Doença de Haff associada ao consumo de carne de Mylossoma duriventre (pacu-manteiga) / Haff disease associated with the ingestion of the freshwater fish Mylossoma duriventre (pacu-manteiga)

A rabdomiólise associada à doença de Haff é correlacionada com a ingestão de certos peixes e crustáceos de água doce, sendo causada por uma toxina não identificada. Relatamos o caso de um paciente que apresentou rabdomiólise cerca de 2 horas após ingerir o peixe de água doce Mylossoma duriventre (pacu-manteiga) cerca de 3 anos após o relato de um surto de doença de Haff em Manaus.

Haff disease associated rhabdomyolysis is correlated with the ingestion of certain freshwater fish and shellfish and is caused by an unidentified toxin. We report the case of a patient who experienced rhabdomyolysis approximately 2 hours after ingestion of the freshwater fish Mylossoma duriventre (pacu-manteiga) approximately 3 years after an outbreak had been reported in Manaus, Brazilian Amazon.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia: epidemiology and impact on the clinical evolution of ICU patients.

OBJECTIVE: Although ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a major cause of nosocomial infection, its role in the prognosis of patients remains undefined. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of VAP on the clinical evolution of patients. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study involving 233 patients on mechanical ventilation (VAP group, n = 64; control group, n = 169). Primary outcomes were time on mechanical ventilation (TMV), time in ICU (TICU), overall length of hospital stay (LHS) and in-ICU mortality. Secondary outcomes were in-hospital mortality, microbiological profile, prior use of antibiotics and risk factors for VAP acquisition. RESULTS: Control and VAP group outcomes were, respectively, as follows: median TMV (days), 9 (interquartile range [IQR]: 5-15) and 23 (IQR: 15-37; p < 0.0001); median TICU (days), 12 (IQR: 8-21) and 27 (IQR: 17-42; p < 0.0001); median LHS (days), 33 (IQR: 18-64) and 46 (IQR: 25-90; p = 0.05); and in-ICU mortality, 38% (95% CI: 31-45) and 55% (95% CI: 42-67; p = 0.02). VAP was a predictor of in-ICU mortality (OR = 3.40; 95% CI: 1.54-7.48). TMV (OR = 2.27; 95% CI: 1.05-4.87) and prior use of antibiotics (OR = 1.07; 95% CI: 1.04-1.10) were risk factors for VAP. VAP did not affect in-hospital mortality. Acinetobacter spp. was the most common isolate (28%). Inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy was administered in 48% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, there was a high incidence of infection with resistant bacteria and inappropriate initial antibiotic therapy. Long TMV and prior use of antibiotics are risk factors for VAP.

Pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica: epidemiologia e impacto na evolução clínica de pacientes em uma unidade de terapia intensiva / Ventilator-associated pneumonia: epidemiology and impact on the clinical evolution of ICU patients

OBJETIVO: Apesar de representar uma das principais causas de infecção nosocomial, o papel da pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (PAVM) no prognóstico ainda permanece indefinido. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto dessa doença na evolução clínica dos pacientes. MÉTODOS: Estabeleceu-se uma coorte prospectiva de 233 pacientes sob ventilação mecânica (grupo PAV, n = 64; grupo controle, n = 169). Os desfechos primários foram tempo de ventilação mecânica (TVM), tempo de permanência na UTI (TUTI), tempo de permanência hospitalar (TH) e mortalidade na UTI. Os desfechos secundários foram mortalidade hospitalar, perfil microbiológico, uso prévio de antibióticos e fatores de risco para PAVM. RESULTADOS: Os desfechos dos grupos controle e PAVM foram, respectivamente, os seguintes: mediana do TVM (dias), 9 (intervalo interquartílico [II]: 5-15) e 23 (II: 15-37; p < 0,0001); mediana do TUTI (dias), 12 (II: 8-21) e 27 (II: 17-42; p < 0,0001); mediana do TH (dias), 33 (II: 18-64) e 46 (II: 25-90; p = 0,02); e mortalidade na UTI, 38 por cento (IC95 por cento: 31-45) e 55 por cento (IC95 por cento: 42-67; p = 0,02). A PAVM foi um preditor de mortalidade na UTI (OR = 3,40; IC95 por cento: 1,54-1,78). O TVM (OR = 2,27; IC95 por cento: 1,05-4,87) e o uso prévio de antibióticos (OR = 1,07; IC95 por cento: 1,04-1,10) foram fatores de risco para PAVM. A PAVM não afetou a mortalidade hospitalar. Acinetobacter spp. foi o isolado mais frequente (28 por cento). Antibioticoterapia empírica inadequada foi administrada em 48 por cento dos casos. CONCLUSÕES: No presente estudo, houve uma alta incidência de bactérias resistentes e de antibioticoterapia inicial inadequada. TVM longo e o uso prévio de antibióticos são fatores de risco para PAVM.

OBJECTIVE: Although ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a major cause of nosocomial infection, its role in the prognosis of patients remains undefined. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of VAP on the clinical evolution of patients. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study involving 233 patients on mechanical ventilation (VAP group, n = 64; control group, n = 169). Primary outcomes were time on mechanical ventilation (TMV), time in ICU (TICU), overall length of hospital stay (LHS) and in-ICU mortality. Secondary outcomes were in-hospital mortality, microbiological profile, prior use of antibiotics and risk factors for VAP acquisition. RESULTS: Control and VAP group outcomes were, respectively, as follows: median TMV (days), 9 (interquartile range [IQR]: 5-15) and 23 (IQR: 15-37; p < 0.0001); median TICU (days), 12 (IQR: 8-21) and 27 (IQR: 17-42; p < 0.0001); median LHS (days), 33 (IQR: 18-64) and 46 (IQR: 25-90; p = 0.05); and in-ICU mortality, 38 percent (95 percent CI: 31-45) and 55 percent (95 percent CI: 42-67; p = 0.02). VAP was a predictor of in-ICU mortality (OR = 3.40; 95 percent CI: 1.54-7.48). TMV (OR = 2.27; 95 percent CI: 1.05-4.87) and prior use of antibiotics (OR = 1.07; 95 percent CI: 1.04-1.10) were risk factors for VAP. VAP did not affect in-hospital mortality. Acinetobacter spp. was the most common isolate (28 percent). Inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy was administered in 48 percent of cases. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, there was a high incidence of infection with resistant bacteria and inappropriate initial antibiotic therapy. Long TMV and prior use of antibiotics are risk factors for VAP.

Pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica: análise de fatores epidemiológicos na confecção de estratégias de profilaxia e terapêutica / Ventilator associated pneumonia: confection of a strategy of prophylaxis and management based on the analysis of epidemiology

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Tem-se creditado à pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (PAVM) impacto variável, em termos de mortalidade, aumento da permanência hospitalar e tempo de ventilação mecânica. O objetivo deste estudo foi definir três aspectos: mortalidade e incidência de PAVM antes e após a implantação de protocolo para profilaxia de pneumonia (primários); mapeamento microbiológico (secundário) como instrumento de otimização terapêutica. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma coorte histórica de agosto de 2001 a janeiro de 2004, dividida em segmentos pré (até janeiro de 2003, n = 52) e pós-implantação do protocolo, com análise de mortalidade e mapeamento microbiológico executados no segundo segmento (subgrupo controle n = 39 e subgrupo caso n = 14). RESULTADOS: As taxas de incidência nos anos de 2001 a 2003 foram, respectivamente 28,05ë ± 12,92ë, 22,45ë ± 10,18ë e 10,75ë ± 7,61ë. A redução de incidência após a intervenção não alcançou significância estatística (p > 0,4). As taxas de mortalidade foram 49 por cento no grupo controle (IC 95 =33 por cento a 65 por cento) e 43 por cento no grupo caso (IC 95 = 14 por cento a 72 por cento), com RR = 0,88 (IC 95 = 0,26 a 2,94), sem significância estatística (p = 0,65). Oito lavados bronco-alveolares foram obtidos (57 por cento), 50 por cento com flora mista. Pseudomonas aeruginosa foi isolada em seis pacientes (75 por cento), Acinetobacter sp em um caso (12,5 por cento) e Staphylococcus aureus meticilina-resistente (MRSA) em um caso (12,5 por cento). Outros Gram-negativos produtores de betalactamase de espectro estendido (ESBL) em dois casos (25 por cento) e Stenotrophomonas maltophilia em um caso (12,5 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: A incidência de PAVM mostrou tendência à redução considerável após a implantação do protocolo de profilaxia, porém os resultados sugerem não haver impacto na mortalidade, sendo necessário estudo prospectivo de maior amostra para conclusões...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Variable magnitude of impact on the outcomes of the critically ill patients has been credited to ventilation-associated pneumonia, in terms of mortality, length of hospital stay and mechanic ventilation days. Three objectives have been defined in this study: mortality and incidence of ventilation-associated pneumonia before and after the implantation of a prophylaxis protocol (primary objectives); microbiologic mapping (secondary objective) as an instrument to optimize therapy. METHODS: A historical cohort was followed during the period of August 2001 to January 2004, fragmented in two segments, pre (until January 2003, n = 52) and post-implantation of the mentioned protocol, the analysis of mortality and microbiologic mapping been performed in the second segment (control group n = 39 and case group n = 14). RESULTS: The incidence rates from 2001 to 2003 were respectively 28.05ë ± 12.92ë, 22.45ë ± 10.18ë and 10.75ë ± 7.61ë. The decrease in this rate after the intervention did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.4). Mortality rates were 49 percent in the control group (CI 95 = 33 percent to 65 percent) and 43 percent in the case group (CI 95 = 14 percent to 72 percent), OR = 0.88 (CI 95 = 0.26 to 2.94), without statistical significance either (p = 0.65). Eight bronco-alveolar lavage were obtained (57 percent), 50 percent with multiple flora. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated in six patients (75 percent), Acinetobacter sp in one case (12.5 percent) and methicilin-resistent Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in one (12.5 percent). Other Gram negative bacilli producers of extended spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) were isolated in two cases (25 percent) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in another (12.5 percent). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence rate of ventilation-associated pneumonia revealed a tendency to considerable reduction after the utilization of the prophylaxis protocol, while the results...

[Ventilator associated pneumonia: confection of a strategy of prophylaxis and management based on the analysis of epidemiology]. / Pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica: análise de fatores epidemiológicos na confecção de estratégias de profilaxia e terapêutica.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Variable magnitude of impact on the outcomes of the critically ill patients has been credited to ventilation-associated pneumonia, in terms of mortality, length of hospital stay and mechanic ventilation days. Three objectives have been defined in this study: mortality and incidence of ventilation-associated pneumonia before and after the implantation of a prophylaxis protocol (primary objectives); microbiologic mapping (secondary objective) as an instrument to optimize therapy. METHODS: A historical cohort was followed during the period of August 2001 to January 2004, fragmented in two segments, pre (until January 2003, n = 52) and post-implantation of the mentioned protocol, the analysis of mortality and microbiologic mapping been performed in the second segment (control group n = 39 and case group n = 14). RESULTS: The incidence rates from 2001 to 2003 were respectively 28.05‰ ± 12.92‰, 22.45‰ ± 10.18‰ and 10.75‰ ± 7.61‰. The decrease in this rate after the intervention did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.4). Mortality rates were 49% in the control group (CI 95 = 33% to 65%) and 43% in the case group (CI 95 = 14% to 72%), OR = 0.88 (CI 95 = 0.26 to 2.94), without statistical significance either (p = 0.65). Eight bronco-alveolar lavage were obtained (57%), 50% with multiple flora. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated in six patients (75%), Acinetobacter sp in one case (12.5 %) and methicilin-resistent Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in one (12.5%). Other Gram negative bacilli producers of extended spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) were isolated in two cases (25%) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in another (12.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence rate of ventilation-associated pneumonia revealed a tendency to considerable reduction after the utilization of the prophylaxis protocol, while the results suggest no impact on mortality rates. Further prospective evaluation of a greater sample is required, in order to get to definite conclusions regarding prognosis. The isolated germs were, in its majority, high risk pathogens to multiresistance to antibiotics, pointing the necessity of knowledge of local susceptibility profile, so that an adequate initial therapeutic strategy can be undertaken.