[Risk factors for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in the Hispanic-Mexican population.] / Factores de riesgo de la enfermedad hepática grasa asociada a disfunción metabólica en población hispano-mexicana.

OBJECTIVE: Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a poor attended disease, which has gained attention due the elevated number of cases in countries as Mexico, where the incidence is the number 4th globally. MAFLD develops in obese or overweighted individuals and is characterized by triglycerides accumulation in the liver, this condition can develop to hepatocellular carcinoma. It has been observed that MAFLD depends on the genetics and lifestyle. Due to the high prevalence of this disease among Hispanic population, we focused on this study in the characteristics and prevalence of MAFLD in Mexican patients. METHODS: In this study were included 572 overweighted and obese patients, who underwent a screening analysis using the fatty liver index (IHG), clinical parameters were analysed, demographic and comorbidities. Frequency of variables were obtained, and the data were analysed by Chi-square test or Fisher test, odd ratio (OR) and binary logistic regression. RESULTS: A MALFD prevalence of 37% were obtained, where the history of familiar obesity, paracetamol usage, carbohydrate and fat intake are shown to be risk factors. It was found that high blood pressure, central obesity and hypertriglyceridemia were also associated to the MAFLD development. On the other hand, physical exercise was a protector factor. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show the necessity to study the MAFLD causalities in Mexican patients, focused on the paracetamol intake.

OBJETIVO: La enfermedad hepática grasa asociada a disfunción metabólica (MAFLD) es una enfermedad poco considerada, que ha recibido atención debido al número de casos en países como México, donde ocupa el 4º lugar mundial de incidencia. La MAFLD se desarrolla en personas con sobrepeso u obesidad y se caracteriza por la acumulación de triglicéridos en el hígado, donde puede evolucionar hacia carcinoma hepatocelular. Se ha observado que la MAFLD depende de la genética y del estilo de vida. Tomando en cuenta la alta prevalencia de MAFLD en la población hispana, nos enfocamos en este trabajo en estudiar la prevalencia y características relacionadas con esta enfermedad en pacientes mexicanos. METODOS: En este estudio se incluyeron 572 pacientes con sobrepeso u obesidad, a los cuales se les realizó un análisis de cribado mediante el índice de hígado graso (IHG), se analizaron parámetros clínicos, demográficos y comorbilidades. Se obtuvieron frecuencias de las variables y se analizaron los datos mediante chi cuadrado o exacta de Fisher, razón de momios (OR) y regresión logística binaria. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo una prevalencia del 37% de MAFLD, donde la historia familiar de obesidad, el uso de paracetamol, así como el consumo de carbohidratos y grasas fueron factores de riesgo para su desarrollo. Se encontró que la hipertensión arterial, la obesidad visceral y la hipertrigliceridemia también estaban asociados al desarrollo de la MAFLD. Por otro lado, el ejercicio fue un factor protector. CONCLUSIONES: Nuestros resultados ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de realizar estudios relacionados con las causalidades de la MAFLD en los pacientes mexicanos, principalmente en el uso del paracetamol.

Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of 2-(Quinolin-8-yl)Benzaldehydes: Atroposelective Iridium-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenative Allylation.

An atroposelective Ir-catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of 2-(quinolin-8-yl)benzaldehydes/1-naphthaldehydes by transfer hydrogenative coupling of allyl acetate is disclosed. The allylation reaction takes place with simultaneous installation of central and axial chirality, reaching high diastereoselectivities and excellent enantiomeric excesses when ortho-cyclometalated iridium-DM-BINAP is used as the catalyst. The racemization of the substrates occurs through a designed transient Lewis acid-base interaction between the quinoline nitrogen atom and the aldehyde carbonyl group.

Factores de riesgo de la enfermedad hepática grasa asociada a disfunción metabólica en población hispano-mexicana / Risk factors for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in the Hispanic-Mexican population

FUNDAMENTOS: La enfermedad hepática grasa asociada a disfunción metabólica (MAFLD) es una enfermedad poco considerada,que ha recibido atención debido al número de casos en países como México, donde ocupa el 4º lugar mundial de incidencia. La MAFLDse desarrolla en personas con sobrepeso u obesidad y se caracteriza por la acumulación de triglicéridos en el hígado, donde puedeevolucionar hacia carcinoma hepatocelular. Se ha observado que la MAFLD depende de la genética y del estilo de vida. Tomando encuenta la alta prevalencia de MAFLD en la población hispana, nos enfocamos en este trabajo en estudiar la prevalencia y características relacionadas con esta enfermedad en pacientes mexicanos. MÉTODOS: En este estudio se incluyeron 572 pacientes con sobrepeso u obesidad, a los cuales se les realizó un análisis de cribadomediante el índice de hígado graso (IHG), se analizaron parámetros clínicos, demográficos y comorbilidades. Se obtuvieron frecuenciasde las variables y se analizaron los datos mediante chi cuadrado o exacta de Fisher, razón de momios (OR) y regresión logística binaria. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo una prevalencia del 37% de MAFLD, donde la historia familiar de obesidad, el uso de paracetamol, así comoel consumo de carbohidratos y grasas fueron factores de riesgo para su desarrollo. Se encontró que la hipertensión arterial, la obesidadvisceral y la hipertrigliceridemia también estaban asociados al desarrollo de la MAFLD. Por otro lado, el ejercicio fue un factor protector. CONCLUSIONES: Nuestros resultados ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de realizar estudios relacionados con las causalidades dela MAFLD en los pacientes mexicanos, principalmente en el uso del paracetamol.(AU)

BACKGROUND: Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a poor attended disease, which has gained at-tention due the elevated number of cases in countries as Mexico, where the incidence is the number 4 th globally. MAFLD developsin obese or overweighted individuals and is characterized by triglycerides accumulation in the liver, this condition can develop tohepatocellular carcinoma. It has been observed that MAFLD depends on the genetics and lifestyle. Due to the high prevalence of thisdisease among Hispanic population, we focused on this study in the characteristics and prevalence of MAFLD in Mexican patients. METHODS: In this study were included 572 overweighted and obese patients, who underwent a screening analysis using the fatty liverindex (IHG), clinical parameters were analysed, demographic and comorbidities. Frequency of variables were obtained, and the data wereanalysed by Chi-square test or Fisher test, odd ratio (OR) and binary logistic regression. RESULTS: A MALFD prevalence of 37% were obtained, where the history of familiar obesity, paracetamol usage, carbohydrate andfat intake are shown to be risk factors. It was found that high blood pressure, central obesity and hypertriglyceridemia were alsoassociated to the MAFLD development. On the other hand, physical exercise was a protector factor. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show the necessity to study the MAFLD causalities in Mexican patients, focused on the paracetamol intake.(AU)

Efficacy of nutrition therapy with food rich in methionine for treating nonalcoholic fatty liver / Eficacia de la terapia nutricional con alimentos ricos en metionina para el tratamiento de hígado graso no alcohólico

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver disease (NAFLD) can lead to Non Alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and liver cancer. The treatment for NAFLD involves modification of caloric intake and physical activity. NAFLD has a pro-oxidant nature; therefore, it is logical to suppose that the antioxidant methionine can be used as a treatment for this disease. Aim. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of high-methionine dietary therapy on patients with NAFLD. Materials and methods. A randomized clinical study was conducted over three months. In this study, 121 NAFLD patients participated, and the age of the participants was ≥ 20 years (experimental group included 56 and control group 65), all of whom were randomized and matched by sex, recluted from the ISSSTE hospital in Xalapa, Mexico. The patients were instructed to consume food to cover the recommended methionine daily doses, and the daily amount consumed was calculated. Methionine effect was measured as NAFLD regression and quality of life improvement. Results. Nutritional therapy induced NAFLD regression and diminished central fat accumulation, blood pressure, and the fatty liver index. Some parameters, such as liver enzymes, did not changed. The quality of life of patients improved after treatment. Conclusions. In this study, we show a hepatoprotective effect induced only in three months of chances in the diet, thus, a longer diet may generate more relevant benefits in the resistant parameters of our study(AU)

La enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico (NAFLD) puede conducir a la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica (NASH), la cirrosis y el cáncer de hígado. El tratamiento para NAFLD es la modificación de la ingesta calórica y la actividad física. Debido a que NAFLD tiene una naturaleza pro-oxidante; es lógico suponer que el antioxidante metionina puede utilizarse en el tratamiento de esta enfermedad. Objetivo. el presente trabajo evaluó el papel de la terapia nutricional con alimentos ricos en metioninaen pacientes con NAFLD. Materiales y Métodos. Se realizó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado durante tres meses. Participaron en el estudio 121 pacientes con NAFLD con edad ≥ 20 años (56 en el grupo experimental y 65 en el control), todos aleatorizados y pareados por sexo, reclutados de la Clínica Hospital ISSTE en la ciudad de Xalapa, México, en el año 2015. Se instruyó a los pacientes en consumir los alimentos hasta completar la dosis diaria recomendada de metioninay se calculó la cantidad diaria consumida. Su efecto se midió como la regresión de NAFLD y la mejora de la calidad de vida. Resultados. La terapia nutricional retrocedió NAFLD; disminuyó la acumulación de grasa central, la presión arterial y el índice de hígado graso. Algunos parámetros, como las enzimas de la función hepática, no se modificaron con el tratamiento. Otro parámetro fue la mejora de la calidad de vida de los pacientes tratados. Conclusiones. En este trabajo mostramos un impacto hepatoprotector producido con tan solo tres meses de cambios en la dieta, por lo que una dieta más prolongada podría generar beneficios aún más significativos en los parámetros resistentes en nuestro protocolo(AU)

Effect of the Welan Gum Concentration on the Rheological and Structural Behaviour of Biocomposite Hydrogels with Sepiolite as Filler.

A very positive and effective approach to tuning the mechanical properties of polymers has been the development of composites. This paper deals with novel biocomposite hydrogels composed by two biocompatible materials: welan gum as biopolymer matrix and sepiolite as filler. Welan gum content was studied as a tuning parameter to control the rheological properties of the developed biocomposites. The rheological and microstructural behaviour of the composites was investigated by mean of steady-state flow curves, creep-recovery tests, small amplitude oscillatory shear tests, and electron microscopy. An increase in welan gum content provoked the progressive disappearance of the shear-thinningzero-shear-thinning behaviour with a yield point which was clearly defined, characteristic of sepiolite gels, leading to a conventional shear-thinning behaviour, typical of polymeric systems. Also, a higher content of biopolymer in the mixtures led to a more elastic and compact structure characterized by higher values of both G' and G". The fundamental novelty was based on taking the flowability provided by the biopolymer as the main objective and reinforcing the viscosity yielded by welan gum with sepiolite, which contributed to increasing the biocomposite consistency. Thus, rheological properties can be adjusted, taking into account the balance of the components to adapt them to the requirements of each application.

Cannabidiol-mediated RISK PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways decreasing reperfusion myocardial damage.

Myocardial ischemia continues to be the first cause of morbimortality in the world; the definitive treatment is reperfusion; however, this action causes additional damage to ischemic myocardial tissue; this forces to seek therapies of cardioprotection to reduce this additional damage. There are many cardioprotective agents; within these, cannabinoids have shown to have beneficial effects, mainly cannabidiol (CBD). CBD is a non psychoactive cannabinoid. To evaluate the effect in experimental models of CBD in myocardial ischemia reperfusion in rats, twelve-week-old male rats have been used. The animals were divides in 3 groups: control(C), ischemia reperfusion (IR) and CBD pretreatment (1/day/5mg/kg /10days). Langendorff organ isolate studies were performed, and the area of infarction was assessed with triphenyl tetrazolium, in addition to molecular analysis of AT1 and AT2 receptors and Akt and Erk proteins and their phosphorylated forms related to RISK pathways. It was observed that there is an improvement with the use of CBD increasing inotropism and cardiac lusitropism, improving considerably the cardiovascular functionality. These could be related to the reduction of the area of infarction and activation of the AT2 receptor and the RISK pathway with absence of activation of the AT2 receptor (these could relate the reduction of the infarct area and the restoration of cardiovascular function with the activation of the AT2 receptor and the RISK pathway with the absence of activation of the AT2 receptor). The use of cannabinoids was shown to have beneficial effects when used as a treatment for myocardial reperfusion damage.

Atroposelective transformation of axially chiral (hetero)biaryls. From desymmetrization to modern resolution strategies.

This tutorial review provides a systematic overview of the available methodologies for the atroposelective transformation of (heterobiaryl)biaryl precursors toward the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched products and the conceptual aspects associated to each type of transformation. Depending on the presence or absence of symmetry in the starting material and the participation of racemization or dynamization events along the process, several strategies have been developed, including desymmetrization, classical kinetic resolution (KR), dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) and dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DYKAT). Seminal contributions and a handful of selected examples are discussed to illustrate the potential of these synthetic tools.

Flow, dynamic viscoelastic and creep properties of a biological polymer produced by Sphingomonas sp. as affected by concentration.

In this work, the influence of the concentration on the flow behaviour, dynamic viscoelastic and creep properties of diutan gum in aqueous solution was investigated. Diutan gum is a biopolymer which belongs to the sphingans group. To know its rheological properties and its microstructure as a function of the concentration is directly related to the current and future applications of this biological polymer. Mechanical spectra showed a crossover point between G' and G″ which changed as a function of diutan gum concentration. A master curve for the frequency dependence on the η* was obtained. The creep compliance results made it possible to deduce the yield stress value and they were fitted to Burgers model. A shear-thinning behaviour was exhibited by diutan gum aqueous solutions, which was fitted to the Carreau-Yasuda model. Higher G', G″, τ0 and η0 values and lower ωc, Je0, γ̇c and n values were obtained by increasing the gum concentration, it is being possible to modulate the viscoelasticity, viscosity and shear resistance as a function of concentration. A more complex structure with stronger entanglements between macromolecules of diutan was obtained when the concentration of diutan increases.

Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Heck Reaction for the Simultaneous Generation of Central and Axial Chirality.

A highly diastereo- and enantioselective, scalable Pd-catalyzed dynamic kinetic asymmetric Heck reaction of heterobiaryl sulfonates with electron-rich olefins is described. The coupling of 2,3-dihydrofuran or N-boc protected 2,3-dihydropyrrole with a variety of quinoline, quinazoline, phthalazine, and picoline derivatives takes place with simultaneous installation of central and axial chirality, reaching excellent diastereo- and enantiomeric excesses when in situ formed [Pd0/DM-BINAP] was used as the catalyst, with loadings reduced down to 2 mol % in large scale reactions. The coupling of acyclic, electron-rich alkenes can also be performed using a [Pd0/Josiphos ligand] to obtain axially chiral heterobiaryl α-substituted alkenes in high yields and enantioselectivities. Products from Boc-protected 2,3-dihydropyrrole can be easily transformed into N, N ligands or appealing axially chiral, bifunctional proline-type organocatalysts. Computational studies suggest that a ß-hydride elimination is the stereocontrolling step, in agreement with the observed stereochemical outcome of the reaction.

Effect of temperature and shear on the microstructure of a microbial polysaccharide secreted by Sphingomonas species in aqueous solution.

Diutan gum is a biological polymer produced by Sphingomonas sp. In aqueous solution it shows gel-like structure under quiescent conditions. However, the flow-induced evolution of its viscoelastic properties and its microstructure are not known. In this work, the viscoelastic moduli were obtained under a flow field, applied in parallel, as a function of the temperature for 0.5 wt% diutan gum aqueous solutions. As both stress and temperature increase a decrease in the viscoelastic properties occurred, due to the fact that the molecular interactions decreased. Nevertheless, at stresses within the zero-shear viscosity region of the flow curves, no changes were observed. In addition, high stress values dampened the effect of the temperature. The results obtained are very interesting from an industrial application perspective.

Análisis de la validez del programa de simulación 3D My-School para la detección de alumnos en riesgo de consumo de drogas y acoso escolar / Analysis of the validity of the My-School 3D simulation program for the detection of students at risk of drug use and bullying

Resumen El presente escrito está dirigido al análisis de las propiedades psicométricas del programa de simulación 3D My-School (MS), el cual fue diseñado para detectar alumnos en riesgo de consumo de drogas y acoso escolar. En concreto, se han llevado a cabo dos estudios empíricos encaminados a evaluar, por un lado, la validez de contenido de las escenas, y por otro la validez de criterio (predictiva) del programa informático. Si atendemos a la evaluación de la validez de contenido, los resultados mostraron la existencia de un acuerdo sustancial entre el total de jueces expertos con respecto a la relevancia, coherencia, claridad y poca tendenciosidad de las situaciones. Con respecto a la validez de criterio, no existieron diferencias entre las respuestas dadas en el programa y las entrevistas, el programa informático MS habría mostrado poseer adecuadas propiedades de validez para detectar alumnos en riesgo de consumo de sustancias y acoso escolar.

Abstract The present paper analyses the psychometric properties of the My-School (MS) 3D simulation program, which was designed to detect students at risk of drug abuse and bullying. In particular, two empirical studies have been carried out to evaluate, on the one hand, the content validity of the scenes, and on the other, the validity criterion (predictive) of the software. Specifically, in terms of the evaluation of content validity, the results showed the existence of a substantial agreement among the expert judges regarding the relevance, coherence, clarity and low bias of situations. In relation to the criterion validity, there were no differences between the answers given in the program and the interviews. The MS software thus has adequate validity properties for detecting students at risk of substance use and bullying.

Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Heterobiaryl Ketones by Zinc-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrosilylation.

A diastereo- and highly enantioselective dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of configurationally labile heterobiaryl ketones is described. The DKR proceeds by zinc-catalyzed hydrosilylation of the carbonyl group, thus leading to secondary alcohols bearing axial and central chirality. The strategy relies on the labilization of the stereogenic axis that takes place thanks to a Lewis acid-base interaction between a nitrogen atom in the heterocycle and the ketone carbonyl group. The synthetic utility of the methodology is demonstrated through stereospecific transformations into either N,N-ligands or appealing axially chiral, bifunctional thiourea organocatalysts.

Asymmetric organocatalytic synthesis of tertiary azomethyl alcohols: key intermediates towards azoxy compounds and α-hydroxy-ß-amino esters.

A series of peracylated glycosamine-derived thioureas have been synthesized and their behavior as bifunctional organocatalysts has been tested in the enantioselective nucleophilic addition of formaldehyde tert-butyl hydrazone to aliphatic α-keto esters for the synthesis of tertiary azomethyl alcohols. Using the 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-ß-d-glucosamine derived 3,5-bis-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl thiourea the reaction could be accomplished with high yields (75-98%) and moderate enantioselectivities (50-64% ee). Subsequent high-yielding and racemization-free tranformations of both aromatic- and aliphatic-substituted diazene products in a one pot fashion provide a direct entry to valuable azoxy compounds and α-hydroxy-ß-amino esters.

Inercia terapéutica en prevención secundaria de enfermedad cardiovascular. Registro FRENA / Treatment inertia in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. FRENA registry

Fundamento y objetivo: A pesar de la existencia de múltiples protocolos y guías de actuación para el tratamiento de las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV), el grado de control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) y la adecuación de las actuaciones a las recomendadas distan mucho de lo deseable. Al fenómeno de falta de actuación del médico a pesar de detectar un problema de salud, potencialmente mejorable, se le ha llamado inercia terapéutica (IT). Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron cuantificar la IT en pacientes en prevención secundaria de ECV e identificar los factores asociados a ésta.Pacientes y método: Estudio transversal y descriptivo, con 1.660 pacientes incluidos en el registro FRENA (registro nacional, multidisciplinario de pacientes en prevención secundaria de ECV). La edad media fue de 66,3 años, un 74% eran varones y el 38,5% tenía afectación coronaria, un 30,8% tenía afectación cerebrovascular (CV) y un 32% tenía afectación vascular periférica. La variable final fue la IT, de la que se distinguen 2 tipos: inercia por ausencia de prescripción de fármacos e inercia ante la ausencia de control de FRCV. Se define una tercera variable, inercia, como al menos una de las 2 anteriores. Se realizó un análisis univariante y multivariante para cada tipo de inercia. Resultados: Se detecta inercia en un 81,5% de los pacientes. La inercia ante la ausencia de control de FRCV es del 85,1 frente al 53% por ausencia de prescripción de fármacos. Favorece la IT el ser diabético, mientras que la insuficiencia renal o la hipertensión arterial (HTA) protegen frente a ésta. La inercia en prescripción de fármacos es menor en la afectación CV o coronaria frente a la afectación periférica, en HTA y dislipidemia. La coexistencia de HTA, dislipidemia y diabetes mellitus favorece la inercia ante la ausencia de control, mientras que el antecedente de ECV previa, la afectación actual CV, la HTA y la dislipidemia la disminuyen (AU)

Background and objective: Although nowadays there are many cardiovascular disease (CVD) treatment protocols and evidence based guidelines, not many patients achieve the recommended levels for cardiovascular (CV) risk factor (RF) and management of disorders could be improved. Treatment inertia (TI) is the failure of health care providers to initiate or intensify therapy when indicated. The purpose of this study was to quantify TI in secondary CV prevention and identify factors influencing TI. Patients and method: Observational, transversal study with 1660 patients included in FRENA (The FRENA registry recruited Spanish patients in CVD secondary prevention treated by different specialists), aged 66,3 years, 74% males, 38,5% females, 38,5% coronary heart disease (CHD), 30,8% cerebrovascular disease and 32% peripheral artery disease (PAD). Final variable: TI; three types of inertia where described: treatment failure inertia, RF control inertia and the third one was at least one of the previous. Uni and multivariate analysis were done for each type of inertia.Results: Inertia was detected in 81,5% of the patients. RF control inertia was 85,1% and treatment failure inertia 53%. Diabetic patients are likely to be treated with TI whereas patients with renal insufficiency (RI) or arterial hypertension (AHT) are more likely to be protected against it. There is less treatment failure inertia in cerebrovascular disease or coronary heart disease Vs PAD, AHT and Dyslipemia (DL) where the rate of treatment failure inertia is higher. RF control inertia increases with the coexistence of AHT, DL and diabetes mellitus (DM) and is lower in patients with previous CVD, cerebrovascular disease, AHT and DL (AU). Conclusions:In high risk patient, TI is present in a high percentage of them. DM, PAD and the coexistence of cardiovascular risk factors are associated with a higher inertia (AU)

[Treatment inertia in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. FRENA registry]. / Inercia terapéutica en prevención secundaria de enfermedad cardiovascular. Registro FRENA.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Although nowadays there are many cardiovascular disease (CVD) treatment protocols and evidence based guidelines, not many patients achieve the recommended levels for cardiovascular (CV) risk factor (RF) and management of disorders could be improved. Treatment inertia (TI) is the failure of health care providers to initiate or intensify therapy when indicated. The purpose of this study was to quantify TI in secondary CV prevention and identify factors influencing TI. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Observational, transversal study with 1660 patients included in FRENA (The FRENA registry recruited Spanish patients in CVD secondary prevention treated by different specialists), aged 66,3 years, 74% males, 38,5% females, 38,5% coronary heart disease (CHD), 30,8% cerebrovascular disease and 32% peripheral artery disease (PAD). Final variable: TI; three types of inertia where described: treatment failure inertia, RF control inertia and the third one was at least one of the previous. Uni and multivariate analysis were done for each type of inertia. RESULTS: Inertia was detected in 81,5% of the patients. RF control inertia was 85,1% and treatment failure inertia 53%. Diabetic patients are likely to be treated with TI whereas patients with renal insufficiency (RI) or arterial hypertension (AHT) are more likely to be protected against it. There is less treatment failure inertia in cerebrovascular disease or coronary heart disease Vs PAD, AHT and Dyslipemia (DL) where the rate of treatment failure inertia is higher. RF control inertia increases with the coexistence of AHT, DL and diabetes mellitus (DM) and is lower in patients with previous CVD, cerebrovascular disease, AHT and DL. CONCLUSIONS: In high risk patient, TI is present in a high percentage of them. DM, PAD and the coexistence of cardiovascular risk factors are associated with a higher inertia.

Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the genus Chondrostoma inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences.

A phylogeny of the species of the nase genus Chondrostoma was constructed from a complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1140 bp). Molecular phylogeny was used to revise the current systematics of this group, and to infer a biogeographical model of the Mediterranean area during the Cenozoic period. We confirmed the monophyly of the genus Chondrostoma, and defined seven different lineages within it: Polylepis, Arcasii, Lemmingii, Toxostoma, Nasus, C. genei, and C. soetta. The separation of main lineages within Chondrostoma occurred in the Middle-Upper Miocene, approximately 11 million years ago, while the greatest species radiation took place in the Pliocene close to the time the current drainages system were created. It is unlikely that this genus experienced an extensive dispersal during the Messinian, in the Lago-Mare Phase. Given the level of current knowledge, a biogeographical model constructed on the basis of vicariant events seems more realistic than does a dispersalist model.

Evolutionary and biogeographical patterns within Iberian populations of the genus Squalius inferred from molecular data.

Origins and biogeography of the chub, genus Squalius (formerly within the genus Leuciscus), in the Iberian Peninsula were inferred from comparison between patterns of geographic distribution and phylogenetic relationships among populations belonging to 14 European Squalius species. The phylogeny recovered was based on the complete sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Squalius species were grouped into three major clades. The basal clade included species distributed across the ancient Paratethys Sea. The second clade included species from Central and East Europe and the northern areas of the Mediterranean basin towards Minor Asia. The third clade included species from the Mediterranean Peninsulas (Iberian, Italy, and Balkans). The Iberian Squalius species do not constitutes a monophyletic group. Our data indicate that the Iberian Peninsula was colonized at least twice by two different monophyletic lineages, a meridional group and a Central Europe group. The amount of species diversity found in the Iberian Peninsula and the phylogenetic relationships among these species, together with their geographic distribution, suggest that the Central Europe lineage colonized the Iberian Peninsula at a latter time. Our data indicate that the northeastern Iberian lineage is phylogenetically close to Greek populations of Squalius cephalus, while the second lineage formed a monophyletic group including Squalius pyrenaicus, Squalius carolitertii, Squalius aradensis, and Squalius torgalensis. The speciation process that generated these species and the geographic structure of their populations, principally in S. pyrenaicus, can be attributed to paleogeographical events like the ancient endorrheism and the development of hydrographic basins.