Modulation of the Excited States of Ruthenium(II)-perylene Dyad to Access Near-IR Luminescence, Long-Lived Perylene Triplet State and Singlet Oxygen Photosensitization.

Herein, we present a novel ruthenium(II)-perylene dyad (RuPDI-Py) that combines the photophysical properties of pyrrolidine-substituted perylene diimide (PDI-Py) and the ruthenium(II) polypyridine complex [Ru(phen)3]2+. A comprehensive study of excited-state dynamics was carried out using time-resolved and steady-state methods in a dimethyl sulfoxide solution. The RuPDI-Py dyad demonstrated excitation wavelength-dependent photophysical behavior. Upon photoexcitation above 600 nm, the dyad exclusively exhibits the near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence of the 1PDI-Py state at 785 nm (τfl = 1.50 ns). In contrast, upon photoexcitation between 350 and 450 nm, the dyad also exhibits a photoinduced electron transfer from the {[Ru(phen)3]2+} moiety to PDI-Py, generating the charge-separated intermediate state {Ru(III)-(PDI-Py)•-} (4 µs). This state subsequently decays to the long-lived triplet excited state 3PDI-Py (36 µs), which is able to sensitize singlet oxygen (1O2). Overall, tuning 1O2 photoactivation or NIR fluorescence makes RuPDI-Py a promising candidate for using absorbed light energy to perform the desired functions in theranostic applications.

Antioxidant activity of an Mg(II) compound containing ferulic acid as a chelator: potential application for active packaging and riboflavin stabilisation.

Foods rich in riboflavin (Rf) are susceptible to degradation due to oxidative processes with the formation of radicals. Herein, we describe the features and stability of an Mg(II) complex containing ferulic acid (fer) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) as chelators: henceforth called Mg(phen)(fer). The electrochemical behavior of Mg(phen)(fer) is pH dependent and results from the stabilisation of the corresponding phenoxyl radical via complexation with Mg(II). This stabilisation enhances the antioxidant activity of Mg(phen)(fer) with respect to free fer and commercial antioxidants. Mg(phen)(fer) scavenges and neutralizes DPPH˙ (IC50 = 15.6 µmol L-1), ABTS˙+ (IC50 = 5.65 µmol L-1), peroxyl radical (IC50 = 5.64 µg L-1) and 1O2 (IC50 = 0.7 µg m-1). Mg(phen)(fer) effectively protects riboflavin (Rf) against photodegradation by quenching the singlet excited states of Rf regardless of the conditions. Also, the complex Mg(phen)(fer) was effectively incorporated into starch films, broadening its applications, as shown by microbiological studies. Thus, Mg(phen)(fer) has high potential for use in Rf-rich foods and to become a new alternative to the synthetic antioxidants currently used.

New ruthenium-xanthoxylin complex eliminates colorectal cancer stem cells by targeting the heat shock protein 90 chaperone.

In this work, we describe a novel ruthenium-xanthoxylin complex, [Ru(phen)2(xant)](PF6) (RXC), that can eliminate colorectal cancer (CRC) stem cells by targeting the chaperone Hsp90. RXC exhibits potent cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines and primary cancer cells, causing apoptosis in HCT116 CRC cells, as observed by cell morphology, YO-PRO-1/PI staining, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial depolarization, and PARP cleavage (Asp214). Additionally, RXC can downregulate the HSP90AA1 and HSP90B1 genes and the expression of HSP90 protein, as well as the expression levels of its downstream/client elements Akt1, Akt (pS473), mTOR (pS2448), 4EBP1 (pT36/pT45), GSK-3ß (pS9), and NF-κB p65 (pS529), implying that these molecular chaperones can be molecular targets for RXC. Moreover, this compound inhibited clonogenic survival, the percentage of the CRC stem cell subpopulation, and colonosphere formation, indicating that RXC can eliminate CRC stem cells. RXC reduced cell migration and invasion, decreased vimentin and increased E-cadherin expression, and induced an autophagic process that appeared to be cytoprotective, as autophagy inhibitors enhanced RXC-induced cell death. In vivo studies showed that RXC inhibits tumor progression and experimental metastasis in mice with CRC HCT116 cell xenografts. Taken together, these results highlight the potential of the ruthenium complex RXC in CRC therapy with the ability to eliminate CRC stem cells by targeting the chaperone Hsp90.

Luminescent imaging of insulin amyloid aggregation using a sensitive ruthenium-based probe in the red region.

A sensitive and selective strategy to identify insulin fibrils remains a challenge for researchers in amyloid protein research. Thus, it is critical to detect, in vitro, the species generated during amyloid aggregation, particularly the fibrillar species. Here we demonstrate that the luminescent complex cis-[Ru(phen)2(3,4Apy)2]2+ (RuApy; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline; 3,4Apy = 3,4-diaminopyridine) is a rapid, low-cost alternative to in vitro detection of fibrillar insulin, using conventional optical techniques. The RuApy complex displays emission intensity enhancement at 655 nm when associated with insulin, which enables imaging of the conformational changes of the protein's self-aggregation. The complex shows high sensitivity to fibrillar insulin with a limit of detection of 0.85 µM and binding affinity of 12.40 ± 1.84 µM which is comparable to those of Thioflavin T and Congo red, with the advantage of minimizing background fluorescence, absorption of light by biomolecules, and light scattering from physiologic salts in the medium.

Probing the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of a novel Ru(II) polypyridyl complex and the supramolecular interaction by (STD)-NMR.

Currently, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are the only anti-Alzheimer drugs commercially available. Despite their wide use those drugs are all dose dependent and their effect last for no longer than two years, with several side effects. The search of novel acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors remains as the main scientific route. Here we describe the synthesis, characterization, biological activity and an NMR binding-target study of a novel cis-[Ru(Bpy)2(EtPy)2]2+, (RuEtPy), Bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and EtPy = 4,2-Ethylamino-pyridine) as a potential AChE inhibitor. The classic Ellman's colorimetric assay suggests that the RuEtPy exhibits a high inhibitory activity, following a competitive mechanism, with a remarkable low inhibition constant (Ki ≈ 16.8 µM), together with a IC50 = 39 µM. Hence, we have studied the spatial interactions for this novel candidate towards the human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) using saturation transfer difference (STD)-NMR, in order to describe the mechanism of the interaction. NMR binding-target results shows that the 4,2-Ethylamino-Pyridine group is spatially closer to hAChE surface chemical arrangement than 2,2' bipyridine counterpart, exerting an efficient intermolecular interaction, with a low dissociation constant (KD ≈ 55 µM), probing that 4,2-Ethylamino-pyridine motif plays a key role in the inhibitory action.

Comparison of Aß (1-40, 1-28, 11-22, and 29-40) aggregation processes and inhibition of toxic species generated in early stages of aggregation by a water-soluble ruthenium complex.

Neurotoxicity of amyloid beta (Aß) species generated in early stages of aggregation has been associated with development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Consequently, the field of action of compounds that can identify and inhibit the formation of these species has enlarged considerably. This study investigates the effect and influence of the luminescent, water soluble metal complex cis-[Ru(phen)2(3,4Apy)2]2+ (RuApy, 3,4Apy = 3,4-diaminopyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) on the aggregation process and toxicity of Aß1-40 and its Aß1-28, Aß11-22 and Aß29-40 fragments since their early stages. The absence of correlation between the conformations generated by Aß fragments and the full length 1-40 peptide during aggregation and the absence of toxicity of Aß fragments to PC12 cells in all stages of aggregation indicated that the aggregation pathway and toxicity found to the full-length Aß1-40 depends on specific interactions between the three fragments. The toxicity of Aß1-40 was dependent on the aggregation step investigated: species generated at the beginning (15 min) of aggregation were toxic, whereas mature (120 min) fibrils were not. The RuApy complex is not toxic to PC12 cells up to 60 µM, and does not interfere with the aggregation pathway of the Aß fragments, but interferes with the aggregation of Aß1-40 and protects the PC12 cells, maintaining 100% of cell viability against the toxicity of Aß1-40 species generated in early stages of aggregation.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Low-Toxicity Study of a Magnesium(II) Complex Containing an Isovanillate Group.

The beneficial effect of polyphenols and magnesium(II) against oxidative stress motivated our research group to explore the antioxidant activity of phenMgIso, an aqueous soluble magnesium(II) complex containing 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and isovanillic acid (Iso) as ligands. Combined electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry and DOSY-NMR techniques identified two complexes in methanolic solution: hexacoordinated [Mg(phen)2(Iso)]+ and tetracoordinated [Mg(phen)(Iso)]+. The cyclic voltammogram of phenMgIso in the anodic region showed a cyclic process that interrupts the isovanillic acid degradation, probably by stabilization of the corresponding phenoxyl radical via complexation with Mg(II), which is interesting for antioxidant applications. phenMgIso competes with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine by 1O2 with IC50(1O2) = 15 µg m-1 and with nitrotetrazolium blue chloride by superoxide ions (IC50(O2 •-) = 3.6 µg mL-1). Exposure of both zebrafish (2 mg L-1) and wistar male rats (3 mg kg-1 day-1 dose for 21 days) to phenMgIso does not cause mortality or visual changes compared with the respective control groups, thus phenMgIso could be considered safe under the conditions of this study. Moreover, no significant changes in comparison to both control groups were observed in the biochemical parameters on the brain-acetylcholinesterase activity, digestive tract enzyme catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase. Conversely, the performance of superoxide dismutase activity in wistar male rats increased in the presence of a complex, resulting in enhanced capacity of rats for superoxide radical enzymatic scavenging. The synergistic action of phenMgIso may be explained by the strong electrostatic interaction between Mg(II) and the O,O(phenolate) group, which makes the Iso ligand easier to oxidize and deprotonate, generating a cyclic stable species under oxidative conditions.

A novel ruthenium complex with xanthoxylin induces S-phase arrest and causes ERK1/2-mediated apoptosis in HepG2 cells through a p53-independent pathway.

Ruthenium-based compounds have gained great interest due to their potent cytotoxicity in cancer cells; however, much of their potential applications remain unexplored. In this paper, we report the synthesis of a novel ruthenium complex with xanthoxylin (RCX) and the investigation of its cellular and molecular action in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. We found that RCX exhibited a potent cytotoxic effect in a panel of cancer cell lines in monolayer cultures and in a 3D model of multicellular cancer spheroids formed from HepG2 cells. This compound is detected at a high concentration in the cell nuclei, induces DNA intercalation and inhibits DNA synthesis, arresting the cell cycle in the S-phase, which is followed by the activation of the caspase-mediated apoptosis pathway in HepG2 cells. Gene expression analysis revealed changes in the expression of genes related to cell cycle control, apoptosis and the MAPK pathway. In addition, RCX induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and pretreatment with U-0126, an MEK inhibitor known to inhibit the activation of ERK1/2, prevented RCX-induced apoptosis. In contrast, pretreatment with a p53 inhibitor (cyclic pifithrin-α) did not prevent RCX-induced apoptosis, indicating the activation of a p53-independent apoptosis pathway. RCX also presented a potent in vivo antitumor effect in C.B-17 SCID mice engrafted with HepG2 cells. Altogether, these results indicate that RCX is a novel anticancer drug candidate.

Luminescent Ru(II) Phenanthroline Complexes as a Probe for Real-Time Imaging of Aß Self-Aggregation and Therapeutic Applications in Alzheimer's Disease.

The complexes cis-[Ru(phen)2(Apy)2]2+, Apy = 4-aminopyridine and 3,4-aminopyridine, are stable in aqueous solution with strong visible absorption. They present emission in the visible region with long lifetime that accumulates in the cytoplasm of Neuro2A cell line without appreciable cytotoxicity. The complexes also serve as mixed-type reversible inhibitors of human AChE and BuChE with high active site contact. cis-[Ru(phen)2(3,4Apy)2]2+ competes efficiently with DMPO by the OH• radical. Luminescence using fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) enables real-time imaging of the conformational changes of the self-aggregation of Aß with incubation of complexes (0-24 h) in phosphate buffer at micromolar concentrations. By this technique, we identified protofibrills in the self-assembly of Aß1-40 and globular structures in the short fragment Aß15-21 in aqueous solution.

Luminescent ruthenium complexes for theranostic applications.

The water-soluble and visible luminescent complexes cis-[Ru(L-L)2(L)2](2+) where L-L = 2,2-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline and L= imidazole, 1-methylimidazole, and histamine have been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic techniques. Spectroscopic (circular dichroism, saturation transfer difference NMR, and diffusion ordered spectroscopy NMR) and isothermal titration calorimetry studies indicate binding of cis-[Ru(phen)2(ImH)2](2+) and human serum albumin occurs via noncovalent interactions with K(b) = 9.8 × 10(4) mol(-1) L, ΔH = -11.5 ± 0.1 kcal mol(-1), and TΔS = -4.46 ± 0.3 kcal mol(-1). High uptake of the complex into HCT116 cells was detected by luminescent confocal microscopy. Cytotoxicity of cis-[Ru(phen)2(ImH)2](2+) against proliferation of HCT116p53(+/+) and HCT116p53(-/-) shows IC50 values of 0.1 and 0.7 µmol L(-1). Flow cytometry and western blot indicate RuphenImH mediates cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase in both cells and is more prominent in p53(+/+). The complex activates proapoptotic PARP in p53(-/-), but not in p53(+/+). A cytostatic mechanism based on quantification of the number of cells during the time period of incubation is suggested.

Photosolvolysis of cis-[Ru(α-diimine)2(4-aminopyridine)2](2+) complexes: photophysical, spectroscopic, and density functional theory analysis.

The photochemical and photophysical properties of the cis-[Ru(II)(α-diimine)2(4-APy)2](2+) complexes, where α-diimine = 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and 4-APy = 4-aminopyridine I, 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Ph2phen) II, 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) III, and 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (Me2bpy) IV, are reported. The four complexes were characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography, (1)H NMR, UV-visible, emission, and transient absorption spectroscopy. Upon photolysis in acetonitrile solution these complexes undergo 4-APy dissociation to give the monoacetonitrile complex (for II, III, and IV) or the bis(acetonitrile) complex (for I). A fairly wide range of excitation wavelengths (from 420 to 580 nm) were employed to explore the photophysics of these systems. Quantum yields and transient spectra are provided. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT analysis of singlet and triplet excited states facilitated our understanding of the photochemical behavior. A detailed assessment of the geometric and electronic structures of the lowest energy spin triplet charge transfer state ((3)MLCT) and spin triplet metal centered state ((3)MC) (dπ → σ* transitions) for species I-IV is presented. A second, previously unobserved, and nondissociative, (3)MC state is identified and is likely involved in the primary step of photodissociation. This new (3)MC state may indeed play a major role in many other photodissociation processes.

Structural effects on the hesperidin properties obtained by chelation to magnesium complexes.

The magnesium complex [Mg(hesp)2(phen)] (1), where hesp=hesperidin and phen=1,10'-phenanthroline, was synthesized and characterized by Elemental Analysis (C,H,N), atomic absorption and spectroscopic (FTIR, UV-visible, (1)H NMR) techniques. The congested structure facilitates the tilting and contact of the two hesperidin ligands by hydrogen bonding interactions having a stabilizer effect on the hesperidin. The hydrogen bonds are strongly affected by the solvent used which can lead to changes in the physical-chemical, luminescence and biologic properties of complex 1. Complex 1 is more hydrosoluble (S=472±3.05µgmL(-1)) and liposoluble (log P=-0.15±0.01) than free hesperidin (S=5.92±0.49µgmL(-1), log P=0.30). Oxidation of the complex in an aqueous solution and room temperature investigated by cyclic voltammetry resulted in a very stable two-electron cyclic process to form the phenoxonium neutral, cation and dication radicals. The stability of the voltammetric process indicates that the species produced are never exhausted and does not lead to changes in the coordination sphere composition. The complex was found to be a better radical scavenger for superoxide radical (IC50=68.3µM at pH7.8) than free hesperidin (IC50=116.68µmolL(-1)) and vitamin C (IC50=852µmolL(-1)). The strong blue fluorescence of complex 1 switches through loss of luminescence in pure water/protic organic solvents or when protected from water (in octanol for example as a model of phospholipid membranes). These features provide an opportunity to map the reactivity of hesperidin in the physiologic medium. In this context, a high uptake of complex into HeLa cells was detected by fluorescence microscopy. The blue fluorescence was uniformly distributed mainly in per nucleic region.

cis-Bis(1,10-phenanthroline-κ(2)N,N')bis-(pyridin-4-amine-κN(1))ruthenium(II) bis-(hexa-fluoridophosphate).

In the title complex, [Ru(C(12)H(8)N(2))(2)(C(5)H(6)N(2))(2)](PF(6))(2), the Ru(II) atom is bonded to two α-diimine ligands, viz. 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), in a cis configuration, in addition with with two 4-amino-pyridine (4Apy) ligands, resulting in a distorted octa-hedral coordination geometry. N-H⋯F hydrogen-bonding inter-actions play an important role in the crystal assembly: 2(1)-screw-axis-related complex mol-ecules and PF(6) (-) counter-ions alternate in helical chains formed along the a axis by means of these contacts. N-H⋯π contacts (H⋯centroid = 3.45 Å) are responsible for cross-linking between the helical chains along [001].

cis-Bis(2,2'-bipyridine-κ(2)N,N')bis-(pyridin-4-amine-κN(1))ruthenium(II) bis-(hexa-fluoridophosphate) acetonitrile monosolvate.

In the title complex, [Ru(C(10)H(8)N(2))(2)(C(5)H(6)N(2))(2)](PF(6))(2)·CH(3)CN, the Ru(II) atom is bonded to two α-diimine ligands, viz. 2,2'-bipyridine, in a cis configuration and to two 4-amino-pyridine (4Apy) ligands in the expected distorted octa-hedral configuration. The compound is isostructural with [Ru(C(10)H(8)N(2))(2)(C(5)H(6)N(2))(2)](ClO(4))(2)·CH(3)CN [Duan et al. (1999 ▶). J. Coord. Chem.46, 301-312] and both structures are stabilized by classical hydrogen bonds between 4Apy ligands as donors and counter-ions and acetonitrile solvent mol-ecules as acceptors. Indeed, N-H⋯F inter-actions give rise to an inter-molecularly locked assembly of two centrosymmetric complex mol-ecules and two PF(6) (-) counter-ions, which can be considered as the building units of both crystal architectures. The building blocks are connected to one another through hydrogen bonds between 4Apy and the connecting pieces made up of two centrosymmetric motifs with PF(6) (-) ions and acetonitrile mol-ecules, giving rise to ribbons running parallel to [011]. 2(1)-Screw-axis-related complex mol-ecules and PF(6) (-) counter-ions alternate in helical chains formed along the a axis by means of these contacts.

Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, photochemical and photophysical properties and biological activities of ruthenium complexes with mono- and bi-dentate histamine ligand.

The monodentate cis-[Ru(phen)(2)(hist)(2)](2+)1R and the bidentate cis-[Ru(phen)(2)(hist)](2+)2A complexes were prepared and characterized using spectroscopic ((1)H, ((1)H-(1)H)COSY and ((1)H-(13)C)HSQC NMR, UV-vis, luminescence) techniques. The complexes presented absorption and emission in the visible region, as well as a tri-exponential emission decay. The complexes are soluble in aqueous and non-aqueous solution with solubility in a buffer solution of pH 7.4 of 1.14 × 10(-3) mol L(-1) for (1R + 2A) and 6.43 × 10(-4) mol L(-1) for 2A and lipophilicity measured in an aqueous-octanol solution of -1.14 and -0.96, respectively. Photolysis in the visible region in CH(3)CN converted the starting complexes into cis-[Ru(phen)(2)(CH(3)CN)(2)](2+). Histamine photorelease was also observed in pure water and in the presence of BSA (1.0 × 10(-6) mol L(-1)). The bidentate coordination of the histamine to the ruthenium center in relation to the monodentate coordination increased the photosubstitution quantum yield by a factor of 3. Pharmacological studies showed that the complexes present a moderate inhibition of AChE with an IC(50) of 21 µmol L(-1) (referred to risvagtini, IC(50) 181 µmol L(-1) and galantamine IC(50) 0.006 µmol L(-1)) with no appreciable cytotoxicity toward to the HeLa cells (50% cell viability at 925 µmol L(-1)). Cell uptake of the complexes into HeLa cells was detected by fluorescence confocal microscopy. Overall, the observation of a luminescent complex that penetrates the cell wall and has low cytotoxicity, but is reactive photochemically, releasing histamine when irradiated with visible light, are interesting features for application of these complexes as phototherapeutic agents.

Reactivity, photolability, and computational studies of the ruthenium nitrosyl complex with a substituted cyclam fac-[Ru(NO)Cl2(κ3N4,N8,N11(1-carboxypropyl)cyclam)]Cl·H2O.

Chemical reactivity, photolability, and computational studies of the ruthenium nitrosyl complex with a substituted cyclam, fac-[Ru(NO)Cl(2)(κ(3)N(4),N(8),N(11)(1-carboxypropyl)cyclam)]Cl·H(2)O ((1-carboxypropyl)cyclam = 3-(1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecan-1-yl)propionic acid)), (I) are described. Chloride ligands do not undergo aquation reactions (at 25 °C, pH 3). The rate of nitric oxide (NO) dissociation (k(obs-NO)) upon reduction of I is 2.8 s(-1) at 25 ± 1 °C (in 0.5 mol L(-1) HCl), which is close to the highest value found for related complexes. The uncoordinated carboxyl of I has a pK(a) of ∼3.3, which is close to that of the carboxyl of the non coordinated (1-carboxypropyl)cyclam (pK(a) = 3.4). Two additional pK(a) values were found for I at ∼8.0 and ∼11.5. Upon electrochemical reduction or under irradiation with light (λ(irr) = 350 or 520 nm; pH 7.4), I releases NO in aqueous solution. The cyclam ring N bound to the carboxypropyl group is not coordinated, resulting in a fac configuration that affects the properties and chemical reactivities of I, especially as NO donor, compared with analogous trans complexes. Among the computational models tested, the B3LYP/ECP28MDF, cc-pVDZ resulted in smaller errors for the geometry of I. The computational data helped clarify the experimental acid-base equilibria and indicated the most favourable site for the second deprotonation, which follows that of the carboxyl group. Furthermore, it showed that by changing the pH it is possible to modulate the electron density of I with deprotonation. The calculated NO bond length and the Ru/NO charge ratio indicated that the predominant canonical structure is [Ru(III)NO], but the Ru-NO bond angles and bond index (b.i.) values were less clear; the angles suggested that [Ru(II)NO(+)] could contribute to the electronic structure of I and b.i. values indicated a contribution from [Ru(IV)NO(-)]. Considering that some experimental data are consistent with a [Ru(II)NO(+)] description, while others are in agreement with [Ru(III)NO], the best description for I would be a linear combination of the three canonical forms, with a higher weight for [Ru(II)NO(+)] and [Ru(III)NO].

Photochemical reactions of fac-[Mn(CO)3(phen)imidazole]+: evidence for long-lived radical species intermediates.

The electronic absorption spectrum of fac-[Mn(CO)(3)(phen)imH](+), fac-1 in CH(2)Cl(2) is characterized by a strong absorption band at 378 nm (epsilon(max) = 3200 mol(-1) L cm(-1)). On the basis of quantum mechanical calculations, the visible absorption band has been assigned to ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer (LLCT, im-->phen) and metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT, Mn-->phen) charge transfer transition. When fac-1 in CH(2)Cl(2) is irradiated with 350 nm continuous light, the absorption features are gradually shifted to represent those of the meridional complex mer-[Mn(CO)(3)(phen)imH](+), mer-1 (lambda(max) = 556 nm). The net photoreaction under these conditions is a photoisomerization, although, the presence of the long-lived radical species was also detected by (1)H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. 355 nm continuous photolysis of fac-1 in CH(3)CN solution also gives the long-lived intermediate which is readily trapped by metylviologen (MV(2+)) giving rise to the formation of the one-electron reduced methyl viologen (MV(*+)). The UV-vis spectra monitored during the slow (45 min) thermal back reaction exhibited isosbestic conversion at 426 nm. On the basis of spectroscopic techniques and quantum mechanical calculations, the role of the radicals produced is analyzed.

Photoinduced electron-transfer processes based on novel bipyridine-Ru(II) complex: properties of cis-[Ru(2,2'-bipyridine)2(5,6-bis(3-amidopyridine)-7-oxanorbornene)](PF6)2 and cis-[Ru(2,2'-bipyridine)2(3-aminopyridine)2](PF6)2 complexes.

This paper presents the synthesis, MO calculations, and photochemical and photophysical properties of cis-[Ru(bpy)2(3Amdpy2oxaNBE)](PF6)2 (2), where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine and 3Amdpy2oxaNBE is the novel 5,6-bis(3-amidopyridine)-7-oxanorbornene chelate-ligand (1). Complex 2 is considered in relation to the cis-[Ru(bpy)2(3Amnpy)2](PF6)2 (3) analogous complex, where 3Amnpy is 3-aminopyridine. Complexes 2 and 3 exhibit absorptions near 350 nm and in the 420-500 nm region attributable to a contribution from MLCT transitions (dpi-->bpy and dpi-->L; L=3Amdpy2oxaNBE or 3Amnpy). Whereas complex 3 is photochemically reactive, complex 2 shows luminescence either at 77 K or at room temperature in fluid solution. The emission of 2 assignable as an MLCT (Ru-->bpy) emission is characterized by a long lifetime at room temperature (650 ns in CH3CN and 509 ns in H2O). It is independent of lambdairr, but it is temperature dependent; i.e., it increases as the temperature is lowered. Considering the chelate ring of 1 contributes to the stability of the complex 2 under continuous light irradiation, the difference in the primary photoprocesses of 3 (loss of 3Amnpy) and 2 (luminescence) may be caused by a lowering of the lowest excited state from 3 to 2. The surface crossing to the lowest MC state value of 987 cm-1 (similar to that of [Ru(bpy)3]2+) will be prevented in the case of complex 2, and as a result, efficient 3Amdpy moiety loss cannot occur. The electronic depopulation of the {Ru(bpy)2} unit and population of a bpy* orbital upon excitation are evident by comparing the photophysical properties with those of a [Ru(bpy)3]2+ related complex. Moreover, a reduction of a bpy ligand in the MLCT excited state is indicated by time-resolved spectra that show features typical of bpy*-. The photocatalytic property of 2 is spectroscopically demonstrated by oxidative quenching using either methylviologen2+ or [RuCl(NH3)5]+2 electron-acceptor ions.

Energy of the Photosubstitutionally Reactive Excited State of Pentaammine(pyridine)ruthenium(II).

The photosensitized aquation of pentaammine(pyridine)ruthenium(II) by several dyes has been studied under conditions where only the sensitizers absorb light. The ratio of the quantum yields for ammine and pyridine substitution was the same as that for direct photoaquation. Sensitization was effective with singlet sensitizers Rhodamine-B (17 452 cm(-)(1)) and Safranine-T (17 690 cm(-)(1)), as well as the triplet sensitizer biacetyl (19 000 cm(-)(1)), but no reaction was observed with Neutral-Red (16 900 cm(-)(1)). The results indicate that the excited state precursor of the observed photosubstitution in the complex lies in the energy range between 17 000 and 17 700 cm(-)(1).