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1.
Rev Cubana Enfermería ; 35(3)jul-sep2019.
Artigo em Espanhol | CUMED | ID: cum-79347

RESUMO

Introducción: La hipertensión arterial es la más común de las condiciones que afectan la salud de los individuos y las poblaciones en todas las partes del mundo, representa por sí misma una enfermedad, como también un factor de riesgo importante para otras enfermedades.Objetivo: Diseñar una estrategia de cuidado de los adultos mayores hipertensos en la comunidad.Métodos: Estudio de intervención, desarrollo contextualizado en el Policlínico Sur del Municipio de Sancti Spíritus, en el período comprendido del 2016 al 2017, con un universo de 110 ancianos con hipertensión arterial y 41 enfermeras, contó con cuatro etapas. Además para la recolección de la información se realizaron entrevistas estructuradas, revisión de documentos: escala de Kaff y Lawton en historias clínicas individuales.Resultados: Se lograron cambios significativos en el nivel de conocimiento de las enfermeras, al finalizar el programa de capacitación se obtuvo un 80,49 porciento de enfermeras con un nivel de conocimientos aceptable. El 80,90 porciento de los adultos mayores con hipertensión arterial alcanzaron un buen estado de salud; se pudo constatar que el cuidado fue aceptable en el 77,27 porciento de los adultos mayores.Conclusiones: La estrategia de cuidado de los adultos mayores hipertensos en la comunidad parte de la situación problemática de la alta incidencia de hipertensión arterial. Se articulan acciones y actividades educativas que favorecen la relación enfermera-paciente-contexto sociocultural, para llevar el cuidado hasta una concepción sistémica que favorece el seguimiento y control de la enfermedad.[AU]


Assuntos
Humanos , Hipertensão , Idoso , Enfermagem Primária
2.
Artigo em Espanhol | CUMED | ID: cum-79340

RESUMO

Fundamento:la diabetes mellitus es un problema de salud pública, por ser una de las enfermedades crónicas más prevalentes asociada a una elevada morbilidad y mortalidad. En la actualidad más de 382 millones de personas en el mundo padecen esta enfermedad y se estima que alcance los 592 millones para el 2035. La actividad de enfermería con el paciente en la atención domiciliaria es determinante para la modificación de este hecho. En este sentido, la atención ambulatoria del paciente diabético adquiere un valor determinante en este propósito.Objetivo:diseñar una intervención de enfermería en cuidados domiciliarios a los adultos mayores con diabetes mellitus.Métodos:estudio de intervención y desarrollo contextualizado en el Policlínico Dr. Rudesindo Antonio García del Rijo de la provincia Sancti Spíritus, del 2016 a 2017. Variables de estudio: nivel de conocimientos de enfermeras, cuidado de los adultos mayores con diabetes mellitus y estado de salud. Se utilizó entrevista estructurada a los adultos mayores, para conocer la mejoría del estado de salud, después de aplicada la intervención se compararon las proporciones poblacionales mediante Prueba de McNemar.Resultados:el nivel de conocimiento de las enfermeras al finalizar el programa de capacitación obtuvo 80,49, el 92,85 porciento del estado de salud de los adultos mayores con diabetes mellitus alcanzaron un buen estado de salud; el cuidado de los adultos mayores se pudo constatar que recibieron un cuidado aceptable, el 80,61porciento, obedeció a cambios de conductas.Conclusiones:se caracterizó el estado actual de los adultos mayores con diabetes mellitus se evidenció el predominio del sexo masculino, así como el grupo de edad de 60-69 años y el nivel de conocimientos del personal de enfermería. Se diseñó una intervención para el cuidado domiciliario de los adultos mayores con diabetes mellitus.[AU]


Assuntos
Humanos , Idoso , Diabetes Mellitus , Assistência Domiciliar , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Educação em Enfermagem
3.
Homo ; 68(2): 145-155, 2017 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28365125

RESUMO

Subcutaneous fat skinfolds represent a reliable assessment instrument of adiposity status. This study provides current percentile references for four subcutaneous skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac) applicable to children and adolescents in Spain and in Latin American countries where data are scarce. The design consisted of a cross-sectional multicenter study performed with identical methods in 5 countries (Argentina, Cuba, Mexico, Spain and Venezuela). Total sample comprised 9163 children and youths (boys 4615 - girls 4548) aged 6-18 years, healthy and without apparent pathologies. Percentiles 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, 95 and 97 were calculated by the LMS method. Sexual dimorphism was assessed using the t-test and age differences with ANOVA. Normalized growth percentile references were obtained according to sex and age for each skinfold. The mean values of four skinfolds were significantly greater in girls than boys (p<0.001) and, in both sexes, all skinfolds show statistical differences through age (p<0.001) with different magnitudes. Except triceps in girls, peaks between 11 and 12 years of age are more noticeable in boys than in girls. Although the general model of growth is known, the skinfold measurements show variability among populations and differences of magnitude are presented according to the analyzed population. Therefore, these age and sex-specific reference percentile values for biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds, derived from a large sample of Spanish and Latin American children and adolescents, are a useful tool for adiposity diagnosis in this population for which no reference values were available.


Assuntos
Dobras Cutâneas , Gordura Subcutânea/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Adiposidade , Adolescente , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , América Latina , Masculino , Valores de Referência , Espanha , Gordura Subcutânea/anatomia & histologia
4.
Nutr. clín. diet. hosp ; 35(1): 56-62, 2015. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-141121

RESUMO

Introducción: La obesidad y el exceso de grasa visceral habitualmente se asocian a la hipertensión y a altos niveles de glucosa plasmática y lípidos séricos. La creciente prevalencia de estos factores de riesgo cardiometabólico está generando el desarrollo de fármacos y suplementos alimentarios, destinados a su control y tratamiento. Los productos que contienen Caralluma fimbriata han sido probados en algunos ensayos clínicos previos y recomendados para bajar peso y estabilizar las variables fisiológicas. Objetivos: Valorar la eficacia de un suplemento nutricional (OBEX®) sobre la composición corporal y el estado fisiológico de mujeres en fase climatérica. Métodos: La muestra fue de 44 mujeres (25 pre menopáusicas; 19 post menopaúsicas) residentes en la comunidad de Madrid, con un índice de masa corporal superior a 25kg/m2 y edades comprendidas entre 35 y 62 años. Previo consentimiento informado se sometieron a un tratamiento de 8 g diarios de (OBEX®) (3 g/dia de Caralluma fimbriata) durante dos meses. Al comienzo y final de dicho periodo se les midió la talla, el peso, perímetros umbilical de la cintura y cadera, los pliegues grasos subcutáneos y la composición corporal mediante impedancia eléctrica (TANITA®600). Se estimó el índice de masa corporal y el índice cintura cadera y se evaluaron los niveles de colesterol, glucosa en sangre y presión arterial. Resultados: Tras dos meses de tratamiento, el 52,78 % de las participantes habían bajado peso con una pérdida media de 1,86 Kg. Las premenopaúsicas disminuyeron significativamente el grosor de los pliegues bicipital (3,3mm), subescapular (2,5mm) y suprailíaco (3,1mm). Las postmenopáusicas redujeron el bicipital (1,2mm), tricipital (2,3mm), subescapular (2mm) y suprailíaco (3,1mm) e incrementaron la masa muscular del tronco (0,5 kg p< 0,05). En ambos grupos bajó la proporción de mujeres clasificadas con obesidad abdominal a partir del índice cintura cadera así como la prevalencia de hipertensión, hipercolesterolemia, e hiperglucemia. Discusión: La pérdida de volumen y ganancia de masa muscular empleando suplementos que contienen Caralluma fimbriata, podría ayudar a disminuir factores de riesgo cardiovascular durante la menopausia, al menos en la dosis suministrada en el presente trabajo, algo superior a la utilizada en estudios previos, parte de los cuales también reportan disminución significativa de las variables antropométricas y fisiológicas analizadas. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos con una ingesta de suplemento de OBEX® (3g/día de Caralluma fimbriata) son prometedores para el tratamiento de la obesidad central y la prevención el síndrome metabólico en mujeres climatéricas. Sin embargo, para asegurar su eficacia es necesario llevar a cabo estudios de mayor alcance, con mayor efectivo muestral y control de variables como la dieta y la actividad física (AU)


Introduction: Obesity and visceral fat excess are normally related to high blood pressure and increased plasmatic glucose and serum lipid levels. The growing prevalence of those cardiometabolic risk factors is promoting the development of drugs and dietary supplements, in order to control and treat them. Products containing Caralluma fimbriata have already been tested in some prior clinical trials and are proposed to help in weight loss and stabilization of physiological variables. Objectives: Evaluate the efficacy of a dietary supplement (OBEX®) on body composition and physiological status of women in climateric phase. Methods: The sample consisted of 44 women (25 pre - menopausal; 19 postmenopausal women) who resided in the county of Madrid, with a body mass index over 25 kg/m2 and ages between 35 and 62 years old. After signing an informed consent form, all participants were subjected to a treatment of 8g a day (OBEX®) (3g/day of caralluma fimbriata) during two months. At both the beginning and the end of the treatment, height, weight, waist and hip umbilical perimeters, thickness of subcutaneous folds and body composition by electrical impedance (TANITA®600) were measured. body mass index and waist-hip ratio were estimated and both blood cholesterol and glucose levels as well as blood pressure were assessed. Results: After two months of treatment, 52.78% of participants had lost weight resulting in an average weight loss of 1.86Kg. Premenopausal women had significantly decreased the thickness of their bicipital (3.3mm), subscapular (2.5mm) and suprailiac (3.1mm) skinfolds. Besides, postmenopausal women had reduced their bicipital (1.2mm), tricipital (2.3mm), subs - capular (2.0mm) and suprailiac (3.1mm) skinfolds and had increased their trunk muscle mass (0.5 Kg). In both groups the amount of women classified with abdominal obesity by means of waist-hip ratio decreased, in addition to a lowering in the prevalence of high blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia. Discussion: The weigth loss and muscle mass profit obtained using supplements containing Caralluma fimbriata, could help to decrease cardiovascular risk facts during menopause, at least employing the dose submitted in this work, greater than that used in previous studies, some of which also report a significant reduction in the analyzed anthropometric and physiological variables. Conclusions: The obtained results with the intake of the supplement OBEX® (containing 3g/day of Caralluma fimbriata) are promising for the treatment of central obesity and prevention of metabolic syndrome in climacteric women. However, it is necessary to carry out larger significance studies to verify its efficacy, employing a bigger sample and controlling variables such as diet and physical activity (AU)


Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Apocynaceae , Extratos Vegetais/farmacocinética , Síndrome Metabólica/tratamento farmacológico , Fitoterapia , Climatério , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacocinética , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Fatores de Risco , Redução de Peso
5.
J Frailty Aging ; 3(2): 120-5, 2014.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27049905

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Evaluate how obesity is associated with the development of frailty among older adults is important. However, few studies have examined the relation between obesity and frailty within different educational backgrounds. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the association between educational level and frailty and to evaluate whether obesity explains any possible associations among Spanish adults. Design, participants and settings: This is a cross-sectional study including 2,319 50-years-old and older community-dwelling Spanish adults, who participated in the first wave (2004/05) of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). MEASUREMENTS: Educational differences in frailty phenotypes -defined by the SHARE's operationalized criterion- and their association with obesity -estimated through self-reports of weight and height- were evaluated using multinomial logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Women experienced frailty in a larger proportion than men (22.3% vs. 13.3%). After adjusting for all confounders, we found a marked educational gradient in frailty, where individuals with non-formal education showed increased odds of a frailty phenotype than individuals with higher education. Moreover, obesity was significantly related to frailty and the effect of obesity is similar at all levels of education after testing for interaction effects. Although there is a mediation effect of obesity, the educational gradient in frailty is robust to controls for obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest a somehow independent effect of both educational background and obesity on frailty among Spanish individuals. This adds to the evidence of the frailty-obesity association among different educational backgrounds, and has implications for future interventions leading to reduce health disparities in elders.

6.
Coll Antropol ; 25(2): 443-8, 2001 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11811273

RESUMO

Human biology has provided valuable and applicable points of view to contribute towards human welfare, when it has analyzed changes in the transitional phases of the ontogenetic process. The purpose of this presentation coincides with WHO recommendations to study the modifications suffered by the female body during her stage of reproductive aging in different environments. We study and compared three different groups of women living in the cities of Madrid (Spain), Havana (Cuba) and in Tuxpan, a village in the State of Michoacán (Mexico). Three groups differed with respect to their socio-economic levels, food habits, social organization and culture. We used the same anthropometric techniques, recommended by the IBP, and same tools to assess the women's reproductive life, demography and socio-economic condition. All three groups coincidences regarding the remodelation of their thorax, so after 55 years of age their waist-hip ratio surpassed the cut point of 0.80, associated whit higher risk for chronic cardiovascular disorders. However, examined groups differed, for instance, the rural Mexican women altered their bone density earlier, five years before the urban samples. Next, Mexican women of younger ages maintained high levels of their body mass index above the cut point for overweight.


Assuntos
Composição Corporal , Índice de Massa Corporal , Densidade Óssea , Menopausa , Classe Social , Tecido Adiposo , Adulto , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Cuba , Características Culturais , Dieta , Feminino , Humanos , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , População Rural , Espanha , População Urbana
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