Influencia de la música y su momento de aplicación en el rendimiento y en las variables psicofisiológicas durante una contrarreloj de 5 km / Influence of music and its moments of application on performance and psychophysiological parameters during a 5km time trial

Objetivo. El propósito de este estudio fue verificar la influencia de la música introducida en diferentes momentos en una contrarreloj de ciclismo de 5 km sobre las variables psicofisiológicas. Método. Diez ciclistas entrenados participaron en este estudio (24 ± 1 años; 73,5 ± 10,4 kg, 180 ± 12 cm). Los participantes realizaron la contrarreloj de ciclismo de 5 km en 3 condiciones diferentes: música durante el precalentamiento, música durante el protocolo y control. Durante todas las condiciones fue evaluado el tiempo, la potencia, la frecuencia cardíaca y la percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo, y el estado de humor fue evaluado con el cuestionario BRUMS. Después de la estadística descriptiva, la normalidad de los datos fue confirmada por el test de Shapiro-Wilk. La media de rendimiento, el rendimiento a cada 500 m, percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo a cada 1.000 m y el estado de humor fueron comparados con la ANOVA de 2 factores para medidas repetidas (momento x condición). El nivel de significancia fue fijado en p < 0,05. Una estadística paralela fue utilizada para encontrar la menor variación de valor de todas las variables y de esta forma verificar la posibilidad de que el efecto sea trivial, benéfico o perjudicial. Resultados. Ninguna de las variables presentó diferencia entre los grupos (p > 0,05), pero existe una posibilidad de que su percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo sea pequeña cuando el individuo escucha música durante (90%) o antes (93%) del test en comparación con el test de condición de control. Conclusiones. Nuestros resultados mostraron que con independencia del momento de aplicación (por ejemplo, antes o durante el ejercicio), la música no afectó al rendimiento y las variables psicofisiológicas durante una contrarreloj de ciclismo de 5 km(AU)

Objective. The purpose of this study was to verify the influence of music introduced in different moments in a 5-km time-trial cycling (TT5KM) on psychophysical variables. Methods. Ten trained cyclists participated in this study (24 ± 1 years; 73.5 ± 10.4 kg; 180 ± 12 cm). The participants performed the TT5KM in three distinct conditions: music during warm-up (MW), music during the protocol (MP) and control (C). During all conditions the time (T), power output (W), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was evaluated and the mood state was assessed with the BRUMS questionnaire. After descriptive statistics, data normality was confirmed using the Shapiro-Wilk's test. Mean performance, performance at each 500m, RPE at each 1000m and mood state were compared with ANOVA two way for repeated measures (moment x condition). The significance level was set at p<0.05. A parallel statistic was used to find the smallest worthwhile change of all variables to verify the possibility of the effect to be trivial, beneficial or prejudicial. Results. None of the variables showed any difference between groups (p>0.05), but there is a possibility of RPE to be smaller when the subject listen music during (90%) or before (93%) the test compared with control condition. Conclusion. Our results showed that regardless the time of application (i.e., before or during exercise), music did not affect performance and psychophysiological parameters during the TT5KM(AU)

Influence of gender on the EMG signal of the quadriceps femoris muscles and performance in high-intensity short-term exercise.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of gender on the EMG signal of the muscles of the quadriceps femoris and the physical performance in high-intensity, short-term exercise. Fourteen volunteers (7 men = 29.1 +/- 2.8 years and 7 women = 22.6 +/- 2.9 years) performed a Wingate Test (WT) with a load of 7.5% of body mass. The variables analyzed during the WT were the Relative Peak Power (W.Kg(-1)) (RPP), Relative Mean Power (W.Kg(-1)) (RMP), Fatigue Index (%) (FI) and Peak Power Instant (s) (PPI). EMG signals of the superficial muscles of the quadriceps femoris (QF) from the right leg: rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis (VM) were analyzed through root mean square (RMS) values and the normalized median frequency (MNF) determined using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The RPP and the RMP were significantly higher in men when compared to women (9.99 +/- 0.96 vs. 7.66 +/- 1.00 W.kg(-1); 7.23 +/- 0.49 vs. 5.65 +/- 0.61 W.kg(1), P < 0.05; respectively). No significant difference between genders was found on RMS and NMF during WT (P > 0.05). Although RPP and RMP were influenced by gender, the RMS and the NMF of the superficial muscles of the QF did not show the same behavior, suggesting that other mechanisms, not related to motor unit recruitment and speed of nervous stimuli in the muscle fiber may be associated to the lower performance of women in high-intensity, short-term exercise.

Inducing mutations in the mouse genome with the chemical mutagen ethylnitrosourea.

When compared to other model organisms whose genome is sequenced, the number of mutations identified in the mouse appears extremely reduced and this situation seriously hampers our understanding of mammalian gene function(s). Another important consequence of this shortage is that a majority of human genetic diseases still await an animal model. To improve the situation, two strategies are currently used: the first makes use of embryonic stem cells, in which one can induce knockout mutations almost at will; the second consists of a genome-wide random chemical mutagenesis, followed by screening for mutant phenotypes and subsequent identification of the genetic alteration(s). Several projects are now in progress making use of one or the other of these strategies. Here, we report an original effort where we mutagenized BALB/c males, with the mutagen ethylnitrosourea. Offspring of these males were screened for dominant mutations and a three-generation breeding protocol was set to recover recessive mutations. Eleven mutations were identified (one dominant and ten recessives). Three of these mutations are new alleles (Otop1mlh, Foxn1sepe and probably rodador) at loci where mutations have already been reported, while 4 are new and original alleles (carc, eqlb, frqz, and Sacc). This result indicates that the mouse genome, as expected, is far from being saturated with mutations. More mutations would certainly be discovered using more sophisticated phenotyping protocols. Seven of the 11 new mutant alleles induced in our experiment have been localized on the genetic map as a first step towards positional cloning.

Inducing mutations in the mouse genome with the chemical mutagen ethylnitrosourea

When compared to other model organisms whose genome is sequenced, the number of mutations identified in the mouse appears extremely reduced and this situation seriously hampers our understanding of mammalian gene function(s). Another important consequence of this shortage is that a majority of human genetic diseases still await an animal model. To improve the situation, two strategies are currently used: the first makes use of embryonic stem cells, in which one can induce knockout mutations almost at will; the second consists of a genome-wide random chemical mutagenesis, followed by screening for mutant phenotypes and subsequent identification of the genetic alteration(s). Several projects are now in progress making use of one or the other of these strategies. Here, we report an original effort where we mutagenized BALB/c males, with the mutagen ethylnitrosourea. Offspring of these males were screened for dominant mutations and a three-generation breeding protocol was set to recover recessive mutations. Eleven mutations were identified (one dominant and ten recessives). Three of these mutations are new alleles (Otop1mlh, Foxn1sepe and probably rodador) at loci where mutations have already been reported, while 4 are new and original alleles (carc, eqlb, frqz, and Sacc). This result indicates that the mouse genome, as expected, is far from being saturated with mutations. More mutations would certainly be discovered using more sophisticated phenotyping protocols. Seven of the 11 new mutant alleles induced in our experiment have been localized on the genetic map as a first step towards positional cloning.

Total hysterectomy versus subtotal hysterectomy: which procedure should be performed during the pregnant-puerperal period?

A retrospective study of 40 hysterectomies due to hemorrhage performed at the "Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo", from January 1978 to August 1989 was conducted in order to determine which type of hysterectomy (total or subtotal) is better indicated during the pregnant-puerperal period. We analyzed operating time, quantity of blood derivatives transfused during the intra- and postoperative periods, time of postoperative hospitalization, number of intra- and postoperative complications, and deaths. The results did not show statistically significant differences between the two types of hysterectomy. We conclude that total hysterectomy is preferable in any clinical situation, especially in the presence of uterine atony and low implanted placenta.

A introdução e a aclimação de plantas contra a lepra / The introduction and acclimatization of plants against leprosy

Os novos methodos de luta contra a lepra com os oleos de "chaulmoogra" e seus derivados, em particular nas Indias, nas Ilhas Hawaii e em Molokai (trabalhos da Irmn Marie Susane) provaram que uma porcentagem notavel de hansenianos em estado adiantado, podia ser curada e que, em inicio, "eram curados cento por cento".