[Neuropsychology and epilepsy]. / Neuropsicología y epilepsia.

AIMS: The epileptic child has three times more risk of presenting cognitive disorders than other children with no neurological pathology, in accordance with three essential facts: 1. The effect exerted by the actual epilepsy. 2. Any associated previously-existing neuropsychosocial deficits. 3. The side effects of the antiepileptic drug (AED). A certain amount of deterioration is universally accepted, without defining the factors involved in its production, but which are multifactorial according to computer studies. From this point of view, we analyse the relation between neuropsychology and epilepsy in Paediatrics. DEVELOPMENT: The relation between epilepsy and behaviour must be seen as an exception and not the rule, unless there are coexisting personality disorders and/or mental deficiency. The cognitive effects of AED depend on the drug, the doses used and on the polypharmacy, and these effects may be both adverse and beneficial. The differences from one drug to another are questionable due to the methodology used in the different studies and it should be remembered that with suitable doses the side effects are generally moderate, and AED monitoring is useful in this case. We recommend the use of MEDDRA assessment to obtain a more reliable definition of side effects, which in turn will allow them to be better evaluated. Scaling time in the introduction of the drug is important, especially with some of the new AED. The mechanisms governing the production of the side effects vary, but both the classical and the new ones, which are well used owing to the greater knowledge we have of their mechanism of action, improve cognitive functioning by controlling the seizures. In infancy, idiopathic cognitive reactions are produced. In childhood, the main disorders are a diminished reaction and information processing time with alterations affecting memory, attention and language. CONCLUSIONS: Epilepsy is associated to a number of different, generally mild, cognitive problems. The age of onset of epilepsy, type of syndrome, its aetiology, the response to treatment and polypharmacy are multifactorial elements conditioning side effects. There is a need for batteries of tests capable of forecasting the future and controlling the progression of cognition during therapy. It can be concluded that the side effects of AED affecting cognition and behaviour are generally mild, but the cognitive side effect of an AED can be important for a particular child.

Neuropsicología y epilepsia / Neuropsychology and epilepsy

Objetivo. El niño epiléptico tiene tres veces más riesgo de presentar problemas cognitivos que otros niños sin patología neurológica, según tres hechos esenciales: 1. El efecto de la propia epilepsia. 2. Los eventuales déficit neuropsicosociales previos asociados. 3. El efecto adverso del fármaco antiepiléptico (FAE). Cierto deterioro se acepta universalmente, sin concretarse factores relevantes para su producción, multifactoriales según estudios computarizados. Desde esta perspectiva, analizamos la relación neuropsicología/epilepsia en Pediatría. Desarrollo. La relación entre epilepsia y comportamiento debe considerarse una excepción y no la regla, salvo que coexistan trastornos de personalidad o deficiencia mental. Los efectos cognitivos de los FAE dependen del fármaco, dosis utilizada y de la polifarmacia, y estos efectos son tanto adversos como favorables. Las diferencias entre distintos fármacos son criticables por la metodología de los diversos trabajos, y se debe retener que con dosis adecuadas los efectos adversos son generalmente discretos, y es de utilidad para ello la monitorización del FAE. Para valorar efectos adversos se aconseja mejor fiabilidad en su definición mediante evaluación MIDDRA. El tiempo de escalada en la introducción del fármaco es importante, en especial con algunos nuevos FAE. Los mecanismos de producción de efectos adversos varían, pero tanto los clásicos como los nuevos, bien utilizados por el mejor conocimiento del mecanismo de acción, mejoran el funcionamiento cognitivo por el control de las crisis. En la infancia existen reacciones cognitivas idiopáticas. En el niño las principales alteraciones son disminución del tiempo de reacción y del procesamiento de información con alteración de la memoria, atención y lenguaje. Conclusiones. La epilepsia se asocia a diversos problemas cognitivos, generalmente de carácter leve. La edad de inicio de la epilepsia, tipo de síndrome, etiología del mismo, respuesta al tratamiento y la polifarmacia son elementos multifactoriales condicionantes de efecto adverso. Se precisa crear baterías de tests que puedan pronosticar el futuro y controlar evolutivamente la cognición durante el tratamiento. Se puede concluir que los efectos adversos de los FAE sobre la cognición y conducta, en general, son modestos, pero el efecto cognitivo adverso de un FAE puede ser importante para un niño determinado. (AU)

Aims. The epileptic child has three times more risk of presenting cognitive disorders than other children with no neurological pathology, in accordance with three essential facts: 1. The effect exerted by the actual epilepsy. 2. Any associated previously-existing neuropsychosocial deficits. 3. The side effects of the antiepileptic drug (AED). A certain amount of deterioration is universally accepted, without defining the factors involved in its production, but which are multifactorial according to computer studies. From this point of view, we analyse the relation between neuropsychology and epilepsy in Paediatrics. Development. The relation between epilepsy and behaviour must be seen as an exception and not the rule, unless there are coexisting personality disorders and/or mental deficiency. The cognitive effects of AED depend on the drug, the doses used and on the polypharmacy, and these effects may be both adverse and beneficial. The differences from one drug to another are questionable due to the methodology used in the different studies and it should be remembered that with suitable doses the side effects are generally moderate, and AED monitoring is useful in this case. We recommend the use of MEDDRA assessment to obtain a more reliable definition of side effects, which in turn will allow them to be better evaluated. Scaling time in the introduction of the drug is important, especially with some of the new AED. The mechanisms governing the production of the side effects vary, but both the classical and the new ones, which are well used owing to the greater knowledge we have of their mechanism of action, improve cognitive functioning by controlling the seizures. In infancy, idiopathic cognitive reactions are produced. In childhood, the main disorders are a diminished reaction and information processing time with alterations affecting memory, attention and language. Conclusions. Epilepsy is associated to a number of different, generally mild, cognitive problems. The age of onset of epilepsy, type of syndrome, its aetiology, the response to treatment and polypharmacy are multifactorial elements conditioning side effects. There is a need for batteries of tests capable of forecasting the future and controlling the progression of cognition during therapy. It can be concluded that the side effects of AED affecting cognition and behaviour are generally mild, but the cognitive side effect of an AED can be important for a particular child (AU)