15 to $20.60 USD/t CO2e, whereas the opportunity cost between conservation and livestock was negative, it means that conservation is more profitable. The cost-benefit analysis for assessing investment projects from a governmental perspective is useful to determine the viability of conserving coastal wetlands through carbon offset credits. It also shows why in some areas it is not possible to conserve ecosystems due to the opportunity cost of changing from one economic activity (livestock and sugarcane) to carbon offsets for protecting wetlands. Furthermore, it allows for a comparison of carbon markets and assessment in terms of REDD+ and its methods for determining the social cost per ton of carbon avoided.

Efecto de diferentes manejos pecuarios sobre el suelo y la vegetación en humedales transformados a pastizales / Impact produced by different cattle ranching practices on soil and vegetation from wetlands turned into pastures

La ganadería impacta negativamente los humedales debido a que, por lo general, modifica el hidroperíodo, introduce especies no nativas y emplea una carga ganadera elevada. Esta actividad productiva es la principal del estado de Veracruz, en el Golfo de México. este trabajo estudia el efecto tanto del uso como del abandono de diferentes prácticas de manejo pecuario (modificación de la hidrología, introducción de especies no nativas y pastoreo) sobre la vegetación y el suelo, en humedales herbáceos transformados a pastizales cultivados en esa región. Se analizaron en la época de secas variables edáficas tales como pH, C orgánico, N total, P extraíble, concentraciones de K, Na, Ca y Mg iónicos, y la capacidad de retención de humedad del suelo. Se cuantificó la biomasa aérea y subterránea, riqueza de especies y reemplazo de especies con respecto al humedal seminatural, en tres épocas (nortes, secas, y lluvias). Las prácticas de manejo ganadero en los humedales cambian la composición de especies y disminuyen la riqueza. La exclusión del ganado aumenta la riqueza en los primeros años y luego ésta disminuye con el tiempo; sin embargo, no se mantienen las especies propias del humedal. La modificación de la hidrología disminuye el período de inundación, aumenta el pH, cambia la disponibilidad de nutrientes y disminuye la capacidad de retención de humedad del suelo, y además disminuye la asignación de biomasa a la parte subterránea. La introducción de especies no nativas también cambia la disponibilidad de nutrientes y la riqueza de especies. Por otra parte, una elevada carga animal disminuye la capacidad de retención de humedad y modifica la composición química del suelo. Estos aspectos deben ser considerados antes de implementar prácticas de manejo que pueden alterar el funcionamiento de estos ecosistemas