[Characterization of patients with anaphylaxis in a tertiary hospital in Medellin, Colombia (2009-2019)]. / Identificación de pacientes con anafilaxia en una institución de salud de tercer nivel de Medellín, Colombia (2009-2019).

OBJECTIVE: To characterize demographically and clinically the patients with anaphylaxis treated in a third level health institution in Medellin, Colombia. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out, which includedpatients were diagnosed with anaphylaxis between 2009 and 2019. Information was retrieved from medical records through a collection instrument. Subsequently, a descriptive statistical analysis of proportions and measures of central tendency of the variables of interest was performed. RESULTS: A total of 1820 records were reviewed and data from 253 patients were included. Among the reported comorbidities, drug allergy was the most prevalent (28%). The most frequent manifestations of anaphylaxis were cutaneous and respiratory. Most of the cases presented basal tryptase values ≤ 11.4 ng/mL (94.7%). Different etiological agents (food, drugs, insects and latex) were reported, and their frequency varied according to age. Adrenaline, steroids, and antihistamines were the treatments of choice in 39.9, 34.3, and 39.9% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The characteristics of anaphylaxis in a medical center in Colombia coincide with those reported in Latin American. The treatment of anaphylaxis is not standardized, which makes it necessary to educate the health personnel and develop national guidelines.

OBJECTIVO: Identificar las características clínicas y demográficas de pacientes con anafilaxia, atendidos en un hospital de tercer nivel de Medellín, Colombia. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, al que se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico con anafilaxia entre 2009 y 2019. La información de los pacientes se obtuvo a partir de los expedientes clínicos, mediante un instrumento de recolección. Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo, de proporciones y medidas de tendencia central de las variables de interés. RESULTADOS: Se revisaron 1820 expedientes y se incluyeron los datos de 253 pacientes. Los agentes etiológicos más frecuentes fueron: medicamentos (52.1%), alimentos (34.7%), picadura de insectos (13.8%) y agentes no especificados (17.7%). Las manifestaciones cutáneas y respiratorias fueron las más frecuentes asociadas con anafilaxia. El 94.7% de los casos tuvo concentraciones normales de triptasa. La adrenalina, los corticosteroides y antihistamínicos fueron los fármacos de elección en el 39.9, 34.3 y 39.9% de los casos, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Las características de anafilaxia coinciden con las reportadas en la mayor parte de los estudios en Latinoamérica. Aunque existen guías mundiales de tratamiento de la anafilaxia, no suelen aplicarse de forma uniforme, lo que hace necesario adiestrar al personal de salud y desarrollar guías nacionales al respecto.

DRESS syndrome: A literature review and treatment algorithm.

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, known by its acronym in English as DRESS (Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms), clinically manifests with fever, facial edema, lymphadenopathy, a morbilliform rash, and organ involvement. Laboratory results reveal leukocytosis, atypical lymphocytes, eosinophilia, and alterations of liver and kidney function tests. The actual incidence of DRESS is unknown, because it may vary depending on the type of medication and the immune status of each patient; also, because many cases remain undiagnosed or untreated. The drugs most associated with DRESS include antiepileptics, antibiotics, antituberculosis, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs). Its diagnosis is sometimes made late and can become a challenge. The diagnostic criteria proposed by the international Registry of Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions (RegiSCAR) help to establish the diagnosis through a score system based on clinical and laboratory findings. The first step to identify the culprit is a thorough clinical history that includes all suspects, emphasizing those most known to cause DRESS syndrome according to the context and the literature. A skin biopsy may also be helpful in the diagnostic process. Patch testing is the test of choice to search for the culprit in cases of DRESS. Regarding prognosis, the estimated mortality due to DRESS is 3.8%. The main causes of mortality include fulminant hepatitis and liver necrosis. Several indicators of poor prognosis have been identified and these include an eosinophil count above 6000 × 103/µL, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia, leukocytosis and coagulopathy. This article aims to review the evidence available regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical and laboratory findings, diagnosis, and treatment of DRESS.

Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous immunotherapy with a mixture of glutaraldehyde-modified extracts of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae , and Blomia tropicalis.

Background: Allergen Immunotherapy (AIT) is an effective treatment of allergic respiratory diseases induced by the inhalation of house dust mite allergens. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of glutaraldehyde polymerized allergen extracts using a mixture of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae and Blomia tropicalis in mite allergic individuals residing in Colombia. Methods: Two hundred and fifty (250) patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis with, or without asthma and sensitized to D. pteronyssinus, D. farinae and B. tropicalis were included. A glutaraldehyde-modified extract containing a mixture of D. pteronyssinus, D. farinae and B. tropicalis was employed, using a cluster up-dosing schedule followed by a monthly maintenance dose. The primary endpoints to evaluate the clinical impact were the Combined Symptom and Medication Scores (CSMS) for allergic rhinitis, the Asthma Control Test (ACT) and the reduction in medication consumption. Results: Significant improvement was found after 3 months of treatment regarding CSMS (p < 0.0001) and ACT (p < 0.0001). Additionally, a significant decrease in medication consumption was found after 3 months of treatment (p < 0.0001). Adverse reactions, either local or systemic were mild and no severe reactions related to the vaccines were observed. Conclusion: After 12 months of allergen immunotherapy, glutaraldehyde-modified mixture of D. pteronyssinus, D. farinae and B. tropicalis proved to be safe and effective in the treatment of patients with rhinoconjunctivitis with or without asthma due to allergy to mites.

Leguminosas como causa infrecuente de alergia alimentaria en Colombia: reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Legumes as an infrequent cause of food allergy in Colombia: report of two cases and review of the literature

La alergia alimentaria se ha venido incrementando a nivel mundial, afectando alrededor del 1,5 % a 2,5 % de los adultos y 6 % de los niños, y tiene un gran impacto en la calidad de vida de los pacientes y sus cuidadores, debido a las dietas de restricción. Los alérgenos más prevalentes son la leche, el huevo, el trigo, la soja, los frutos secos, el maní, el pescado y los mariscos. Las leguminosas mejor estudiadas son el maní y la soja; otras leguminosas como las lentejas, garbanzos y arvejas representan la quinta causa de alergia alimentaria en el área mediterránea, en Turquía y en la India, siendo menos prevalentes en otras áreas geográficas. La alergia a las leguminosas es una entidad infrecuente en Colombia, se desconoce la prevalencia en el país. Describimos los primeros dos casos de anafilaxia por lentejas reportados en el país. Ambos pacientes menores de 18 años, con reacciones adversas tras la ingesta de leguminosas, en las cuales se demuestra alergia mediada por IgE a las lentejas y además sensibilización en el primer caso a las arvejas y garbanzos, y en el segundo caso a los frijoles. Diferentes datos sobre la prevalencia se han descrito en varias áreas geográficas, siendo mayor en países con dietas mediterráneas. Las reacciones mediadas por IgE suelen aparecer incluso con el alimento altamente cocido, debido a la termo-estabilidad de las proteínas. La reactividad cruzada más frecuente se relaciona con los garbanzos y las arvejas

Food allergy has been increasing worldwide. Affects around 1.5% to 2.5% of adults and 6% of children, and has a great impact on the quality of life of patients and their caregivers, due to restricted diets. The most prevalent allergens are milk, egg, wheat, soy, tree nuts, peanuts, fish and shellfish. The best studied legumes are peanuts and soybeans; other legumes such as lentils, chickpeas and peas represent the fifth cause of food allergy in the Mediterranean area, Turkey and India, being less prevalent in other geographical areas. Allergy to legumes is not common in Colombia, the prevalence in the country is unknown. We describe the first two cases of legumes anaphylaxis reported in the country. Both patients were under 18 years of age, with adverse reactions after ingesting legumes, in which IgE-mediated allergy was demonstrated; in the first case to lentils, peas and chickpeas, and in the second case, to lentils and beans. Different data on prevalence have been described in various geographical areas, being higher in countries with Mediterranean diets. IgE-mediated reactions usually appear even with highly cooked food, due to the thermo-stability of proteins. The most frequent cross-reactivity is related to chickpeas and peas

Reacciones adversas asociadas a vacunas contra la COVID-19 / Adverse reactions associated with vaccines against COVID-19

Resumen Con el advenimiento de la pandemia por COVID-19 se generó la necesidad de diseñar estrategias que ayudaran a mitigar la morbimortalidad causada por el virus y una de las más prometedoras es la vacunación masiva. Sin embargo, la vacunación puede asociarse a reacciones adversas, entre ellas, reacciones de hipersensibilidad a los componentes de las diferentes vacunas, por lo que es fundamental conocer dichos componentes y la población que requiere una valoración previa por Alergología. Todo paciente que lo requiera se debe remitir oportunamente con el fin de reconocer el componente implicado en la reacción por medio de pruebas adecuadas y ofrecer una conducta que permita continuar un esquema de vacunación que sea seguro. Este artículo busca recopilar los datos de reacciones adversas, con énfasis en reacciones de hipersensibilidad, que se han presentado en ensayos clínicos con la aplicación de las vacunas contra el SARS-CoV-2 para ser aplicadas en Colombia. Adicionalmente, se realiza una propuesta de abordaje de los pacientes con antecedentes de reacciones de hipersensibilidad con respecto a la conducta que se debe tomar para su vacunación.

Abstract With the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the need to design strategies to help mitigate the morbimortality caused by the virus arose and one of the most promising is mass vaccination. However, vaccination may be associated with adverse reactions, including hypersensitivity reactions to the components of the different vaccines, so it is essential to know these components and the population that requires prior assessment by Allergology. Any patient who requires it should be referred in a timely manner, in order to recognize the component involved in the reaction by means of appropriate tests and to offer a course of action that allows continuing a safe vaccination schedule. This article seeks to compile data on adverse reactions, with emphasis on hypersensitivity reactions, which have occurred in clinical trials with the application of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 to be applied in Colombia. Additionally, a proposal is made to approach patients with a history of hypersensitivity reactions with respect to the conduct that should be taken for their vaccination.

Factores involucrados en la adherencia a la inmunoterapia sublingual y subcutánea en pacientes del Servicio de Alergología de una institución de salud en Medellín-Colombia / Factors involved in adherence to sublingual and subcutaneous immunotherapy in patients from the Allergy Service at a health institution in Medellin-Colombia

Introducción. Las enfermedades alérgicas en el mundo han aumentado en el último siglo, requiriendo a su vez nuevos tratamientos que permitan mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes; como respuesta, la inmunoterapia ha surgido como una opción terapéutica. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar aspectos de la adherencia a la inmunoterapia sublingual (ITSL) y subcutánea (ITSC), y los motivos de abandono. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de pacientes con enfermedades alérgicas (rinitis, asma o dermatitis atópica) que iniciaron inmunoterapia, por vía subcutánea o sublingual, en el Servicio de Alergología de una institución de salud de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizaron distribuciones absolutas, relativas, medidas de resumen y la prueba Chi cuadrado de independencia. Resultados. Se incluyeron 144 pacientes (ITSC=84,7%; ITSL=15,3%). El 38,9% de los pacientes fueron considerados adherentes; no se hallaron diferencias significativas en la adherencia según la vía de administración (p=0,833). La razón más importante para la selección de la vía de la inmunoterapia en ambos grupos fue la recomendación médica. De los pacientes no adherentes, el 95,5% (n=84) abandonaron el tratamiento. Las características sociodemográficas de los dos grupos de inmunoterapia fueron relativamente similares, sin diferencias significativas. Se encontró una diferencia significativa entre el servicio prestado por la institución en salud y el abandono al tratamiento, siendo mayor para el grupo tratado con ITSL (38,5%; p=0,007). Conclusión. La principal causa de abandono de la terapia fue la no autorización del tratamiento por parte de las Entidades Promotoras de Salud (53,6%).

Introduction. Allergic diseases in the world have increased in the last century, requiring novel treatments to improve the quality of life of patients. As a result, immunotherapy has emerged as a therapeutic option. The aim of this study was to identify aspects of adherence to sublingual (SLIT) and subcutaneous (SCIT) immunotherapy and reasons for non-adherence. Materials and methods. We present a retrospective study of patients with allergic diseases (rhinitis, asthma or atopic dermatitis) who initiated SCIT or SLIT at the allergology clinic in a health institution in Medellin, Colombia. Absolute and relative distributions, descriptive statistics and Chi square test were used for statistical analysis. Results. A total of 144 patients were selected (SCIT=84.7%; SLIT=15.3%). From the total of patients, 38.9% were considered adherent; no significant differences were found in adherence according to the route of administration (p=0.833). The most important reason for selecting the type of immunotherapy was medical recommendation. Of the non-adherent patients, 95.5% (n=84) discontinued the treatment. Sociodemographic characteristics of the two immunotherapy groups were relatively similar, with no significant differences. A significant difference was found between the service provided by the health institution and discontinuation of treatment, being greater for the group treated with SLIT (38.5%; p=0.007). Conclusion. The main cause of discontinuation of immunotherapy was the lack of approval for funding by the Health Promoting Agencies (53.6%).

Mitos y realidades sobre alergia a vacunas / Myths and facts about vaccine allergy

Resumen En América Latina existen varios mitos sobre las vacunas convencionales, principalmente en pacientes con alergia alimentaria. Este artículo pretende revisar algunos de los mitos existentes, sus orígenes y proponer un abordaje clínico más adecuado. Así mismo, se propone unas directri ces acerca del manejo de los pacientes alérgicos que requieren ser vacunados. Finalmente, no se debería dejar de suministrar las vacunas a los pacientes con antecedentes de alergia alimentaria, donde la mayoría de veces se requiere el concepto del médico especialista en alergología. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44: 96-102).

Abstract In Latin America there are several myths about conventional vaccines, mainly in patients with food allergy. This article aims to review some of the existing myths, their origins and propose a more adequate clinical approach. Likewise, some guidelines about the management of allergic patients that require vaccination are proposed. Finally, in patients with a history of food allergy, where the concept of an allergy specialist is most of the time required, the supply of vaccines should not be interrupted. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44: 96-102).

Update on Omalizumab for Urticaria: What's New in the Literature from Mechanisms to Clinic.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Since omalizumab has been approved for urticaria, numerous randomized and real-life observational trials have been published. We reviewed the period January 2017-February 2018. RECENT FINDINGS: Omalizumab is effective for the control of urticaria recalcitrant to antihistamines in different populations globally. The ratio of total serum IgE 4-week/baseline ≥2 can predict response with a high likelihood. In observational real-life trials, doses have been adjusted on an individual basis: in some populations, up to two-thirds of the patients can be controlled with 150 mg/month; however, others are still not controlled with 300 mg/month. In these, 150 mg bimonthly could be tried, before up-dosing to 450 mg/month. On the long run (up to 3 years) omalizumab kept its efficacy. In many patients, dosing intervals could be augmented (6-8 weeks, some even more). After a 12-month treatment, about 20% showed long-term remission without relapse. Some biomarkers are being detected. Adjusting omalizumab doses in urticaria patients could enhance efficacy (shortening dosing interval and/or augmenting dose) and save costs (after 12 months: extending dosing interval and/or reducing dose).

[Safety of subcutaneous immunotherapy with tyrosine-adsorbed house dust mite extracts in patients with allergic disease]. / Seguridad de la inmunoterapia subcutánea con extractos tirosinados de ácaros de polvo doméstico en pacientes con enfermedad alérgica.

BACKGROUND: In spite of allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) multiple benefits, its use is restricted in some countries owing to concerns about severe adverse reactions. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate systemic adverse reactions in patients with atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis who received subcutaneous immunotherapy with tyrosine-adsorbed Dermatophagoides and Glycyphagoides dust mites extracts. METHODS: Retrospective study of the 2010-2015-period that included 773 patients diagnosed with IgE-mediated diseases, where the safety of allergen-specific immunotherapy was described according to the World Organization of Allergy subcutaneous immunotherapy-induced systemic reactions classification system. RESULTS: 79.7 % of patients had rhinitis, 54.9 % asthma, 34.5 % conjunctivitis and 16.4 % atopic dermatitis. Out of 12,546 tyrosine-adsorbed extract doses, 45 systemic reactions were recorded: 12 were grade 1 (30 %), 27 grade 2 (67.5 %) and 1 was grade 3 (2.5 %); the reaction rate was 0.35 per 100 administered injections, for an incidence rate of 5.8 %. No fatal reactions occurred. CONCLUSION: The frequency of systemic reactions with subcutaneous immunotherapy with Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Blomia tropicalis tyrosine-adsorbed extracts was similar to that reported with other extracts.

Antecedentes: Pese a los múltiples beneficios de la inmunoterapia alérgeno-específica, en algunos países se restringe su uso por temor a las reacciones adversas severas. Objetivo: Evaluar las reacciones sistémicas adversas en pacientes con dermatitis atópica, asma, rinitis y conjuntivitis alérgicas, que recibieron inmunoterapia subcutánea con extractos tirosinados para ácaros Dermatophagoides y Glycyphagoides. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo del periodo 2010-2015 en el que se incluyó a 773 pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedades mediadas por IgE. Se describió la seguridad de la inmunoterapia alérgeno-específica conforme al sistema de clasificación de las reacciones sistémicas con inmunoterapias subcutánea de la Organización Mundial de Alergias. Resultados: 79.7 % de los pacientes presentó rinitis, 54.9 % asma, 34.5 % conjuntivitis y 16.4 % dermatitis atópica. De 12 546 dosis subcutánea con extractos tirosinados se registraron 45 reacciones sistémicas: 12 grado 1 (30 %), 27 de grado 2 (67.5 %) y 1 grado 3 (2.5 %); la tasa de reacción fue de 0.35 por cada 100 inyecciones administradas, que representó una incidencia de 5.8 %. No se registraron reacciones fatales. Conclusión: Con la inmunoterapia subcutánea con extractos tirosinados de Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus y Blomia tropicalis se presentó una frecuencia de reacciones sistémicas similar a la informada con otros extractos.

Urticaria crónica espontánea: revisión de la literatura / Spontaneous chronic urticaria: A literature review

Resumen: la urticaria crónica espontánea es una enfermedad que produce gran compromiso en la calidad de vida del paciente y de la que aún se desconocen, en gran parte, los mecanismos fisiopatológicos asociados, ya que no son generalizables en todos los individuos. Existen factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos implicados en el desarrollo y persistencia de la enfermedad, los cuales pueden actuar de forma individual o coexistente. En esta revisión se proponen algunos cambios en la clasificación actual de la enfermedad, donde se incluye una subdivisión dentro de la urticaria crónica denominada urticaria crónica mixta, la cual hace referencia a los casos donde coexisten factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos para la aparición de la enfermedad en el mismo individuo. Algunos procesos infecciosos virales, bacterianos y parasitarios se han asociado en el desarrollo o severidad de los síntomas de la urticaria crónica en un subgrupo de pacientes, por lo tanto, son incluidos como factores extrínsecos del individuo dentro de las urticarias crónicas inducibles no físicas. Estas modificaciones son propuestas con el fin de optimizar el diagnóstico y manejo de los pacientes con urticaria crónica mixta. (AU)

Abstract: Chronic spontaneous urticaria is a disease that produces a great compromise in patient's quality of life. The associated pathophysiological mechanisms are still largely unknown because they are not generalizable to all individuals. There are intrinsic and extrinsic factors involved in the development and persistence of the disease that can act individually or coexist. In this review are proposing some changes in the current classification of the disease, which includes a subdivision into the chronic urticaria called mixed chronic urticaria that makes reference to cases where intrinsic and extrinsic factors coexist for the onset of the disease in the same individual. Some viral, bacterial and parasite infectious processes have been associated with the development or severity of chronic urticaria symptoms in a subgroup of patients, therefore, they are included as extrinsic factors to the individual within chronic inducible urticaria non-physical. These modifications are proposed in order to optimized the diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. (AU)

Determinación de la seguridad de la inmunoterapia subcutánea con extractos polimerizados de dermatophagoides farinae, dermatophagoides pteronyssinus y blomia tropicalis / Safety determination of subcutaneous immunotherapy with dermatophagoides farinae, dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and blomia tropicalis polymerized extracts administered in allergic disease patients

Introducción: las enfermedades alérgicas afectan la calidad de vida de quienes las padecen y en los últimos años su prevalencia ha aumentado significativamente.La inmunoterapia con extractos alergénicos es usada para mejorar el curso de la enfermedad; no obstante, aún es necesario conocer su efectividad y seguridad. Objetivo: describir las reacciones adversas sistémicas producidas por la administraciónde inmunoterapia subcutánea con extractos polimerizados de ácaros. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo de pacientes con enfermedad alérgica mediada por IgE que recibieron inmunoterapia subcutáneacon extractos polimerizados de Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus y Blomia tropicalis en el servicio de Alergología Clínica de la IPS Universitaria de la Universidad de Antioquia (Medellín, Colombia). Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables demográficas y clínicas y su asociación con el riesgo de reacción adversa sistémica. Resultados: se incluyeron 622 pacientes;92,8% con diagnóstico de rinitis, 60,3% de asma, 56,9% de conjuntivitis y 19,6% de dermatitis atópica. Un total de 73 (11,7%) pacientes experimentaron reacciones sistémicas adversas (razón de reacción/inyección = 1,06 x 100 inyecciones); de estos 47 (64,4%) recibieron adrenalina intramuscular. El 93,1% de los pacientes presentaron reacciones sistémicas grado 1 y 2. El asma fue el diagnóstico con mayor riesgo de presentar reacción sistémica (riesgo relativo = 1,96). Conclusiones: la inmunoterapia subcutánea con extractos polimerizados de ácarosadministrada en pacientes con enfermedad alérgica demostró ser segura. No obstante, debe ser indicada y aplicada por personal clínico experto y advertírsele al paciente sobre los posibles riesgos y efectos adversos.

Introduction: allergic diseases affect the quality of life from who have them and their prevalence has significantly increased in recent years. Immunotherapy with allergenic extracts is used to improve the natural course of allergic diseases. However,it is still necessary to know their effectiveness and safety. Objective: To describe the systemic adverse reactions caused by the administration of subcutaneous immunotherapy with mites polymerized extracts. Materials and methods: It was performed a retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with allergic disease IgE mediated, who received subcutaneous immunotherapy with polymerizedextracts of Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus y Blomia tropicalis in the Clinical Allergy Service from IPS Universitaria of Universidad de Antioquia (Medellin, Colombia). A descriptive analysis of demographic and clinical variables and their association with the risk of systemic adverse reaction was made. Results: It was included a total of 622 patients; 92.8% were diagnosedwith rhinitis, 60.3% with asthma, 56.9% conjunctivitis and 19.6% atopic dermatitis. A total of 73 (11.7%) patients experienced systemic reactions (ratio of reaction/injection= 1.06 x 100 injections). Of them, 47 (64.4%) patients received intramuscular adrenaline. From all patients 93.1% had systemic reactions grade 1 and 2. Asthma was diagnosed with increased risk of systemic reaction (relative risk = 1.96). Conclusions: Subcutaneous immunotherapy with polymerised mites extracts administered in patients with allergic disease showed to be safe. However, it should be indicate and applied by trained clinical personnel and warning patients about the potential risks and adverse effects.

Reacciones adversas cutáneas severas a medicamentos: estado del conocimiento / Severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions: state of knowledge

Resumen: las reacciones adversas a medicamentos afectan de manera global entre el 10% y el 20% de los pacientes hospitalizados y el 7% de los pacientes ambulatorios. Aproximadamente, uno de cada mil pacientes hospitalizados sufren reacciones adversas que amenazan la vida. Las reacciones adversas a medicamentos, denominadas como reacciones alérgicas (inmunológicas), se pueden agrupar según la clasificación de Gell y Coombs en: tipo I (mediada por IgE), tipo II (citotóxica), tipo III (por inmunocomplejos) y tipo IV (hipersensibilidad retardada o celular). Actualmente, las reacciones tipo IV se subclasifican según la célula efectora involucrada y sus correspondientes citoquinas. Estos subgrupos se definen como: tipo IVa (con activación del perfil Th1, los macrófagos como células efectoras y liberación de INF-γ y TNF-α), tipo IVb (con activación del perfil Th2, los eosinófilos como células efectoras y liberación de citoquinas como la IL-5, la IL-4 y la IL-13), tipo IVc (con los linfocitos T citotóxicos como células efectoras y liberación de granzimas B y perforinas) y tipo IVd (con los neutrófilos como células efectoras y liberación de CXCL8 y factor estimulante de colonias de granulocitos y macrófagos). La presente revisión se centra en la epidemiología, etiología, fisiopatología y manifestaciones clínicas de las reacciones adversas cutáneas severas a medicamentos como el síndrome de Stevens Johnson, la necrólisis epidérmica tóxica, el síndrome DRESS y la pustulosis exantemática generalizada aguda (AU)

Abstract: Adverse drug reactions affect globally between 10% to 20% of hospitalized patients and 7% of outpatients. Approximately one in 1,000 hospitalized patients suffer life-threatening adverse reactions. Adverse reactions to drugs, called allergic reactions (immunological), can be grouped according to the Gell and Coombs classification: type I (IgE mediated), type II (cytotoxic), type III (by immunocomplexes), and type IV (delayed or cellular hypersensitivity). Currently type IV reactions are subclassified according to the effector cell involved and its corresponding cytokines. These subgroups are defined as: type IVa (activation of Th1 profile, effector cell macrophages, and release of INF-γ and TNF-α); type IVb (Th2 profile activation, effector cell eosinophil, and release of cytokines such as IL-5, IL-4 and IL-13); type IVc (effector cell cytotoxic T lymphocytes and release of granzymes B and perforins); and type IVd (effector cell neutrophil and release of CXCL8 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor). The present review focuses on the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions such as Stevens Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, DRESS syndrome, and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, as well as a therapeutic approach in each of these diseases. (AU)

Drug-Induced Anaphylaxis in Latin American Countries.

BACKGROUND: Information regarding the clinical features and management of drug-induced anaphylaxis (DIA) in Latin America is lacking. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess implicated medications, demographics, and treatments received for DIA in Latin American patients referred to national specialty centers for evaluation. METHOD: A database previously used to compile information on drug-induced allergic reactions in 11 Latin American countries was used to identify and characterize patients presenting specifically with a clinical diagnosis of DIA. Information regarding clinical presentation, causative agent(s), diagnostic studies performed, treatment, and contributing factors associated with increased reaction severity was analyzed. RESULTS: There were 1005 patients evaluated for possible drug hypersensitivity reactions during the study interval, and 264 (26.3%) met criteria for DIA. DIA was more frequent in adults and in elderly females (N = 129 [76.6%] and N = 30 [75%], respectively) compared with children and/or adolescents (N = 21 [42.9%], P < .01). Severe DIA was less frequent with underlying asthma (N = 22 vs 35 [38.6% vs 61.4%], P < .05) or atopy (N = 62 vs 71 [43% vs 59% ], P < .01). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (N = 178 [57.8%]), beta-lactam antibiotics (N = 44 [14.3%]), and other antibiotics (N = 16 [5.2%]) were the most frequently implicated drug classes. Anaphylaxis was rated as severe in N = 133 (50.4%) and anaphylactic shock (AS) was present in N = 90 (34.1%). Epinephrine was only used in N = 73 (27.6%) overall, but in N = 70 (77.8%) of patients with AS. CONCLUSION: In Latin American patients referred for evaluation of DIA, NSAIDs and antibiotics were implicated in approximately 80% of cases. Most of these reactions were treated in the emergency department. Epinephrine was administered in only 27.6% of all cases, although more frequently for anaphylactic shock. Dissemination of anaphylaxis guidelines among emergency department physicians should be encouraged to improve management of DIA.

Prevalencia e impacto clínico de la sensibilización a látex y frutas en estudiantes de odontología de la Universidad de Antioquia y su relación con alergia a frutas / Prevalence and clinical impact of sensitization to latex and fruits in dentistry students at the University of Antioquia, and its relationship with allergy to fruits / Prevalência e impacto clínico da sensibilização a látex e frutas em estudantes de Odontologia da Universidade de Antioquia e sua relação com alergia a frutas

Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia y el impacto clínico de la sensibilización al látex y a cinco frutas tropicales (banano, aguacate, kiwi, piña y maracuyá) en estudiantes de odontología. Métodos: estudio transversal analítico de 128 estudiantes de odontología de la Universidad de Antioquia; se recolectó la información mediante un cuestionario y se hicieron pruebas intraepidérmicas con látex y frutas. Resultados: todos los estudiantes habían tenido contacto con látex; nueve refirieron al menos un episodio de reacción adversa al contacto con látex sin sensibilización probada al mismo. Cinco informaron al menos una reacción con una de las frutas, pero los resultados fueron negativos en las pruebas cutáneas. Cuatro de los 14 que informaron síntomas gastrointestinales estaban sensibilizados al látex o a alguna de las frutas. La tasa global de sensibilización al látex fue del 3,1%. Conclusión: el porcentaje de sensibilización al látex hallado en nuestro estudio está por debajo del publicado lo que puede ser debido a la expresión de mecanismos inmunológicos diferentes a la mediación IgE. No se logró demostrar más sensibilización al látex en función del mayor número de semestres cursados. Se debe destacar la asociación entre síntomas gastrointestinales y la sensibilización tanto a frutas como al látex.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and clinical impact of sensitization to latex and to five tropical fruits (banana, avocado, kiwi, pineapple and passion fruit) in dentistry students. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study of 128 dentistry students at University of Antioquia in Medellín, Colombia. Information was collected by means of a questionnaire and skin prick tests with latex and fruits were done. Results: All students reported having had contact with latex. Nine of them informed at least one episode of adverse reaction to contact with latex without proof of sensitization to it. Five reported at least one reaction with one of the fruits, but skin prick tests were negative. Four of the 14 students who reported gastrointestinal symptoms were sensitized to latex or to one of the tested fruits. Overall, latex sensitization rate was 3.1%. Conclusion: This percentage of sensitization to latex is lower than that in other studies; this may be due to the expression of immune mechanisms other than IgE mediation. We failed to demonstrate a higher sensitization rate to latex as students advanced in their career. The association between gastrointestinal symptoms and sensitization to both fruit and latex is to be emphasized.

Objetivo: determinar a prevalência e o impacto clínico da sensibilização ao látex e a cinco frutas tropicais (banana, abacate, kiwi, pinha e maracujá) em estudantes de odontologia. Métodos: estudo transversal analítico de 128 estudantes de odontologia da Universidade de Antioquia; coletou-se a informação mediante um questionário e se fizeram provas intraepidérmicas com látex e frutas. Resultados: todos os estudantes tinham tido contato com látex; nove referiram ao menos um episódio de reação adversa ao contato com látex sem sensibilização provada ao mesmo. Cinco informaram ao menos uma reação com uma das frutas, mas os resultados foram negativos nas provas cutâneas. Quatro dos 14 que informaram sintomas gastrointestinais estavam sensibilizados ao látex ou a alguma das frutas. A taxa global de sensibilização ao látex foi de 3,1%. Conclusão: a porcentagem de sensibilização ao látex achado em nosso estudo está por embaixo do publicado, que pode ser devido à expressão de mecanismos imunológicos diferentes à mediação IgE. Não se conseguiu demonstrar mais sensibilização ao látex em função do maior número de semestres cursados. Deve-se destacar a associação entre sintomas gastrointestinais e a sensibilização tanto a frutas como ao látex.

Inmunoterapia con alérgenos: cuándo y por qué? / Allergen immunotherapy: when and why? / Imunoterapia com alérgenos: quando e por quê?

La inmunoterapia específica con alérgenos es el único tratamiento que modifica el curso natural de algunas enfermedades alérgicas como asma, rinitis, conjuntivitis, dermatitis atópica y alergia al veneno de himenópteros. Sin embargo, aún existe cierta controversia respecto a su seguridad y su utilidad clínica. En el presente artículo se presenta una revisión de los mecanismos moleculares, las indicaciones y contraindicaciones de dicha inmunoterapia, y se evalúan su seguridad y eficacia en cada una de estas enfermedades mediante casos ilustrativos y una breve revisión del tema.

Allergen specific immunotherapy is currently the only treatment that modifies the natural course of allergic diseases. Its present indications are asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis and hymenoptera venom allergy. However, there still is some controversy regarding its safety and clinical utility. In this article, we present a review about the molecular mechanisms, indications, contraindications, safety and efficacy of immunotherapy in each one of these diseases, by means of illustrative cases.

tratamento que modifica o curso natural de algumas doenças alérgicas como asma, rinite, conjuntivite, dermatite atópica e alergia ao veneno de himenópteros. No entanto, ainda existe certa controvérsia com respeito a sua segurança e sua utilidade clínica. No presente artigo se apresenta uma revisão dos mecanismos moleculares, as indicações e contraindicações de dita imunoterapia, e se avaliam sua segurança e eficácia em cada uma destas doenças mediante casos ilustrativos e uma breve revisão do tema.

Desensibilización al ácido acetil-salicílico como tratamiento para la enfermedad respiratoria exacerbada por antiinflamatorios no esteroides / Desensitization to acetyl-salicylic acid as a treatment for non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)-exacerbated respiratory disease

La coexistencia de hipersensibilidad al ácido acetil salicílico (ASA) y a otros antiinflamatorios no esteroides (AINE) con enfermedad de la vía aérea superior (rinosinusitis/poliposis nasosinusal) o inferior (asma) se denomina enfermedad respiratoria exacerbada por ASA (EREA). Las opciones de tratamiento incluyen la evitación de todos los analgésicos inhibidores de la ciclooxigenasa 1 (COX-1) o la desensibilización a ASA, continuando su consumo diario. Esta última opción terapéutica ha demostrado mejorar la calidad de vida, reducir la formación de pólipos nasosinusales, los episodios de sinusitis infecciosa, la frecuencia de las hospitalizaciones y de las cirugías para resección de pólipos; también mejora la hiposmia y reduce la necesidad de tratamiento con esteroides sistémicos. Se han usado múltiples esquemas de desensibilización, tratando de reducir el riesgo asociado con el procedimiento y los efectos adversos derivados del consumo crónico de ASA. En este artículo se presentan una revisión de los diferentes esquemas de desensibilización y dos casos clínicos ilustrativos que sirven de ejemplo para comprender mejor los factores que influyen en la elección del tratamiento para los pacientes con esta enfermedad.

The coexistence of hypersensitivity to acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and other NSAIDs with disease of the upper or the lower airways (rhinosinusitis/sinonasal polyposis, or asthma) is defined as NSAIDs-exacerbated respiratory disease. Treatment options include the avoidance of all analgesics that inhibit COX-1 or ASA desensitization, continuing its daily consumption. The latter treatment has shown to improve quality of life, reduce the formation of sinonasal polyps, the episodes of sinus infection, the frequency of hospitalizations and surgeries for resection of polyps and the need for systemic steroid treatment. Multiple desensitization schedules have been used, trying to reduce the risk associated with the procedure and the adverse effects of chronic use of ASA. In this paper we present a review of the different methods of desensitization and two illustrative clinical cases to help understand the factors that influence the choice of treatment for these patients.

Multinational experience with hypersensitivity drug reactions in Latin America.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic drug allergy data from Latin America are scarce, and there are no studies on specific procedures focusing on this topic in Latin America. OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical characteristics and management of hypersensitivity drug reactions in different Latin American countries. METHODS: An European Network of Drug Allergy questionnaire survey was implemented in 22 allergy units in 11 Latin American countries to report on consecutive patients who presented with a suspected hypersensitivity drug reaction. Each unit used its own protocols to investigate patients. RESULTS: Included were 868 hypersensitivity drug reactions in 862 patients (71% of adults and elderly patients were women and 51% of children were girls, P = .0001). Children presented with less severe reactions than adults and elderly patients (P < .0001). Urticaria and angioedema accounted for the most frequent clinical presentations (71%), whereas anaphylaxis was present in 27.3% of cases. There were no deaths reported. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (52.3%), ß-lactam antibiotics (13.8%), and other antibiotics (10.1%) were the drugs used most frequently. Skin prick tests (16.7%) and provocation tests (34.2%) were the study procedures most commonly used. A large proportion of patients were treated in the emergency department (62%) with antihistamines (68%) and/or corticosteroids (53%). Only 22.8% of patients presenting with anaphylaxis received epinephrine. CONCLUSION: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics were the drugs used in at least 75% of patients. More than half the reactions were treated in the emergency department, whereas epinephrine was administered in fewer than 25% of patients with anaphylaxis. Dissemination of guidelines for anaphylaxis among primary and emergency department physicians should be encouraged.

Síndrome hipereosinofílico y síndrome de Churg-Strauss ¿Espectro de una misma enfermedad? Nuevos conceptos / Hypereosinophilic syndrome and Churg-Strauss syndrome Spectrum of the same disease? New concepts

Propósito de la revisión: revisar la literatura actual sobre el síndrome hipereosinofílico y establecercuáles son las diferencias y semejanzas con el síndrome de Churg-Strauss. Fuente de datos: revisión estructurada de la literatura médica, en las bases de datos Pubmed, Medline y Cochrane. Selección de estudios: se limitó la búsqueda a los artículos de revisión, guías de manejo y meta-análisis, sin límites en idioma ni fecha de publicación, utilizando los términos MESH: hypereosinophilic síndrome, eosinophilic, Churg-Strauss sindrome. Se acoplaron a términos como: update, review, associations. Extracción de datos: se hizo la lectura del resumen de 232 trabajos de los cuales se seleccionaron 111 que eran representativos para el tema de esta revisión, después de una clasificación y ordenamiento, se procedió a la redacción del texto. Conclusiones: el síndrome hipereosinofílico comprende un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades con presentaciones clínicas muy variadas, para algunos autores el síndrome de Churg-Strauss o más recientemente conocido como granulomatosis eosinofílica con poliangiítis hace parte de este gran síndrome pero para otros, deben considerarse como entidades aparte. (Acta Med Colomb 2014; 39: 174-184).

Purpose of review: to review the current literature on the hypereosinophilic syndrome and establish which are the differences and similarities with Churg-Strauss syndrome. Source of data: structured review of the medical literature in databases Pubmed, Medline and Cochrane. Study selection: the search was limited to review articles, management guidelines and meta-analysis with no limits on language or publication date, using the MESH terms: hypereosinophilic syndrome, eosinophilic, Churg-Strauss syndrome. These were coupled to terms like:update, review, association. Data extraction: reading of the summary of 232 studies was made. Of these, 111 that were representative for the subject of this review, were selected, and after an ordered classification system, the wording was performed. Conclusions: The hypereosinophilic syndrome comprises a heterogeneous group of diseases with varied clinical presentations; for some authors, Churg-Strauss, more recently known as eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, is part of this great syndrome, but for others these should be considered as separate entities. (Acta Med Colomb 2014; 39: 174-184).

[Effectiveness of allergen immunotherapy in patients with vernal keratoconjuctivitis]. / Efectividad de la inmunoterapia con alergenos en pacientes con queratoconjuntivitis vernal.

BACKGROUND: Allergen immunotherapy has demonstrated usefulness in the management of allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis. However, little is known about its effectiveness in vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), a disease mediated by IgE and lymphocytes, that can cause loss of visual acuity in a permanent way. OBJECTIVE: To describe safety and effectiveness of allergen immunotherapy in a group of patients with VKC. METHODS: From a sample of 575 patients sensitized to house dust mites, who received ultra-rush immunotherapy for asthma, allergic rhinoconjuctivitis or atopic dermatitis, 28 patients with VKC were selected and a retrospective analysis was performed with the evaluation of factors related to safety, pharmacological treatment and clinical response to immunotherapy.. RESULTS: Twenty eight patients with VKC who received allergen immunotherapy were studied. There were 21 men and 7 women, with an average age of 11 years. A total of 490 doses were administered (35 for build-up and 455 for maintenance) for different periods. The average number of doses per patient was 17. There were no local or systemic reactions. Seventy one percent of the patients presented a clear reduction in the use of medications, with an improvement in symptoms 89% and physical findings 68%. CONCLUSIONS: Allergen immunotherapy seems to be a safe and efficient treatment for patients with VKC, and can contribute along with pharmacological management to the improvement of symptoms and reduction in the use of medications.