Epidemiología y prevalencia de Mycoplasma genitalium y resistencia a azitromicina en el Área Norte de Tenerife, Islas Canarias / Epidemiology and prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium and resistance to azithromycin in the North Area of Tenerife, Canary Islands

INTRODUCCIÓN: La infección y resistencia antimicrobiana de Mycoplasma genitalium está infradiagnósticada en nuestra comunidad ya que no es una Enfermedad de Declaración Obligatoria y requiere técnicas de biología molecular, no siempre disponibles. OBJETIVO: Estudiar la epidemiología y prevalencia de M. genitalium y la tasa de resistencia frente a azitromicina en nuestra Área de Salud. MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo, desde abril de 2019 a julio de 2020, realizado en el Área de Salud del Norte de Tenerife, la cual atiende el Hospital Universitario Canarias. Para el diagnóstico de las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) se utilizó la RT-PCR Allplex™ STI Essential Assay (Seegene, South Korea). Las muestras en las que se detectó M. genitalium fueron congeladas a −80°C para posteriormente realizar estudio de resistencia a azitromicina con la RT-PCR Allplex™ MG y AziR Assay (Seegene, South Korea). RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 111/3.849 (prevalencia de 2,8%) pacientes con M. genitalium, de los cuales la mayoría, 59(53,1%) eran hombres con una mediana de 32 años (15-74) y cuyas muestras procedían principalmente de Atención Primaria: 55 (49,5%). Para la detección de resistencia a azitromicina, de los 111 pacientes solo se pudo analizar las muestras de 79, detectándose resistencia in vitro en 15(18,3%): 10 con A2059G, 4 con A2058G y 1 con ambas. La resistencia a azitromicina fue más frecuente en hombres 12 (15,8%). DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES: Con este estudio se pone de manifiesto la importancia de la prevalencia de M. genitalium en nuestro entorno, así como su alta tasa de resistencia a azitromicina por lo que se hace necesario vigilar dicha resistencia en nuestro Área de Salud para su adecuado tratamiento.

BACKGROUND: Infection and antimicrobial resistance of Mycoplasma genitalium is under-diagnosed in our community as it is not a Notifiable Infectious Disease and requires for its detection molecular biology techniques, which are not always available. AIM: To study the epidemiology and prevalence of M. genitalium and the rate of resistance to azithromycin in our Health Care Area. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study from April 2019 to July 2020 in the Northern Health Care Area of Tenerife, which is attended to the Universitary Hospital Complex of the Canary Islands. The RT-PCR Allplex™ STI Essential Assay (Seegene, South Korea) to diagnose Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) was used. Samples in which M. genitalium was detected were stored at −80°C for subsequent diagnosis of resistance to azithromycin with the RT-PCR Allplex™ MG and AziR Assay (Seegene, South Korea). RESULTS: Of a total of 111/3,849 (2.8% prevalence) patients diagnosed with M. genitalium, 59 (53.1%) were male with a mean age of 30 (19-61) years and mainly from Primary Care 55 (49.5%). Only 79 samples of the 111 patients could be tested to detect azithromycin resistance, of which 15 (18.3%) were resistant in vitro: 10 with A2059G, 4 with A2058G and 1 with both. Azithromycin resistance was more frequent in men 12 (15.8%) and detected mainly in urine samples 6 (60%). Discussion and CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the prevalence of M. genitalium in our setting as well as the high rate of resistance to azithromycin, making it necessary to detect resistance to azithromycin in M. genitalium for its appropriate treatment in our Health Care Area.

Identification of Recent Tuberculosis Exposure Using QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus, a Multicenter Study.

We investigated whether the difference of antigen tube 2 (TB2) minus antigen tube 1 (TB1) (TB2-TB1) of the QuantiFERON-TB gold plus test, which has been postulated as a surrogate for the CD8+ T-cell response, could be useful in identifying recent tuberculosis (TB) exposure. We looked at the interferon gamma (IFN-γ) responses and differences in TB2 and TB1 tubes for 686 adults with QFT-plus positive test results. These results were compared among groups with high (368 TB contacts), low (229 patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases [IMID]), and indeterminate (89 asylum seekers or people from abroad [ASPFA]) risks of recent TB exposure. A TB2-TB1 value >0.6 IU·ml-1 was deemed to indicate a true difference between tubes. In the whole cohort, 13.6%, 10.9%, and 11.2% of cases had a TB2>TB1 result in the contact, IMID, and ASPFA groups, respectively (P = 0.591). The adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for an association between a TB2-TB1 result of >0.6 IU·ml-1 and risk of recent exposure versus contacts were 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31 to 1.61) for the IMID group and 0.86 (95% CI, 0.49 to 1.52) for the ASPFA group. In TB contact subgroups, 11.4%, 15.4%, and 17.7% with close, frequent, and sporadic contact had a TB2>TB1 result (P = 0.362). The aORs versus the close subgroup were 1.29 (95% CI, 0.63 to 2.62) for the frequent subgroup and 1.55 (95% CI, 0.67 to 3.60) for the sporadic subgroup. A TB2-TB1 difference of >0.6 IU·ml-1 was not associated with increased risk of recent TB exposure, which puts into question the clinical potential as a proxy marker for recently acquired TB infection. IMPORTANCE Contact tuberculosis tracing is essential to identify recently infected people, who therefore merit preventive treatment. However, there are no diagnostic tests that can determine whether the infection is a result of a recent exposure or not. It has been suggested that by using the QuantiFERON-TB gold plus, an interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release assay, a difference in IFN-γ production between the two antigen tubes (TB2 minus TB1) of >0.6 IU·ml-1 could serve as a proxy marker for recent infection. In this large multinational study, infected individuals could not be classified according to the risk of recent exposure based on differences in IFN-γ in TB1 and TB2 tubes that were higher than 0.6 IU·ml-1. QuantiFERON-TB gold plus is not able to distinguish between recent and remotely acquired tuberculosis infection, and it should not be used for that purpose in contact tuberculosis tracing.

Pseudo-outbreak of Mycobacterium fortuitum in a hospital bronchoscopy unit.

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium fortuitum survive in different environmental conditions, biofilm formation and resistance to chlorinated disinfectants makes its isolation frequent in hospital environments, even being involved in outbreaks by contamination of medical equipment such as bronchoscopes. We describe a pseudo-outbreak by M fortuitum isolated in samples from 9 patients who underwent bronchoscopy in the pneumology bronchoscopy unit of the University Hospital Complex of the Canary Islands from December 2016 to March 2017. METHODS: We proceeded to investigate the pseudo-outbreak with a combination of epidemiologic, environmental, and molecular typing data. RESULTS: The source/reservoir of pseudo-outbreak was the hospital water used by the bronchoscope automatic washing machine (without antibacterial filter), so control measures were taken. Molecular typing was performed on 7 strains from 7 patients, and a sample of water was collected from a tap in the pneumology bronchoscopy unit: all of which had the same pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates the presence of nontuberculous mycobacteria in the hospital water supply, and thus the need to take measures against them because they compromise patients' health. We also suggest the need for hospital water quality guidelines in which methods to control and/or eliminate them are established.

Lesiones cutáneas nodulares en paciente con artritis reumatoide en tratamiento con anti-factor de necrosis tumoral / Nodular skin lesions in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis under therapy with anti-tumor necrosis factor

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