Expanding the Phenotypic Spectrum of TRAF7-Related Cardiac, Facial, and Digital Anomalies With Developmental Delay: Report of 11 New Cases and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: TRAF7-related cardiac, facial, and digital anomalies with developmental delay (CAFDADD), a multisystemic neurodevelopmental disorder caused by germline missense variants in the TRAF7 gene, exhibits heterogeneous clinical presentations. METHODS: We present a detailed description of 11 new TRAF7-related CAFDADD cases, featuring eight distinct variants, including a novel one. RESULTS: Phenotypic analysis and a comprehensive review of the 58 previously reported cases outline consistent clinical presentations, emphasizing dysmorphic features, developmental delay, endocrine manifestations, and cardiac defects. In this enlarged collection, novelties include a wider range of cognitive dysfunction, with some individuals exhibiting normal development despite early psychomotor delay. Communication challenges, particularly in expressive language, are prevalent, necessitating alternative communication methods. Autistic traits, notably rigidity, are observed in the cohort. Also, worth highlighting are hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and endocrine anomalies, including growth deficiency. Cardiac defects, frequently severe, pose early-life complications. Facial features, including arched eyebrows, contribute to the distinct gestalt. A novel missense variant, p.(Arg653Leu), further underscores the complex relationship between germline TRAF7 variants and somatic changes linked to meningiomas. CONCLUSIONS: Our comprehensive analysis expands the phenotypic spectrum, emphasizing the need for oncological evaluations and proposing an evidence-based schedule for clinical management. This study contributes to a better understanding of TRAF7-related CAFDADD, offering insights for improved diagnosis, intervention, and patient care.

Untangling adaptive functioning of PMM2-CDG across age and its impact on parental stress: a cross-sectional study.

Phosphomannomutase deficiency (PMM2-CDG) leads to cerebellar atrophy with ataxia, dysmetria, and intellectual deficits. Despite advances in therapy, the cognitive and adaptive profile remains unknown. Our study explores the adaptive profile of 37 PMM2-CDG patients, examining its association with parental stress and medical characteristics. Assessment tools included ICARS for the cerebellar syndrome and NPCRS for global disease severity. Behavioral and adaptive evaluation consisted of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale and the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales. Psychopathological screening involved the Child Behavior Checklist and the Symptom Check-List-90-R. Parental stress was evaluated using Parental Stress Index. Results were correlated with clinical features. No significant age or sex differences were found. 'Daily living skills' were notably affected. Patients severely affected exhibited lower adaptive skill values, as did those with lipodystrophy and inverted nipples. Greater severity in motor cerebellar syndrome, behavioral disturbances and the presence of comorbidities such as hyperactivity, autistic features and moderate-to-severe intellectual disability correlated with greater parental stress. Our study found no decline in adaptive abilities. We provide tools to assess adaptive deficits in PMM2-CDG patients, emphasizing the importance of addressing communication, daily living skills, and autonomy, and their impact on parental stress in clinical monitoring and future therapies.

Crisis parainfecciosas: estudio retrospectivo multicéntrico / Para-infectious seizures: a retrospective multicentre study

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las crisis parainfecciosas son crisis convulsivas afebriles en el contexto de infecciones banales en niños sin afectación neurológica, siendo aún una patología poco conocida en nuestro medio. MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo multicéntrico donde se incluye a pacientes con crisis única o múltiple en el contexto de una infección banal afebril, con desarrollo psicomotor normal. RESULTADOS: Se recogió a 38 pacientes (47% varones, 53% mujeres) en un periodo de 3 años (2012-2015) con edad media de 2,1 años. El 7,9% presentaba antecedentes de crisis febriles. La media de crisis por paciente fue de 2,2, siendo el 57,9% crisis tónico-clónicas generalizadas, con una duración media de 3,2 min. Se realizó electroencefalograma durante su ingreso al 73,7%. Se efectuó punción lumbar en un 34,2% (todas normales) y prueba de neuroimangen en el 36,9%, siendo la más realizada la RM craneal en el 21,1%, sin hallazgos patológicos. El proceso infeccioso más frecuente (68%) fue tener gastroenteritis aguda seguida de la infección respiratoria de vías altas (32%). El 63,2% no precisó medicación anticomicial. En urgencias el fármaco más usado fue el diazepam rectal. Posteriormente, debido a la agrupación de crisis, un 28,9% de los casos precisó administración de fármacos por vía intravenosa (el más usado fue el ácido valproico), manteniéndose en el 16% tratamiento antiepiléptico al alta. El 76,3% de los pacientes fue diagnosticado al alta de crisis parainfecciosas. CONCLUSIONES: Es fundamental el conocimiento de las crisis parainfecciosas, su diagnóstico clínico y evolución benigna, ya que su identificación evita la realización de pruebas complementarias y tratamientos innecesarios

INTRODUCTION: Para-infectious seizures are afebrile seizures that are associated with mild infections, and occur in children with no pre-existing neurological illness. They are still little known in our environment. METHODS: A multicentre retrospective study was conducted that included patients with normal psychomotor development and had presented with one or more seizures in the context of a mild afebrile infection. RESULTS: A total of 38 patients (47% male, 53% female) were included in the study over a period of three years (2012-2015). The mean age was 2.1 years. A previous history of febrile seizures was found in 7.9% of them. Mean number of seizures per patient was 2.2, with 57.9% of them being tonic-clonic seizures. The mean duration of seizures was 3.2minutes. An EEG was performed during admission in 73.7% of cases. Lumbar punctures were performed in 34.2% of cases. All were normal. Neuroimaging tests were carried out in 36.9% of cases. Brain MRI was the imaging test performed in most cases (21.1%), with no any pathological findings. The most frequent infection found was acute gastroenteritis (68%), followed by upper respiratory tract infection (32%). Almost two-thirds (63.2%) of patients did not require anticonvulsant medication. Rectal diazepam was the most frequently used drug in emergencies. Intravenous medication was required by 28.9% of patients due to repeated seizures. The most frequently used drug in the non-emergency setting was valproic acid. Anticonvulsant treatment was continued after discharge in 16% of patients. Para-infectious seizures was the diagnosis in 76.3% of cases when discharged. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of para-infectious seizures, their clinical diagnosis and benign course is crucial, as this would avoid further testing and unnecessary treatments

Hemiplejía alternante de la infancia: estudio del gen ATP1A3 en 16 pacientes / Alternating hemiplegia of childhood: ATP1A3 gene analysis in 16 patients

Fundamento y objetivo: La hemiplejía alternante de la infancia (HAI) es una enfermedad caracterizada por episodios recurrentes de hemiplejía, crisis tónicas o distónicas y movimientos oculares anormales de inicio precoz. Recientemente se han identificado mutaciones en el gen ATP1A3 como mecanismo causante de esta enfermedad. El objetivo es describir una serie de pacientes con diagnóstico clínico y genético de HAI. Pacientes y método: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y multicéntrico, de 16 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de HAI, en quienes se documentaron mutaciones en el gen ATP1A3. Resultados: En la serie estudiada se encontraron 6 mutaciones distintas en el gen ATP1A3, todas en heterocigosis y de novo. La mutación más común fue G2401A, presente en 8 pacientes (50%), seguida por la mutación G2443A en 3 pacientes (18,75%), G2893A en 2 pacientes (12,50%), y C2781G, G2893C y C2411T en sendos pacientes (6,25% cada una). Conclusiones: En la poblacin estudiada con HAI se detectaron mutaciones de novo en el 100% de los pacientes estudiados. Las 2 mutaciones más frecuentes fueron la G2401A y la G2443A (AU)

Background and objective: Alternating hemiplegia in childhood (AHC) is a disease characterized by recurrent episodes of hemiplegia, tonic or dystonic crisis and abnormal ocular movements. Recently, mutations in the ATP1A3 gene have been identified as the causal mechanism of AHC. The objective is to describe a series of 16 patients with clinical and genetic diagnosis of AHC. Patients and method: It is a descriptive, retrospective, multicenter study of 16 patients with clinical diagnosis of AHC in whom mutations in ATP1A3 were identified. Results: Six heterozygous, de novo mutations were found in the ATP1A3 gene. The most frequent mutation was G2401A in 8 patients (50%) followed by G2443A in 3 patients (18.75%), G2893A in 2 patients (12.50%) and C2781G, G2893C and C2411T in one patient, respectively (6.25% each). Conclusions: In the studied population with AHC, de novo mutations were detected in 100% of patients. The most frequent mutations were D801N y la E815K, as reported in other series (AU)

Guía de práctica clínica para el tratamiento del síndrome de Hunter / Clinical practice guideline for the management of Hunter syndrome

El síndrome de Hunter (SH), o mucopolisacaridosis tipo ii , es una enfermedad producida por la deficiencia o ausencia de la enzima iduronato-2-sulfatasa (I2S) debida a mutaciones en el gen IDS. La deficiencia de la I2S ocasiona un bloqueo en el proceso de degradación de glucosaminoglucanos (GAG) en los lisosomas citoplasmáticos, lo que da lugar a su acumulación en las células. Esto provoca una alteración celular generalizada, y una eliminación aumentada de estos GAG en orina. El SH es una enfermedad hereditaria recesiva ligada al cromosoma X, que afecta a uno de cada 49.000-526.000 recién nacidos vivos varones. Su carácter multisistémico y progresivo hace que en algún momento de la evolución sea necesario el abordaje por distintas especialidades médicas. Recientemente se dispone de tratamiento de sustitución enzimática con I2S recombinante que mejora y ralentiza la evolución de la enfermedad, por lo que resulta clave el diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz. Por estas razones, se ha elaborado esta guía de práctica clínica (GPC), que pretende ayudar a los diferentes especialistas que están en contacto con pacientes que padecen el SH en la detección precoz, y en el seguimiento y tratamiento. La guía ha sido elaborada por un grupo de trabajo constituido por el Grupo Español de Hunter (equipo multidisciplinar formado por médicos especialistas expertos en el diagnóstico y tratamiento del SH) e investigadores con experiencia metodológica en el desarrollo de GPC. Las recomendaciones se basan en la síntesis de la evidencia científica disponible y en la experiencia de los expertos (AU)

The Hunter syndrome (HS), or mucopolysaccharidosis type II, is a disease caused by a deficiency or absence of the enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S) due to mutations in the IDS gene. I2S deficiency causes a block in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in cytoplasmic lysosomes which leads to their accumulation in cells. This causes a generalized cellular disorder and increased elimination of these GAG in urine. The HS is an inherited X-linked recessive disease, which affects one in 49,000 to 526,000 male live births. The HS progressive and multisystem involvement usually causes the need of various medical specialties for managing the disease. Recently a new enzyme replacement therapy with recombinant I2S is available, which improves and slows the disease progression. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment are key factors for managing HS. For these reasons, this clinical practice guideline (CPG) has been developed. This CPG aims to help the different specialists who manage patients with SH in the early detection, follow-up and treatment. This guide has been developed by a working group set up by the Spanish Hunter Group multidisciplinary team of physician specialists in the diagnosis and management of HS) and researchers with methodological experience in developing GPC. The recommendations are based on the synthesis of the best available scientific evidence and the experience of experts (AU)

Epilepsia generalizada idiopática con ausencias típicas tratada con ácido valproico: alteraciones neuropsicológicas / Idiopathic generalized epilepsies with absence seizures with valproic acid treatment: neuropsychological disorders

Objetivo. Investigar el perfil neuropsicológico de niños con crisis de ausencias típicas tratados con ácido valproico. Sujetos y métodos. Se compara una muestra de 34 niños (14 niños y 20 niñas) de 7 a 12 años con diagnóstico de ausencias típicas en tratamiento con ácido valproico (dosis media 30 mg/kg/día) con un grupo de referencia (28 niños sin problemas neurológicos). El perfil neuropsicológico se estima mediante la escala de inteligencia Wechsler para niños revisada y la batería neuropsicológica de Luria-diagnóstico neuropsicológico infantil. Resultados. Los niños con crisis de ausencias típicas con ácido valproico presentan un cociente intelectual verbal significativamente menor que los niños del grupo de referencia, aunque el cociente intelectual manipulativo y el total no difieren significativamente; un perfil neuropsicológico con puntuaciones significativamente menores que el grupo de referencia en todas las áreas, excepto en regulación verbal, cinestesia y estereognosia, percepción visual, comprensión simple y comprensión gramatical; un deterioro importante en memoria lógica, memoria inmediata, aritmética, estructura numérica, lectura, escritura, denominación y articulación; un déficit mnésico global, especialmente en memoria remota, memoria visual inmediata, memoria inmediata y memoria lógica; y alteraciones atencionales importantes. Conclusiones. Debemos considerar el perfil neuropsicológico alterado con la finalidad de programar tratamientos neuropsicológicos y rehabilitación de la memoria y la atención. Por ello, reivindicamos la necesidad de dotar las consultas de neuropediatría con neuropsicólogos que garanticen el análisis sistemático de las dificultades cognitivas y neuropsicológicas tanto en el momento del diagnóstico de la epilepsia como en su seguimiento, así como el apoyo escolar de estos pacientes (AU)

Aim. To analyze the neuropsychological profile of children with absence seizures treated with valproate. Subjects and methods. Sample of 34 children from 7 to 12 years with absence seizures treated with valproate (median dose: 30 mg/kg/day) and 28 controls. We get the neuropsychological profile by applying the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and Luria-DNI Battery. Results. Children with absence seizures manifest verbal IQ significantly lower (p < 0.05) than the control group but within normal. The neuropsychological profile Luria-DNI is significantly lower (p < 0.05) than the control group in all areas except in regulation verbal, kinesthetic, visual perception, comprehension and understanding simple grammar. This is a serious deterioration profile in the areas of logical memory, short-term memory, arithmetic, numerical structure, reading, writing, naming, and articulation. Children with absence seizures have a significant memory deficit. Memory profile measured with the Luria-DNI Battery and the WISC-R appears generally deteriorated when compared with the control group (p < 0.001) although there is a paradoxical preservation of shape memory. The short-term auditory and visual memory and logical memory are particularly affected. In the epileptic group, the attentional profile (estimated by the ‘third factor of the WISC-R’) is generally deteriorated when compared with the control group. Conclusions. We consider in children with this diagnosis and treatment, the neuropsychological profile described to strengthen deficient neuropsychological and psychoeducational areas. Above, we claim the need, in the consultations of neuropediatrics, the neuropsychlogists to ensure the systematic analysis of neuropsychological and cognitive difficulties both at the time of the diagnosis and follow-up of epilepsy (AU)