Destoxificação e perfil nutricional da torta de mamona destoxificada por diferentes soluções alcalinas / [Detoxification and nutritional profile of the detoxified castor by different alkaline solutions]

Objetivou-se avaliar a destoxificação da torta de mamona bruta (TMB), por meio de dois produtos alcalinos em diferentes concentrações, e seus efeitos sobre a composição química, a degradabilidade in situ da MS e o fracionamento de proteínas. Utilizou-se o hidróxido de cálcio [Ca(OH)2] e o hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) em duas concentrações (60 e 90 gramas), diluídos em quatro quantidades de água (1.000; 1.500; 2.000 e 2.500mL de água por quilo de TMB). Observou-se que, das diferentes concentrações utilizadas, somente a utilização de 90 e 60 gramas de Ca(OH)2 e NaOH, respectivamente, conseguiu destoxificar 100% da TMB, ambas diluídas em 2.000mL de água. Por outro lado, ao avaliar o tempo mínimo de contato dos reagentes com a TMB para uma máxima destoxificação, observou-se que três horas de contato é o tempo necessário para os reagentes diminuírem em 100% as proteínas citotóxicas, além de não deixar atividade hemaglutinante nesse material. A destoxificação com o NaOH proporcionou maior degradação das proteínas solúveis e da matéria seca, favorecendo a disponibilização do nitrogênio não proteico, estando sua aplicação em escala industrial na dependência de estudos sobre viabilidade operacional e econômica.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the detoxification of crude castor (DCC) through two alkaline products in different concentrations and their effects on the chemical composition, in situ degradability of DM and the fractionation of proteins. We used the calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in two concentrations (60 and 90 grams) diluted in 4 quantities of water (1,000; 1,500; 2,000 and 2,500ml of water per kilo of DCC). It was observed that in the different concentrations used, only the use of 90 and 60 grams of Ca(OH)2 and NaOH, respectively managed to detoxify 100% of the DCC, both diluted in 2,000ml of water. On the other hand, when assessing the minimum time of contact of the reagents with the DCC for maximum detoxification, it was observed that with three hours of contact is the time required for the reagents decrease in 100% of the cytotoxic proteins, in addition to not leave haemagglutinating activity in this material. The detoxification with NaOH provided greater degradation of soluble proteins and degradation of dry matter, favoring the provision of non-protein nitrogen, while its application on an industrial scale is in the dependence of studies on operational feasibility and cost.(AU)

Effects of heat stress on pullet cloacal and body temperature.

One measure of the thermal status of poultry is cloacal temperature measured with a cloacal thermometer; however, this method requires handling the bird, is invasive, and can be stressful. Infrared thermography is an alternative means for assessing bird thermal status. The objective of this study was to investigate the body temperature response of pullets subjected to different environmental air temperatures during the growing phase and to evaluate the relationship between the cloacal temperature and the body parts surface temperature. A total of 648 chicks (Lohmann LSL Lite) were used in 2 different phases, phase I (day 1 through 6 wk of age) and phase II (week 7 through 17). During phase I, chicks were reared at 1 of 3 different thermal environments: thermal comfort (35°C-19°C), mild heat stress (38°C-22°C), or mild cold stress (28°C-17°C). In phase II, pullets were randomly redistributed to 1 of 4 daytime temperature treatments: 20°C; 25°C; 30°C; and 35°C, all with night time temperature of 20°C. Cloacal temperature and body surface temperature for 8 parts (head, eye, comb, chest, back, wing, leg, head area, and body area) were obtained weekly from 4 to 2 birds per treatment, respectively, during phase II. There were no effects for the interactions between the 2 experimental phases for cloacal and body parts surface temperature. There was a strong correlation (P < 0.001) between cloacal temperature and each body part temperature; cloacal temperature followed a quadratic response to environmental air temperature treatments. Pullets subjected to 35°C/20°C and 30°C/20°C had the highest body parts temperatures compared with the other 2 treatments (P < 0.05). The leg surface temperature was greatest in all treatments, and the chest the lowest. Regression between cloacal and body parts temperature had a 95% predictive accuracy of better than 0.4°C, suggesting a useful alternative to direct cloacal temperature measurement.

NF-кB inhibition by DHMEQ: in vitro antiproliferative effects on pilocytic astrocytoma and concise review of the current literature.

INTRODUCTION: Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) is the most common brain tumor that affects the pediatric population. Even though PA is benign and treatment only involves surgery, recurrent or unresectable tumors require chemo- and radiotherapy. Besides BRAF, CDKN2A, or IDH mutations, the hyperactivation of the nuclear factor NF-κB contributes to tumor growth and survival. METHODS: In the present study, we used publicly available data for the in silico analysis of NF-κB subunits (RELA, RELB, REL, NF-κB1, and NF-κB2) expression in PA samples. Besides, in vitro assays were performed to evaluate proliferation, migration, cell death, on the PA cell line Res286 comparing to human primary astrocytes. Sensitization to radiation therapy and temozolomide (TMZ) was also assayed. RESULTS: Our results showed that all the members of the NF-kB family are upregulated in PA datasets compared to normal brain tissues. Moreover, DHMEQ treatment significantly reduced cell growth and motility, while sensitized cells to ionizing radiation and TMZ, as previously seen in high-grade gliomas. CONCLUSIONS: This drug presents a potential application in clinical practice for the treatment of recurrent or inoperable PA. Moreover, its use might assist adjuvant chemotherapy and reduce irradiation doses to avoid toxicity to the surrounding tissues.

Biomass components and structure of massai grass fertilized with nitrogen and grazed by sheep / Componentes da biomassa e estrutura do capim-massai adubado com nitrogênio e pastejado por ovinos

To evaluate the biomass components of massai grass subjected to nitrogen (N) fertilization levels (control - 0; 400; 800 and 1200 kg ha-1 year-1 of N) and under rotational stocking with sheep, this study was undertaken using a completely randomized design with measurements repeated in time. A quadratic response was observed reaching maximum values as the levels of nitrogen fertilization increased for green forage biomass, green leaf biomass, green stem biomass (5,172.9; 4,146.3; 1,033.9 kg ha-1 cycle-1, respectively), forage total density (179.1 kg ha-1 cm-1), canopy height (36.8 cm) and live material/dead material ratio (4.0) at levels 896; 934; 797; 879.2; 751.4 and 1,161 kg ha-1 year-1 of N, respectively. For all variables, oscillation was observed between the grazing cycles studied. Nitrogen fertilization has a positive response on the biomass components and canopy structure of massai grass.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os componentes da biomassa do capim-massai sob lotação rotativa com ovinos e adubado com doses de nitrogênio (controle - 0; 400; 800 e 1200 kg de N ha -1 ano -1 ), em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com medidas repetidas no tempo. Constatou-se resposta quadrática, alcançando valores máximos com o incremento das doses de nitrogênio para as produções de biomassa de forragem verde, de lâmina foliar verde, de colmo verde (5172,9; 4146,3; 1033,9 kg ha -1 ciclo -1 , respectivamente) e para a densidade total de forragem (179,1 kg ha -1 cm -1 ), altura do dossel (36,8 cm) e relação material vivo/material morto (4,0) nas doses 896; 934; 797; 879,2; 751,4 e 1161 kg ha -1 ano -1 de N, respectivamente. Para todas as variáveis, verificou-se oscilação entre os ciclos de pastejo estudados. A adubação nitrogenada exerce respostas positivas sobre os componentes da biomassa e a estrutura do dossel do capim-massai.(AU)

Detection and molecular characterisation of bovine Enterovirus in Brazil: four decades since the first report.

It is suggested that bovine enteroviruses (BEV) are involved in the aetiology of enteric infections, respiratory disease, reproductive disorders and infertility. In this study, bovine faecal samples collected in different Brazilian states were subjected to RNA extraction, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis and partial sequencing of the 5'-terminal portion of BEV. One hundred and three samples were tested with an overall positivity of 14.5%. Phylogenetic analysis clustered these BEV Brazilian samples into the Enterovirus F clade. Our results bring an important update of the virus presence in Brazil and contribute to a better understanding of the distribution and characterisation of BEV in cattle.

Effects of carbon dioxide on turkey poult performance and behavior.

Appropriate ventilation of poultry facilities is critical for achieving optimum performance. Ventilation promotes good air exchange to remove harmful gases, excessive heat, moisture, and particulate matter. In a turkey brooder barn, carbon dioxide (CO2) may be present at higher levels during the winter due to reduced ventilation rates to maintain high temperatures. This higher CO2 may negatively affect turkey poult performance. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of subjecting tom turkey poults (commercial Large White Hybrid Converters) to different constant levels of atmospheric CO2 on their growth performance and behavior. In three consecutive replicate trials, a total of 552 poults were weighed post-hatch and randomly placed in 3 environmental control chambers, with 60 (Trial 1) and 62 (Trials 2 and 3) poults housed per chamber. They were reared with standard temperature and humidity levels for 3 wks. The poults were exposed to 3 different fixed CO2 concentrations of 2,000, 4,000, and 6,000 ppm throughout each trial. Following each trial (replicate), the CO2 treatments were switched and assigned to a different chamber in order to expose each treatment to each chamber. At the end of each trial, all poults were sent to a local turkey producer to finish growout. For each trial, individual body weight and group feed intake were measured, and mortality and behavioral movement were recorded. Wk 3 and cumulative body weight gain of poults housed at 2,000 ppm CO2 was greater (P < 0.05) than those exposed to 4,000 and 6,000 ppm CO2. Feed intake and feed conversion were unaffected by the different CO2 concentrations. No significant difference in poult mortality was found between treatments. In addition, no effect of CO2 treatments was evident in the incidence of spontaneous turkey cardiomyopathy for turkeys processed at 19 wk of age. Poults housed at the lower CO2 level (2,000 ppm) demonstrated reduced movement compared with those exposed to the 2 higher CO2 concentrations.

Efficiency of water use and nitrogen for goat milk production in irrigated pasture to different management / Eficiência de uso de água e nitrogênio para produção de leite de cabra em pastagem irrigada sob diferentes manejos

The aim was to determine the efficiency of use of water and nitrogen for forage production and goat-milk production on an irrigated Tanzania Guineagrass (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia) pasture subjected to different management practices. The management levels tested were combinations among nitrogen fertilization levels and post-grazing residual heights (ResH): Intensive (ResH = 33.0cm and 600.0kg N/ha.year-1); Moderate (ResH = 47.0cm and 300.0kg N/ha.year-1); Light (ResH = 47cm and 0kg N/ha.year-1); and Conventional (ResH = 33cm and 0kg N/ha year-1). The efficiency of water use for forage production was higher in intensive and Moderate management. The Conventional management was recommended only for forage production since there is no nitrogen input available because this result was similar to Intensive management in water efficiency. The efficiency of water use to produce goat milk was higher in Intensive management. Moderate management presented higher efficiency of nitrogen to produce forage. On the other hand, Intensive management was more efficient using nitrogen in goat milk production. The amount of water needed to produce one liter of goat milk varied from 893.20 to 3,933.50L. In the moderate management, up to 121.48kg forage and 21.56kg of milk were produced for every kilogram of N utilized. Intensive management is advantageous for water use efficiency as well nitrogen efficiency to produce goat milk in cultivated pasture.(AU)

Objetivou-se determinar a eficiência de uso de água e nitrogênio para a produção de forragem e de leite de cabra em pasto irrigado de capim-tanzânia, submetido a diferentes manejos. Os manejos testados foram combinações entre níveis de adubação nitrogenada e alturas residuais pós-pastejo (Altr): intensivo (Altr = 33,0cm e 600,0kg N/ha.ano-1); moderado (Altr = 47,0cm e 300,0kg N/ha.ano-1); leve (Altr = 47,0cm e 0kg N/ha.ano-1) e convencional (Altr = 33,0cm e 0kg N/ha.ano-1). A eficiência do uso de água para produção de forragem foi obtida nos manejos intensivo e moderado. O manejo convencional só foi interessante no caso da produção de forragem em situação de ausência de nitrogênio, não diferindo do manejo intensivo para a eficiência de uso de água. A eficiência de uso de água para a produção de leite foi maior no intensivo. A maior eficiência do uso de nitrogênio para produzir forragem foi no moderado, enquanto a maior eficiência de nitrogênio para a produção de leite foi no intensivo. A quantidade de água para produzir um litro de leite de cabra variou de 893,20 em manejo intensivo a 3.933,50L em convencional. Manejo intensivo é vantajoso para eficiência de uso de água e nitrogênio para a produção de forragem e de leite de cabra.(AU)

First detection and molecular characterization of Nebovirus in Brazil.

Nebovirus is a new genus of viruses belonging to the Caliciviridae family recently characterized in cattle, and is associated with gastrointestinal disorders, such as diarrhoea, anorexia and intestinal lesions particularly in calves. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of neboviruses in Brazilian cattle and analyse phylogenetically the virus strains detected. A prevalence of 4·8% of neboviruses in faecal samples from 62 head of cattle from different Brazilian states was detected. All positive animals were aged 96·0% nt (100% aa) sequence identity between the virus sequences in this study and >88·8% nt (>94·4% aa) identity with Newbury1/UK. Our results indicate, for the first time, the occurrence of neboviruses in Brazil as well as in South America, and the first Newbury1-like nebovirus found outside the UK.

Semen variables and sperm membrane protein profile of Saanen bucks (Capra hircus) in dry and rainy seasons of the northeastern Brazil (3°S).

The Saanen is a highly productive breed, and for this reason, it has been raised in Brazil, but mostly under climate conditions completely different from where the breed originated. The objective of this study was to investigate variations in semen parameters and sperm membrane proteins from Saanen bucks (n = 7) raised in Northeastern Brazil, during dry season (September, October, and November) and rainy season (March, April, and May). We showed that during the dry season, sperm motility, concentration, and the percentage of normal sperm decreased as compared to the rainy season. Rectal temperatures of bucks had no significant (p > 0.05) variations during the dry and rainy seasons. However, temperatures of left and right skin testis were higher (p < 0.05) during the dry as compared to the rainy season. Expression of three proteins (lysine-specific demethylase 5D, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase subunit d, and radial spoke head protein 9 homolog) in sperm membrane were more intense in rainy season and only one protein (cytosol aminopeptidase) had greater expression in the dry season of the year. Our results show that mechanisms of testicular thermoregulation of Saanen bucks did not prevent a decrease in seminal parameters during the dry season. This deterioration may be related to reduced expression of proteins associated with important functions in sperm membrane.

Parameters of the reproductive tract, spermatogenesis, daily sperm production and major seminal plasma proteins of tropically adapted morada nova rams.

This study describes the reproductive parameters of Morada Nova rams, a breed of hair sheep from Brazil and with unique adaption to tropical environments. At 42 weeks of age, 15 rams were subjected to semen collection and, 1 week later, animals were slaughtered for collection of testes, epididymis and accessory sex glands. We conducted 2-D electrophoresis of seminal plasma proteins and major spots of stained gels were identified by LC-MS/MS. Total RNA was isolated from testis, epididymis and vesicular glands and subjected to qPCR. At slaughter, scrotal circumference and testicular weight were 27.5 ± 0.5 cm and 109.5 ± 6.0 g, respectively. Seminiferous tubule (ST) diameter was 188.3 ± 4.0 µm and each testis contained 1.9 ± 0.1 Sertoli cells (×10(9) ). Each Sertoli cell supported 0.1 ± 0.01 A spermatogonia, 3.0 ± 0.2 pachytene spermatocytes and 7.7 ± 0.5 round spermatids/tubule cross section. Daily sperm production reached 5.6 × 10(6)  cells/g of testis parenchyma. Testis size appeared as indicative of ST diameter and associated with epididymal measurements, as well as with the population of round spermatids and Sertoli cells/testis. Rams with heavier testes had greater daily sperm production and more Sertoli cells/testis. We detected 90.9 ± 9.6 spots per 2-D gel of seminal plasma. Major seminal proteins were identified as ram seminal vesicle proteins at 14 and 22 kDa, representing 16.2% and 12.8% of the total intensity of valid spots in the gels, respectively. Expression of both genes was greater in the vesicular glands as compared to testis and epididymis. Pixel intensity for those proteins in the 2-D gels was significantly correlated with seminal vesicle weight. This is the first description of the basic reproductive aspects of Morada Nova rams, including protein profiles of their seminal plasma. These findings will allow a better understanding of their reproductive physiology.

Parâmetros nutricionais e padrões nictemeral do comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros Somalis Brasileira alimentados com diferentes níveis de energia metabolizável / Nutritional parameters and nycterohemeral patterns of ingestive behavior of Brazilian Somali lambs fed different levels of metabolizable energy

O presente estudo foi conduzido para determinar o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, bem como o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros Somalis Brasileira, alimentados com diferentes níveis de energia metabolizável (EM). Foram utilizados 40 animais, não castrados, com peso vivo médio de 13,47±1,76kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com cinco dietas com diferentes níveis de energia metabolizável (1,18; 2,07; 2,25; 2,42 e 2,69Mcal/kg de MS). O consumo de MS, PB, FDN, CF (g/dia), MS (g/kg0,75) e FDN (%PC e g/kg0,75) apresentaram efeito quadrático (P<0,05), assim como os coeficientes de digestibilidade (P<0,05) da PB, da FDN e dos CF. Foi averiguado efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) para digestibilidade da MS, da MO e dos CNF com o aumento da EM na dieta. Os tempos de alimentação e ócio (h/dia) foram influenciados pelos níveis de energia (P<0,05), e as eficiências de alimentação e ruminação (g FDN/h) apresentaram efeito quadrático (P<0,05). Conclui-se que o aumento dos níveis de EM das rações influencia o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, bem como o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros Somalis Brasileira...

The study was conducted to determine the intake, nutrient digestibility and ingestive behavior of Brazilian Somali lambs fed different levels of metabolizable energy (ME). Forty non-castrated Brazilian Somali lambs with average weight of 13.47±1.76kg were used. The animals were assigned to a randomized block design with eight replications per block and five diets with increasing metabolizable energy (1.18, 2.07, 2.25, 2.42 and 2.69 Mcal/kg DM). The quadratic effect (P<0.05) of the ME level was determined for DM, CP, NDF and FC (g/day) and DM (g/kg0,75) and NDF(%PC and g/kg0,75) intake, as well as the digestibility coefficients (P<0.05) for CP, NDF and CF. A linear effect (P<0.05) was observed for digestibility of DM, OM and NFC with the increase of ME in the diet. Eating and idle results (hours/day) were influenced by the energy levels (P<0.05) and efficiencies of feeding and rumination (g NDF/h) showed a quadratic effect (P<0.05). It is concluded that the increase of ME levels in the diet influences intatke, nutrient digestibility and ingestive behavior of Brazilian Somali lambs...

Membrane-associated proteins of ejaculated sperm from Morada Nova rams.

The objective was to describe the profile of membrane proteins from sperm of tropically adapted Morada Nova rams (N = 5). Samples from protein-enriched fractions of ejaculated sperm (containing 400 µg of protein) were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and respective maps analyzed using PDQuest software (version 7.3.0; Bio-Rad). Proteins were identified using tandem mass spectrometry. Also, membrane proteins were incubated with antibodies against binder of sperm protein (BSP) 1 and bodhesin 2 (Bdh-2), components of vesicular gland secretion. For membrane proteins of ejaculated sperm, an average of 133 ± 4.6 spots were detected per gel, of which, 107 spots were consistently present on all gels. Sixty-eight spots and 37 proteins were identified using mass spectrometry, corresponding to 71.6% of the intensity of all spots detected. Three major spots identified as ram seminal vesicle protein (RSVP) 14 represented approximately 30% of the intensity of all spots. Two of the most intense spots in the gel reacted against anti-BSP1, at 14 kDa. In addition, four low molecular weight spots reacted with anti-Bdh-2 antibodies. Proteins RSVP and Bdh-2 belong to the BSP and spermadhesin families, respectively, and were previously reported as major components of ram seminal proteins. Additional proteins identified in the sperm membrane two-dimensional maps included alpha-2-heparan sulfate-glycoprotein, plasma glutamate carboxypeptidase, arylsulfatase A, cathelicidin, heat shock protein 70 kDa, angiotensin-converting enzyme, leucine aminopeptidase, and clusterin. Some proteins were present as multiple isoforms, such as tubulin (12), alpha-2-heparan sulfate-glycoprotein (5), ATP synthase (5), Bdh-2 (4) and RSVP14 (3). Based on gene ontology analysis, the most common biological processes associated with the membrane proteins were cellular processes (34%), response to stimulus (14%), and metabolic processes (11%). Binding (37%) and catalytic activity (32%) corresponded to the most frequent molecular functions for those proteins. In conclusion, we identified a diverse cohort of components of membrane proteins in ram sperm. Major proteins previously reported in seminal plasma, such as RSVP14 and Bdh-2, were also extracted from sperm membranes. Knowledge of sperm proteins is crucial for elucidating mechanisms underlying their association with sperm function.

Valor nutritivo de dietas contendo torta de mamona submetida a métodos alternativos de destoxificação para ovinos / Nutritive value of feeds containing castor bean cake subjected to alternative methods of detoxification for sheep

Avaliaram-se o consumo e a digestibilidade de nutrientes por ovinos alimentados com rações contendo torta de mamona sem tratamento (NT), tratadas com calcário calcítico (CC), ureia (UR), fosfato monobicálcico (FOS) e por autoclave (ACL). Foram utilizados 20 ovinos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, sendo 10 machos inteiros e 10 fêmeas, mestiços de raça Morada Nova. As dietas foram isoproteicas e isoenergéticas. A ricina foi parcialmente desnaturada pelos tratamentos de destoxificação da torta de mamona. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos de destoxificação da torta de mamona sobre o consumo de nutrientes. A digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro no tratamento NT foi de 57,5 por cento, maior que no tratamento CC, de 52,4 por cento. A digestibilidade do extrato etéreo foi mais alta no tratamento CC, média de 71,3 por cento, em relação ao tratamento FOS, de 68,2 por cento. Houve maior consumo de fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido dos machos em relação às fêmeas quando o consumo foi expresso em g/dia. A torta de mamona NT pode ser utilizada em dietas de ovinos como alimento proteico alternativo, participando em até 8 por cento da dieta total, sem ocasionar redução expressiva no consumo e na digestibilidade.

Feed intake and digestibility were evaluate in sheep fed diets containing castor bean cake with no treatment (NT), treated with calcium carbonate (CC), urea (UR), phosphate monodicalcium (FOS) and autoclave (ACL). We used 20 sheep in a randomized block design, being 10 males and 10 females, crossbred Morada Nova. The diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Ricin was partially denatured through the treatments of detoxification of the castor bean cake. There was no treatment effect of detoxification of the castor bean cake on the intake of nutrients. The digestibility of neutral detergent fiber in the NT treatment had a 57.52 percent average, higher than the CC treatment which had an average of 52.42 percent. The digestibility of ether extract was higher in CC treatment, which had an average of 71.29 percent compared to the FOS treatment that had an average of 68.22 percent. Regarding the effect of sex, there was a higher intake of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber in males compared to females when intake was expressed as g/day. The castor bean cake NT can be used in rations for sheep as an alternative protein source participating in up to 8 percent of the total ration, without causing significant reductions in intake and digestibility.

Definiciones, características y problemas en el empleo de indicadores en salud / Definitions, characteristics and problems in the use of health indicators

Introducción Sobre el uso, desuso y abuso de los indicadores mucho se ha escrito, pero el asunto continúa siendo controversial. Objetivo Ofrecer información sustancial sobre el empleo de los indicadores en el ámbito de la salud. Métodos Se realizó una revisión de documentos de organismos internacionales, instituciones nacionales, textos, tesis doctorales y artículos de revistas. Más del 50 por ciento de estos documentos están publicados en los últimos diez años. De la revisión realizada se extrajeron dos definiciones de indicadores, las características que deben poseer, algunos problemas inherentes a su uso y al cálculo en poblaciones pequeñas. Resultados Se asumió la definición de indicador como instrumento de medición, en lugar de conceptualizarlo como la meta a alcanzar, forma en que se hace en los procesos de diseño y evaluación de proyectos. Se resumieron los atributos que debe poseer cualquier indicador. Se ofrecen ejemplos de los problemas que se pueden presentar en el empleo del indicador tasa de mortalidad infantil y otros, en su uso para la evaluación, en su interpretación, en su pertinencia respecto a la dimensión poblacional y en la constante utilizada. Conclusiones Los autores se adscriben a la definición de indicador como instrumento de medición. Los atributos que se desea reúna un indicador son varios y han sido propuestos por diversos autores. Algunos son aplicables a cualquier indicador y otros se configuran a situaciones particulares, pero todos deben ser considerados en el diseño y selección de indicadores. Se hace énfasis en los problemas que se pueden presentar en la construcción y empleo de los indicadores

Introduction A lot of writings have been published about the use, non-use and excessive use of indicators but the topic is still controversial. Objective To provide significant information on the use of indicators in the health care field. Methods A literature review was made including documents from international bodies and national institutions, writings, Ph Dïs theses and journal articles. More than 50 percent of these documents had been published in the last 10 years. Two definitions of indicators, the characteristics that they should have, some problems inherent to their use and the estimation of indicators for small populations were found. Results The definition of indicator as a measuring instrument rather than the conceptualization of indicator as a goal, being the latter the way in which the project design and assessment processeses do it, was accepted. The attributes for any kind of indicator were summarized. Some examples of the problems that may arise in the use of the indicator infant mortality and others, in the use of indicators for evaluation, their interpretation, their adequacy regarding the population size and the used constant were provided. Conclusions The authors supported the definition of indicator as a measuring instrument. There are several attributes for an indicator suggested by a number of authors. Some of them are applicable to any kind of indicator whereas others are more appropriate for particular settings; however all of them should be taken into consideration in the design and selection of indicators. Emphasis was made on the problems that may be present in the construction and the use of indicators

Definiciones, características y problemas en el empleo de indicadores en salud / Definitions, characteristics and problems in the use of health indicators

Introducción Sobre el uso, desuso y abuso de los indicadores mucho se ha escrito, pero el asunto continúa siendo controversial. Objetivo Ofrecer información sustancial sobre el empleo de los indicadores en el ámbito de la salud. Métodos Se realizó una revisión de documentos de organismos internacionales, instituciones nacionales, textos, tesis doctorales y artículos de revistas. Más del 50 por ciento de estos documentos están publicados en los últimos diez años. De la revisión realizada se extrajeron dos definiciones de indicadores, las características que deben poseer, algunos problemas inherentes a su uso y al cálculo en poblaciones pequeñas. Resultados Se asumió la definición de indicador como instrumento de medición, en lugar de conceptualizarlo como la meta a alcanzar, forma en que se hace en los procesos de diseño y evaluación de proyectos. Se resumieron los atributos que debe poseer cualquier indicador. Se ofrecen ejemplos de los problemas que se pueden presentar en el empleo del indicador tasa de mortalidad infantil y otros, en su uso para la evaluación, en su interpretación, en su pertinencia respecto a la dimensión poblacional y en la constante utilizada. Conclusiones Los autores se adscriben a la definición de indicador como instrumento de medición. Los atributos que se desea reúna un indicador son varios y han sido propuestos por diversos autores. Algunos son aplicables a cualquier indicador y otros se configuran a situaciones particulares, pero todos deben ser considerados en el diseño y selección de indicadores. Se hace énfasis en los problemas que se pueden presentar en la construcción y empleo de los indicadores(AU)

Introduction A lot of writings have been published about the use, non-use and excessive use of indicators but the topic is still controversial. Objective To provide significant information on the use of indicators in the health care field. Methods A literature review was made including documents from international bodies and national institutions, writings, Ph Dïs theses and journal articles. More than 50 percent of these documents had been published in the last 10 years. Two definitions of indicators, the characteristics that they should have, some problems inherent to their use and the estimation of indicators for small populations were found. Results The definition of indicator as a measuring instrument rather than the conceptualization of indicator as a goal, being the latter the way in which the project design and assessment processeses do it, was accepted. The attributes for any kind of indicator were summarized. Some examples of the problems that may arise in the use of the indicator infant mortality and others, in the use of indicators for evaluation, their interpretation, their adequacy regarding the population size and the used constant were provided. Conclusions The authors supported the definition of indicator as a measuring instrument. There are several attributes for an indicator suggested by a number of authors. Some of them are applicable to any kind of indicator whereas others are more appropriate for particular settings; however all of them should be taken into consideration in the design and selection of indicators. Emphasis was made on the problems that may be present in the construction and the use of indicators(AU)

Desempenho de ovinos em capim-tanzânia sob lotação rotativa com quatro proporções de suplementação concentrada / Performance of sheep raised on Tanzania grass under intermittent stocking with four proportions of concentrate supplementation

Avaliou-se o desempenho de ovinos em capim-tanzânia sob lotação rotativa com quatro proporções de suplementação concentrada 0 por cento, 0,6 por cento, 1,2 por cento e 1,8 por cento do peso vivo (PV), e oito repetições, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com período de ocupação de três dias e descanso de 21 dias. Foram avaliados o ganho médio diário (GMD), o ganho de peso total (GPT), o número de dias para alcançar 12kg (D12), a taxa de lotação em ovinos/ha (TLO) e em UA/ha (TLUA), o rendimento de peso vivo (RPV) e a conversão alimentar do concentrado (CAC). Observou-se efeito quadrático da proporção de suplementação sobre o GMD que foi estimado em 65,87 e 113,15g/dia para os animais não suplementados e suplementados com 1,8 por cento do PV. O suplemento também teve efeito quadrático sobre o GPT. O D12 estimado para os ovinos não suplementados foi de 204 dias, reduzindo-se para 113 dias para os animais suplementados com 1,8 por cento do PV. Quanto à TLO e TLUA, observou-se efeito quadrático da proporção de suplementação. Observou-se efeito linear negativo da proporção de suplementação sobre RPV. A CAC foi melhor entre os animais suplementados com 0,6 por cento do PV. A utilização da suplementação até 1,2 por cento PV melhorou o desempenho dos ovinos em pastejo.

This study evaluated the performance of sheep raised on Tanzania grass under intermittent stocking with four supplementation proportions 0; 0.6; 1.2, and 1.8 percent of live weight (LW) and eight replicates, in a completely randomized design with tree grazing periods, and 21 rest periods. The average daily gain (GMD), the total weight gain (GPT), the days to reach 12kg (D12), the stocking rate (sheep/ha - TLO and animal unit/ha - TLUA), the live weight yield (RPV), and the concentrate: gain ratio (CAC) was evaluated. It was observed a square effect of supplementation proportions on GMD, estimated in 65.87 and 113.15g/day for male sheep that was not supplemented and received 1.8 percent LW supplement. It was observed a square effect of supplementation level on GPT. The D12 to 0 percent LW level was estimated in 204 days, decreasing to 113 days when the sheep received 1.8 percent LW supplement. It was observed square effects of supplementation proportions on TLO and TLUA. It was observed a negative linear effect of supplementation proportions on RPV. The CAC presented the best response for sheep that received 0.6 percent LW supplementation proportion. It can be concluded that sheep supplementation until 1.2 percent LW level provided improvement on performance of grazing sheep.

Estado de salud y su relación con los determinantes: procedimientos de análisis / Health status and its relation with health determinants: analysis procedures

Exponer procedimientos de análisis clasificados en las categorías de "procedimientos generales de la estadística y de la epidemiología", y "otros procedimientos" que posibilitan evaluar el estado global de salud e identificar las relaciones entre el estado de salud de la población y sus determinantes. Se revisaron 18 libros, ocho artículos de revista e igual número de documentos de organismos internacionales, un documento de organismo gubernamental, dos monografías, tres manuales de paquetes de programas, y un resultado de investigación. De ellos, un artículo fue tomado de Internet. De las fuentes utilizadas, 18 fueron publicadas entre el 2000 y el 2007, y nueve en la década anterior. Los trabajos anteriores a 1990, son obras clásicas de la estadística, la epidemiología y la salud pública de imprescindible referencia. Entre los procedimientos que se examina en el presente trabajo agrupado en "procedimientos generales de la estadística y de la epidemiología" se encuentra las pruebas de hipótesis clásicas y no paramétricas, el análisis de regresión mínimo cuadrática y tipo Poisson, el análisis de correlación y las tablas de contingencia. Entre los que se agrupan en "otros procedimientos" se considera los indicadores basados en la noción de entropía. El artículo da continuidad a otro donde se presenta los procedimientos de análisis que se agrupan en otras cinco categorías de procedimientos. Se concluye que existe un variado número de procedimientos de uso habitual con diferentes fines que hace posible valorar el estado de salud de la población e identificar las relaciones que hay entre tal estado y sus determinantes, muchos de ellos de escaso uso en los trabajos que abordan este asunto. Por la vigencia y trascendencia del tema es recomendable profundizar en su estudio.

To present the analysis procedures classified into the categories of "general procedures of statistics and of epidemiology" and, "other procedures" that make it possible to evaluate the global health status and set the relationship between the population´s health status and its determinants. Eighteen books, eight journal articles and eight international body documents, one governmental agency document, two monographies, three software manuals and a research result were reviewed. Of these papers, one article was taken from Internet. Eighteen of the used sources were published from 2000 to 2007 whereas nine had been published in the last decade of the last century. Those papers made before 1990 are classical works of statistics, epidemiology and public health of compulsory reference. Among the procedures under examination in the present paper and grouped into "general procedures of statistics and of epidemiology", there appear the classical and non-parametric hypothesis tests, the Poisson-type minimum square regression analysis, the correlation analysis and the contingency tables. Among those grouped into "other procedures", entropy notion-based indicators were included. This article follows a previous paper in which the analysis procedures were grouped into other five categories. It was concluded that there is a varied number of regular uses with different purposes, which makes it possible to assess the population's health status and to identify the relation of the health status and its determinants, many of which are barely used in other papers devoted to the same topic. Because of its validity and significance, it is recommended to further delve into the study of this subject.

Estado de salud y su relación con los determinantes: procedimientos de análisis / Health status and its relation with health determinants: analysis procedures

Exponer procedimientos de análisis clasificados en las categorías de "procedimientos generales de la estadística y de la epidemiología", y "otros procedimientos" que posibilitan evaluar el estado global de salud e identificar las relaciones entre el estado de salud de la población y sus determinantes. Se revisaron 18 libros, ocho artículos de revista e igual número de documentos de organismos internacionales, un documento de organismo gubernamental, dos monografías, tres manuales de paquetes de programas, y un resultado de investigación. De ellos, un artículo fue tomado de Internet. De las fuentes utilizadas, 18 fueron publicadas entre el 2000 y el 2007, y nueve en la década anterior. Los trabajos anteriores a 1990, son obras clásicas de la estadística, la epidemiología y la salud pública de imprescindible referencia. Entre los procedimientos que se examina en el presente trabajo agrupado en "procedimientos generales de la estadística y de la epidemiología" se encuentra las pruebas de hipótesis clásicas y no paramétricas, el análisis de regresión mínimo cuadrática y tipo Poisson, el análisis de correlación y las tablas de contingencia. Entre los que se agrupan en "otros procedimientos" se considera los indicadores basados en la noción de entropía. El artículo da continuidad a otro donde se presenta los procedimientos de análisis que se agrupan en otras cinco categorías de procedimientos. Se concluye que existe un variado número de procedimientos de uso habitual con diferentes fines que hace posible valorar el estado de salud de la población e identificar las relaciones que hay entre tal estado y sus determinantes, muchos de ellos de escaso uso en los trabajos que abordan este asunto. Por la vigencia y trascendencia del tema es recomendable profundizar en su estudio(AU)

To present the analysis procedures classified into the categories of "general procedures of statistics and of epidemiology" and, "other procedures" that make it possible to evaluate the global health status and set the relationship between the population´s health status and its determinants. Eighteen books, eight journal articles and eight international body documents, one governmental agency document, two monographies, three software manuals and a research result were reviewed. Of these papers, one article was taken from Internet. Eighteen of the used sources were published from 2000 to 2007 whereas nine had been published in the last decade of the last century. Those papers made before 1990 are classical works of statistics, epidemiology and public health of compulsory reference. Among the procedures under examination in the present paper and grouped into "general procedures of statistics and of epidemiology", there appear the classical and non-parametric hypothesis tests, the Poisson-type minimum square regression analysis, the correlation analysis and the contingency tables. Among those grouped into "other procedures", entropy notion-based indicators were included. This article follows a previous paper in which the analysis procedures were grouped into other five categories. It was concluded that there is a varied number of regular uses with different purposes, which makes it possible to assess the population's health status and to identify the relation of the health status and its determinants, many of which are barely used in other papers devoted to the same topic. Because of its validity and significance, it is recommended to further delve into the study of this subject(AU)

Influence of cooling rate on the ability of frozen-thawed sperm to bind to heterologous zona pellucida, as assessed by competitive in vitro binding assays in the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and tigrina (Leopardus tigrinus).

We evaluated the influence of two cooling rates (from 25 to 5 degrees C) on post-thaw function of frozen sperm in ocelots (Leopardus pardalis; n=3 males) and tigrinas (Leopardus tigrinus; n=4 males). Seven normospermic (>70% normal sperm) electroejaculates from each species were diluted with a 4% glycerol freezing medium, divided into two aliquots, and assigned to one of two cooling rates: fast or slow (0.7 or 0.16 degrees C/min, respectively). Sperm motility index (SMI) and percentage of sperm with an intact acrosome were assessed before freezing and after thawing, and the ability of sperm to bind to the zona pellucida of IVM domestic cat oocytes were assessed in a competitive in vitro sperm-binding assay. Regardless of the cooling rate, frozen-thawed sperm from both species exhibited a SMI of 50; approximately 20 and approximately 32% of post-thaw sperm had an intact acrosome in ocelots and tigrinas, respectively (P<0.05). The mean (+/-S.E.M.) number of sperm bound per oocyte was higher for fast-cooled (8.5+/-1.3) than slow-cooled (2.5+/-0.3; P<0.01) ocelot sperm. In contrast, more tigrina sperm bound to domestic cat oocytes when cooled slowly versus quickly (5.8+/-0.9 versus 2.7+/-0.4, P<0.05). In conclusion, cryopreservation decreased sperm function in both species, and the oocyte-binding assay was the most efficient method to detect functional differences in post-thaw sperm.

Concepto y medición de la pobreza / Concept and measurement of poverty

Se expone diversos acercamientos a la conceptualización de pobreza, tanto desde el ángulo de los que la definen, como el de los que la reconocen por sus síntomas: los escasos ingresos y el insuficiente acceso a servicios básicos. Las particularidades y limitaciones, tanto del método de medición a través de la línea de pobreza, como el de las necesidades básicas insatisfechas, son mencionadas. Se presenta las características del método integrado de medición de la pobreza. Se examina el problema de la exclusión social, y en particular de la exclusión en salud. Se relaciona las condiciones generales para la validación de un estudio sobre pobreza y los atributos deseables de cualquiera de sus medidas, y en particular, de un índice sintético de cuantificación de la pobreza. Se presenta la forma de cálculo de algunas medidas de la pobreza y de su desigualdad basadas en la familia de medidas propuesta por Foster, Greer y Thorbecke, y los rasgos de algunos índices sintéticos: los índices de Pobreza Humana, el índice de Exclusión en Salud y el índice de Pobreza en Salud. La relación pobreza-exclusión social-iniquidad, es abordada. Datos recientes elaborados para este trabajo sobre la relación salud-pobreza en América Latina y el Caribe son presentados. El tema abordado es complejo dada la multidimensionalidad y multicausalidad de la pobreza, y el enfoque político que se tenga de sus causas, en tanto todas las medidas presentadas muestran virtudes y limitaciones y su selección depende, esencialmente, del concepto de pobreza que se desea medir.

Some approaches to poverty conceptualization from the positions of those who define it and of those who recognize it by its symptoms like shortage of resources and lack of access to basic services were set forth. The particularities and the limitations of the measuring method based on the poverty line, and on the unmet basic requirements were mentioned. The characteristics of the integrated poverty measuring method were presented. Also, the problem of social exclusion, particularly health exclusion, was examined. The general conditions for poverty study validation and the desirable atributes of its measures, and in particular, of a synthetic poverty quantification index were listed. The way of estimating some poverty and inequality measures such as those based on the set of measures suggested by Foster, Greer and Thorbecke, in addition to the traits of some synthetic indexes as Human Poverty indexes, Health Exclusion index and Health Poverty index was described. The relationship of Human Poverty indexes, Health Exclusion index and Health Poverty index was addressed. Recent data for this paper on health/poverty relation in Latin America and the Caribbean were presented. This topic is complex due to multidimensionality and multicausality of poverty, and the political approach to its causes. All the measures showed advantages and limitations and their selection mainly depends on the concept of poverty that you want to measure.