Training nursing students in motivational interviewing for alcohol misuse: A mixed method study.

BACKGROUND: Motivational interviewing led by nurses has been demonstrated to be effective in reducing alcohol consumption among university students. However, most of these professionals feel that they lack the competence necessary for motivational interviewing due to a lack of formal training in the nursing curriculum. OBJECTIVES: To design, implement and evaluate a motivational interviewing training course for alcohol misuse in an undergraduate nursing curriculum and to explore students' experiences with this course. DESIGN: A mixed-methods study involving a descriptive comparative quantitative design and qualitative focus group interviews with nursing students. SETTINGS: An elective nursing course in a Spanish university. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 21 fourth-year nursing students. METHODS: The course was developed as a twelve-week, two-hour course. It comprised three modules covering the concepts, tools and skills associated with motivational interviewing for alcohol misuse. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected after the completion of the course to evaluate the training received by students; these data were categorized using Kirkpatrick's model. The quantitative results included students' satisfaction, knowledge, skills and attitudes, which were measured using an ad hoc questionnaire, a multiple-choice exam, and two rater-based assessments (the Peer Proficiency Assessment instrument and an evidence-based checklist). Qualitative focus groups were used to explore students' experiences of the entire programme. RESULTS: Students' satisfaction with the course was rated 9 out of 10, highlighting the usefulness and adequacy of the course content. The quantitative and qualitative results both indicated that all students acquired the knowledge necessary to perform motivational interviewing and significantly improved their motivational interviewing microskills. Only half of the students reached the level of proficiency in two of the three ratios calculated. The three main themes identified pertained to the learning atmosphere, module methodologies, and students' self-perceptions of competence. Finally, the students reported having transferred their learning to clinical practice. CONCLUSION: A course on motivational interviewing for alcohol misuse positively influences nursing students both personally and in terms of their future professional work by improving their knowledge, skills, attitudes and self-perceived competence.

NURSES' knowledge, skills and personal attributes for providing competent health education practice, and its influencing factors: A cross-sectional study.

AIM: To explore nurses' knowledge, skills and personal attributes for competent health education practice and their association with potential influencing factors. BACKGROUND: Clinical nurses are expected to perform effective health education interventions, but they do not feel competent. The self-assessment of the health education competence and its conditional factors is paramount for professional development. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. METHODS: A total of 458 clinical nurses from two health specialized centers in Spain participated in this study. Data were collected using the Nurse Health Education Competence Instrument and a second self-report questionnaire from January to February 2019. Descriptive statistics, t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson's and Spearman's correlation and multiple linear regression were used to analyse the data. The STROBE guideline was used RESULTS: The mean scores of the knowledge (70.10 ± 15.11), skills (92.14 ± 15.18) and personal attributes scales (32.32 ± 5.89) were found to be low to moderate. The main influencing factors for the health education implementation were lack of education and training (71.4%), lack of time (67.5%) and high workload (67.3%). Nurses with higher educational level and perceived self-efficacy for competently providing health education, more extensive professional experience and previous training in health education rated higher in knowledge, skills and personal attributes. Age and years of experience were negatively correlated with knowledge scores, but positively with the rest of domains of the competence and self-efficacy. The regression models for the overall health education competence's domains were significant (p < 0.001) with R2 values ranging from 28.0% to 49.3%. Self-efficacy, previous health education training and working in intensive care units were found to be significant in all cognitive, psychomotor and attitudinal scales. CONCLUSION: Clinical nurses reported on some skills and personal attributes for health education practice, but they seem to lack health education knowledge necessary for a competent practice. This study suggested that effective education and training and supportive organizational cultures are key to enhance nurses' health education competence. Identifying nurses' educational needs on the main domains of the competence and its intrinsic/extrinsic influential factors may assist in both planning and organizing tailored training strategies and in promoting appropriate environments to support a high-quality health education practice TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Nurses' knowledge, skills and attitudes about health education competence are low to moderate. Training and organizational support are key.

Actitudes, autoeficacia e intención hacia la cesación tabáquica en universitarios españoles / Attitudes, self-efficacy and intention towards tobacco cessation in Spanish college students

Fundamento: Conocer las actitudes hacia el tabaco, la percepción de autoeficacia ante el cese y la intención de abandono tabáquico en universitarios fumadores, y su variación según la etapa del proceso de abandono tabáquico. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal con 255 universitarios (18-24 años) fumadores (≥1 cigarrillo/semana). Instrumentos empleados: entrevista personal, test de Fageström, modelo transteórico de cambio, escala Actitudes, auto-eficacia e intención de abandono tabáquico de los estudiantes y CO en aire espirado. Resultados: Muestra con mayoría de mujeres (62%), edad media 20,3 años, consumidores de 9,2 cigarrillos/día desde hace 5,7 años, con dependencia leve a la nicotina. El 69% se encontraba en etapas de precontemplación y contemplación. Aunque más del 70% consideró que el tabaquismo es negativo para la salud y el medio ambiente, y el 96,7% presentan actitudes negativas hacia el tabaco, solo el 45,1% era consciente de la morbimortalidad asociada. Más del 60% consideró que el tabaco es un facilitador social, por lo que el nerviosismo (72,6%) y tener amigos fumadores (69,4%) son factores considerados negativos para el abandono tabáquico. El 91% creía que fumaría el próximo año, pero el 86% declaró que no sería fumador en cinco años. El 100% de los sujetos en precontemplación consideraron que fumarán durante el próximo año frente al 83,5% de aquellos en etapa de preparación. Conclusiones: Los universitarios fumadores muestran actitudes positivas, creencias erróneas y una baja percepción de auto-eficacia ante el cese del hábito tabáquico. En fase de precontemplación todos los estudiantes creen que fumarán el próximo año

Background: To determine attitudes towards smoking, perception of self-efficacy, and the intention of smoking cessation in college student smokers, and their variation according to the stage of the tobacco cessation process. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 255 college students (18-24 years old) smokers of ≥1 cigarette per week. Instruments used: a personal interview, Fageström test, transtheoretical change model, scale of Attitudes, self-efficacy and intention to quit smoking in college smokers and CO in exhaled air. Results: Sample with a majority of women (62%), average age 20.3 years, users of 9.2 cigarettes/day for 5.7 years, with mild dependence on nicotine; 69% were in the stages of pre-contemplation and contemplation. Although smoking was considered to be negative for health and the environment for more than 70%, and 96.7% had negative attitudes towards tobacco, only 45.1% were aware of the associated morbidity and mortality. More than 60% considered tobacco to be a social facilitator, thus anxiety (72.6%) and having friends who smoke (69.4%) are factors considered negative for tobacco cessation. Ninety-one percent believed that they would smoke next year, but 86% stated that they would not be a smoker within five years. One hundred percent of the subjects in pre-contemplation considered that they will smoke during the next year as opposed to 83.5% of those in the stage of preparation. Conclusion: College student smokers show positive attitudes, erroneous beliefs and a low perception of self-efficacy about smoking cessation. All students in the pre-contemplation phase do not even consider smoking cessation in the medium and long term

[Attitudes, self-efficacy and intention towards tobacco cessation in Spanish college students]. / Actitudes, autoeficacia e intención hacia la cesación tabáquica en universitarios españoles.

BACKGROUND: To determine attitudes towards smoking, perception of self-efficacy, and the intention of smoking cessation in college student smokers, and their variation according to the stage of the tobacco cessation process. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 255 college students (18-24 years old) smokers of =1 cigarette per week. Instruments used: a personal interview, Fageström test, trans-theoretical change model, scale of Attitudes, self-efficacy and intention to quit smoking in college smokers and CO in exhaled air. RESULTS: Sample with a majority of women (62%), average age 20.3 years, users of 9.2 cigarettes/day for 5.7 years, with mild dependence on nicotine; 69% were in the stages of pre-contemplation and contemplation. Although smoking was considered to be negative for health and the environment for more than 70%, and 96.7% had negative attitudes towards tobacco, only 45.1% were aware of the associated morbidity and mortality. More than 60% considered tobacco to be a social facilitator, thus anxiety (72.6%) and having friends who smoke (69.4%) are factors considered negative for tobacco cessation. Ninety-one percent believed that they would smoke next year, but 86% stated that they would not be a smoker within five years. One hundred percent of the subjects in pre-contemplation considered that they will smoke during the next year as opposed to 83.5% of those in the stage of preparation. CONCLUSION: College student smokers show positive attitudes, erroneous beliefs and a low perception of self-efficacy about smoking cessation. All students in the pre-contemplation phase do not even consider smoking cessation in the medium and long term.

[Validation of Antonovsky Orientation to Life Questionnaire (OLQ-13) in a sample of university students in Navarre]. / Validación del Cuestionario de Orientación a la Vida (OLQ-13) de Antonovsky en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios en Navarra.

BACKGROUND: The sense of coherence (SOC), the central concept of the salutogenesis model described by Aaron Antonovsky, has been employed as a predictor of measures of perceived and objective health. It is strongly and positively related to healthy behaviour and is mainly developed while young and studying. University students are a target youth group for applying measures promoting health according to their SOC level; it is therefore necessary to check the quality of the scale's measurement. The goal is to validate and study the psychometric properties of the SOC scale in students at the University of Navarre and determine their temporal evolution. METHODS: Newly enrolled students at the University of Navarre were analysed. Cohort study with a 3 year follow-up. The instruments used were the Orientation to Life Questionnaire (OLQ-13), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Discomfort Index. The following were studied: the quality and viability of the data, scale assumptions, temporal stability, reliability, concurrent and clinical validity, as well as factorial structure and confirmatory analysis of the data obtained. SPSS v. 19 and Amos v.7 statistical software were used. RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 508 students, 33.5% male and 65.9% female. High reliability (Cronbach Alpha 0.814). Adequate validity converging with the PSS. Inadequate clinical validity. Analysis of main components with three factors that explain 50.73% of the variation. CONCLUSIONS: A valid instrument that makes it possible to propose it as a tool for applying measures promoting health in young people.

Validación del Cuestionario de Orientación a la Vida (OLQ-13) de Antonovsky en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios en Navarra / Validation of Antonovsky Orientation to Life Questionnaire (OLQ-13) in a sample of university students in Navarre

Fundamento: El sentido de coherencia interna (SOC), concepto central del modelo salutogénico descrito por Aaron Antonovsky, se ha empleado como predictor de medidas de salud percibida y objetiva, se relaciona fuerte y positivamente con comportamientos saludables, y se desarrolla principalmente en la juventud y en la época de estudiante. Los universitarios son un grupo de jóvenes diana para aplicar medidas promotoras de salud en función de su nivel SOC, siendo necesario comprobar la calidad de la medición de la escala. El objetivo es validar y estudiar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala SOC en los estudiantes de la Universidad de Navarra, y conocer su evolución temporal. Sujetos y método: Se analizaron los estudiantes de nuevo acceso de la Universidad de Navarra. Estudio de cohortes con seguimiento a los tres años. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el cuestionario de orientación a la vida (OLQ-13), la Escala del Estrés Percibido (EEP) y el Índice de malestar. Se estudiaron la calidad de los datos y viabilidad, asunciones escalares, estabilidad temporal, fiabilidad, validez de criterio concomitante y clínica, y estructura factorial y análisis confirmatorio de los datos obtenidos. Se utilizaron los paquetes estadísticos SPSS v. 19 y Amos v.7. Resultados. La muestra ha sido de 508 estudiantes, 33,5% varones y el 65,9% mujeres. Fiabilidad alta (Alfa de Cronbach de 0,814). Adecuada validez convergente con la EEP. Inadecuada validez clínica. Análisis de componentes principales con tres factores que explican el 50,73% de la varianza. Conclusiones: Instrumento válido que permite proponerlo como herramienta para aplicar medidas promotoras de salud en jóvenes (AU)

Background: The sense of coherence (SOC), the central concept of the salutogenesis model described by Aaron Antonovsky, has been employed as a predictor of measures of perceived and objective health. It is strongly and positively related to healthy behaviour and is mainly developed while young and studying. University students are a target youth group for applying measures promoting health according to their SOC level; it is therefore necessary to check the quality of the scale's measurement. The goal is to validate and study the psychometric properties of the SOC scale in students at the University of Navarre and determine their temporal evolution. Methods: Newly enrolled students at the University of Navarre were analysed. Cohort study with a 3 year follow-up. The instruments used were the Orientation to Life Questionnaire (OLQ-13), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Discomfort Index. The following were studied: the quality and viability of the data, scale assumptions, temporal stability, reliability, concurrent and clinical validity, as well as factorial structure and confirmatory analysis of the data obtained. SPSS v. 19 and Amos v.7 statistical software were used. Results: The study sample consisted of 508 students, 33.5% male and 65.9% female. High reliability (Cronbach Alpha 0.814). Adequate validity converging with the PSS. Inadequate clinical validity. Analysis of main components with three factors that explain 50.73% of the variation. Conclusions: A valid instrument that makes it possible to propose it as a tool for applying measures promoting health in young people (AU)

[Effectiveness of family interventions in nursing homes. A systematic review]. / Efectividad de las intervenciones familiares en centros geriátricos. Una revisión sistemática.

The process of nursing home placement can be a stressful event for both the dependent elderly person and the family. During admission, especially the first few months, the family may suffer feelings of loss, sadness, failure and guilt. In this context, support and guidance from health professionals are essential to address the needs of residents and families through effective interventions. The aim of this systematic review is to identify the most effective interventions to help families during the process of institutionalization of a relative in a nursing home. Two types of family interventions were identified: those that focused on family-staff relationship and those that focused on family support groups, the latter being the most effective. On the other hand, most interventions have an individualistic approach, focusing on the primary caregiver. Finally, there is a shortage of quality studies that present the results of family interventions in the geriatric field and also a lack of such studies in the Spanish context.

Efectividad de las intervenciones familiares en centros geriátricos. Una revisión sistemática / Effectiveness of family interventions in nursing homes. A systematic review

La institucionalización en un centro geriátrico supone en muchas ocasiones un acontecimiento estresante, tanto para la persona mayor dependiente como para su familia. Durante el ingreso, especialmente en los primeros meses, la familia puede tener sentimientos de pérdida, tristeza, fracaso o culpabilidad. En este contexto, resulta fundamental el apoyo y orientación de los profesionales del centro, a través de intervenciones efectivas que aborden las necesidades tanto del residente como de su familia. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es identificar cuáles son las intervenciones familiares más efectivas para ayudar a las familias durante el proceso de institucionalización en un centro gerontológico. Se han identificado dos tipos de intervenciones: aquellas que se centran en la relación familia-personal sanitario y, las que se enfocan a grupos de apoyo a familiares, siendo estas últimas las más efectivas. Por otro lado, la mayoría de intervenciones tienen un enfoque individual, centrándose en el cuidador principal, sin abordar la unidad familiar. Por último, hay una escasez de artículos de calidad que presenten resultados sobre intervenciones familiares en el ámbito geriátrico, identificándose una ausencia de estos estudios en el contexto español (AU)

The process of nursing home placement can be a stressful event for both the dependent elderly person and the family. During admission, especially the first few months, the family may suffer feelings of loss, sadness, failure and guilt. In this context, support and guidance from health professionals are essential to address the needs of residents and families through effective interventions. The aim of this systematic review is to identify the most effective interventions to help families during the process of institutionalization of a relative in a nursing home. Two types of family interventions were identified: those that focused on family-staff relationship and those that focused on family support groups, the latter being the most effective. On the other hand, most interventions have an individualistic approach, focusing on the primary caregiver. Finally, there is a shortage of quality studies that present the results of family interventions in the geriatric field and also a lack of such studies in the Spanish context (AU)

La imagen social de la enfermería: una profesión a conocer / The public image of nursing: a profession to learn about

La enfermería es una profesión que ha sufrido del estereotipo público durante mucho tiempo, estando sujeta a ser vista como una profesión predominantemente femenina, bajo el mandato médico y sin un campo competencial propio. Es innegable que en la última década se están sucediendo cambios trascendentales para la disciplina enfermera. En consecuencia, a través de esta revisión, con metodología sistemática, se pretende analizar la imagen social de la enfermería para poder vislumbrar si la población está percibiendo los cambios que se están sucediendo y si tiene una imagen cercana de lo que es o pretende ser. Tras realizar un análisis temático de las publicaciones seleccionadas han emergido ocho categorías, que pueden ayudar a explicar la visión que tiene la sociedad sobre la enfermería. Parece que predomina una ignorancia del público sobre la esencia y el foco de la disciplina, que es el cuidado de la persona, familia o comunidad. Asimismo, es una profesión poco visible ya que la sociedad todavía no la reconoce plenamente con un campo competencial propio. Con respecto a la autonomía e independencia de las enfermeras, se constata que hay una tendencia a verla como una profesión inferior a la medicina. Se percibe como una profesión estrechamente relacionada con «tareas» y se confía en ella para las actividades que le han sido asociadas tradicionalmente. No obstante, se va percibiendo como una profesión menos relacionada con la feminidad y más preparada que antaño(AU)

Nursing is a profession that has suffered from public stereotyping for a long time. It has been viewed historically as a female profession, under the orders of doctors and without its own field of competence. Major changes have occurred in the discipline over the last decade that directly affect the profession. As a result, this review of the literature has tried to identify the image of nursing held by the population, the prevailing stereotypes related to it, and what the public considers that nurses do. Eight categories emerged from the thematic analysis that can help in explaining the view that society has of nursing and the evolution it has undergone. It seems that the public is predominantly ignorant of the essence and focus of the discipline, which is none other than care of the person, family or community. It is also a little known profession as society does not fully acknowledge that nurses have their own field of competence, autonomy and independence. There is still a tendency to consider nursing as a profession inferior to medicine, closely related to «tasks», and there is trust in its carrying out those activities that have been traditionally associated with it. However, it is coming to be perceived as a profession that is less related to femininity and that involves greater preparation than in the past(AU)