Evaluation of Guideline Line-Care Approach to the Treatment of Chronic Inducible Urticaria.

BACKGROUND: Chronic inducible urticaria (CIndU) management often follows chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) guidelines, but a step-by-step evaluation of their effectiveness in CIndU is lacking. OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical impact of adapting CSU international guidelines for CIndU management. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study involving patients diagnosed with CIndU based on challenge tests and a Urticaria Control Test (UCT) score of ≤11 points. Following the guidelines, a stepwise approach was used: avoidance measures, antihistamines, omalizumab, and cyclosporine. Treatment steps were added based on individual response, with control defined as UCT ≥12 points. Pharmacological steps were evaluated for at least 1 month, with the next step initiated in case of a UCT score ≤11 points. RESULTS: We enrolled 194 patients with CIndU. Of them, 134 patients had CIndU with concomitant CSU and 60 had CIndU only. Following the step-by-step approach outlined in the guidelines, a total of 159 (81.9%) patients reach a UCT ≥12 points, with avoidance measures 23 (11.8%) patients, antihistamines 84 (43.2%), omalizumab 35 (18%), and cyclosporine 17 (8.7%). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the use of a stepwise approach based on CSU guidelines for CIndU management. However, a significant proportion of patients, particularly those with CIndU only, did not achieve adequate control. This highlights the heterogeneity within CIndU and the need for further research to develop new therapies for patients with CIndU who remain uncontrolled.

Ensayo clínico aleatorizado para evaluar el efecto de un programa de rehabilitación cardiaca supervisado con ejercicio en el consumo de oxígeno, la función y calidad de vida de pacientes con falla cardiaca crónica / A randomised clinical trial to evaluate the effect of a supervised rehabilitation program with exercise on oxygen consumption, function, and quality of life of patients with chronic heart failure

Resumen Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de un programa supervisado sobre el consumo de oxígeno, la función y la calidad de vida en pacientes con falla cardiaca. Diseño y métodos: ensayo clínico con doble enmascaramiento de grupos paralelos, en pacientes con falla cardiaca estado funcional II-IV por más de 6 meses con fracción de eyección < 40%. El desenlace primario fue el consumo de oxígeno pico a las 8 semanas. Resultados: veintitrés pacientes fueron asignados al grupo de intervención y 26 al grupo de control. Cinco fallecieron, 4 se negaron a completar todas las evaluaciones y 1 no realizó la prueba de ejercicio cardiopulmonar. Diecisiete fueron analizados en el grupo de intervención y 20 en el grupo de control. Respecto al VO2 pico, no se observaron cambios estadísticamente significativos al final del programa de intervención a las 8 semanas (-13,3 ± 3,9 ml/kg/min en el grupo de intervención frente a 14,8 ± 4,6 ml/kg/min en el grupo de control, p = 0,31). Las evaluaciones de funcionalidad y calidad de vida no difirieron entre los grupos a las 8 semanas o 6 meses. Sin embargo, hubo una mejoría en ambos grupos en los resultados de funcionalidad y calidad de vida. Conclusión: el uso de un programa de ejercicio protocolizado y supervisado en pacientes con falla cardiaca con una fracción de eyección < 40%, no produce cambios significativos en el VO2 pico en comparación con un programa comunitario.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of a supervised exercise program on oxygen consumption, function, and quality of life in patients with heart failure. Design and methods: A double-blind clinical trial, with parallel groups, conducted on patients with functional stage II-IV heart failure for more than 6 months and with an ejection fraction of < 40%. The primary outcome was the peak oxygen consumption at 8 weeks. Results: A total of 23 patients were assigned to the intervention group and 26 to the control group. Of those, 5 died, 4 failed to complete all the evaluations, and 1 did not perform the cardiopulmonary exercise test. Finally, 17 patients were analysed in the intervention group and 20 in the control group. As regards the peak VO2, no statistically significant changes were observed at the end of the intervention program at 8 weeks (-13.3 ± 3.9 ml/kg/min in the intervention group compared to 14.8 ± 4.6 ml/kg/min in the control group, P=.31). There were no differences between the groups in the functional evaluations and the quality of life at 8 weeks or 6 months. However, the results showed an improvement in the functionality and quality of life in both groups. Conclusion: The use of a standard and supervised exercise program by patients with heart failure with an ejection fraction < 40% does not lead to significant changes in the peak VO2, when compared to a community program.

Aerobic physical training does not condition against strenuous exercise-induced changes in immune function but modulates T cell proliferative responses.

BACKGROUND: Exercise-induced stress induces considerable changes in the immune system. To better understand the mechanisms related to these immune changes during acute and chronic physical stress, we studied the effects of aerobic physical training (APT) on several parameters of the immune system. METHODS: Previously untrained males (18-25 years of age) were divided into a group that was subjected to 6 months of APT (N.=10) and a sedentary control group (N.=7). The subjects performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CET) at 0, 3, and 6 months of the APT program. B cell (CD19+), T cell (CD4+ and CD8+), and natural killer cell (CD56+) levels, and mitogen-induced T cell proliferation and cytokine production (interleukin-1, interleukin-4, interleukin-12, and interferon-γ) were evaluated before and at 30 seconds and 24 hours after the CET. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in CD4+ T cells and natural killer cells and a significant reduction in T cell proliferation in both groups 30 seconds after the CET at 0, 3 and 6 months of the APT program. Of note, the trained group showed significantly lower resting T cell proliferation (before and 24 hour after the CET) than the sedentary control groups at 0, 3 and 6 months of the APT program. There were no significant differences in cytokine production after the CET between both groups at any time point of the APT program. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that APT does not condition against strenuous exercise-induced immune changes but significantly modulates T cell proliferative responses.

Prevalence of Inducible Urticaria in Patients with Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: Associated Risk Factors.

BACKGROUND: Information on the prevalence of inducible urticaria (IU) in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) and the factors affecting this prevalence is scarce in the literature. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the frequency of IU in patients with CSU and to explore possible factors associated with CSU. METHODS: Patients older than 12 years diagnosed with CSU and a control group with no history of urticaria were recruited from 2 different cities. All patients were questioned about triggers associated with exacerbation of urticaria, and challenge tests were performed for symptomatic dermographism, pressure, cold, water, and exercise. Atopy to mites and self-reactivity to autologous serum were evaluated using skin tests. RESULTS: The study population comprised 245 patients with CSU and 127 controls. Of the patients with CSU, 186 (75.9%) reported a physical trigger, although only 89 (36.3%) had a positive challenge test result. The challenge tests showed that symptomatic dermographism was the most common type of IU, affecting 24.8% of the CSU group, followed by cold, which affected 13.4%. In the control group, 3.9% of patients were positive for symptomatic dermographism. People living in Medellín city had a higher frequency of symptomatic dermographism 28.5% (odds ratio, 2.1; 95% CI, 1-4.4; P = .03) and cold urticaria 16.5% (odds ratio, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.125-9.8; P = .02) than did people living in Bogotá (dermographism 14.4% and cold 5.2%). Atopy and self-reactivity were more frequent in patients with CSU than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Physical triggers must be verified by challenge tests to avoid unnecessary lifestyle restrictions. Environmental factors such as geographical characteristics could play a key role in the development of some types of IU, whereas atopy and self-reactivity are major risk factors for CSU.

Ejercicio y sistema inmune / Exercise and the immune system

Se ha demostrado que el ejercicio hecho a diferentes intensidades cumple una función moduladora sobre diversos sistemas, y que su acción sobre la respuesta inmune es de gran importancia. Por lo tanto, es necesario esclarecer si estos cambios constituyen efectos benéficos o perjudiciales en cuanto a las adaptaciones del hospedero frente a diversos agentes patógenos. El estudio de estos cambios inducidos por el estrés físico puede tener un impacto grande en la comprensión y prevención de algunas enfermedades que involucran la respuesta del sistema inmune como las alergias, las infecciones, las inmunodeficiencias y el cáncer. En este artículo se presenta una revisión actualizada de la información existente al respecto, con el propósito de aportar elementos que ayuden a comprender este fenómeno biológico, así como sus implicaciones para la salud humana. Se han estudiado varios parámetros de la respuesta inmune durante el ejercicio físico, entre ellos su relación con la respuesta hormonal al estrés y el comportamiento de las diferentes hormonas de acuerdo con la intensidad de aquél. También se han evaluado los cambios en las poblaciones de células sanguíneas (linfocitos, monocitos y neutrófilos) así como el comportamiento de las citoquinas y la síntesis de inmunoglobulinas específicas. Todo esto ha permitido establecer una relación entre los sistemas inmune y neuroendocrino, la cual explicaría en gran medida los diferentes cambios que ocurren durante la actividad física en la respuesta y la adaptación inmunes, así como las diferencias de acuerdo con la intensidad y la frecuencia del estrés físico

It has been demonstrated that physical exercise, carried out at diverse intensities, modulates the function of different human body systems, and that it plays a major role in the immune response. Therefore, it is necessary to find out if these changes have benefic or harmful effects on the host adaptation against several pathogenic agents. The study of these physical-stress-induced changes might have a great impact on the comprehension and prevention of some diseases that involve activation of the immune system such as allergies, infections, immunodeficiencies and cancer. This article presents a review of current information concerning this area, with the purpose of providing concepts to help readers understand this biological phenomena and their implications in human health. Several immune response parameters have been studied during physical exercise, including their relationship with the stress-induced hormonal response and the profile of different hormones according to the intensity of physical activity. Also, changes in blood cell populations (lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils) and the behavior of cytokines and the synthesis of specific immune globulins have been assessed. This knowledge has allowed to establish a relationship between the immune and neuroendocrine systems, which might explain the various changes in the immune response and the adaptation seen in physical activity, as well as the differences found at diverse exercise intensity and frequency levels

Inmunorregulación mediada por ejercicio. Interacción entre la expresión de protéinas de choque térmico y el sistemas endocrino-inmune

Diversos estudios, tanto en humanos como en modelos animales, han sugerido una relación entre el estrés inducido por el ejercicio y cambios funcionales en diferentes parámetros del sistema inmune. Para entender mejor los cambios inducidos en el sistema inmune por el estrés, se han usado en estos estudios varios agentes productores como hipoxia, hipertermia y ejercicio. Generalmente se ha observado aumento de la producción de varias citoquinas y del número de células asesinas naturales (NK) y linfocitos T CD8(+) circulantes durante períodos diferentes de tiempo después de iniciado el ejercicio. Es importante anotar que el ejercicio físico intenso está asociado con suceptibilidad a infecciones y es causa de inmunodeficiencia temporal por inhibición de varios parámetros de la respuesta inmune por medio de la inducción de estrés; mientras que el ejercicio físico de moderada intensidad se relaciona con el incremento de la resistencia a enfermedades infecciosas por la regulación positiva de la respuesta inmune. Estos hallazgos se han correlacionado con la cantidad de cortisol liberada de las glándulas adrenales, la cual depende de la duración y la intensidad del ejercicio, y con los niveles de expresión de varias proteínas de choque térmico (HSP), puesto que se han comprobado que éstas están involucradas en la regulación de múltiples funciones durante la activación de linfocitos y durante el procesamiento de péptidos antigénicos por párte de células presentadoras de antígeno (CPA). La inducción de la expresión de HSP como respuesta al estrés inducido por el ejercicio no sólo tiene un efecto de protección y de regulación de la presentación antigénica de péptidos endógenos, sino también efectos de regulación directa sobre la activación de células T, puesto que ésta depende de la cantidad del péptido antigénico presentado por las CPA.