Depression, Anxiety, Emotional Eating, and Body Mass Index among Self-Reported Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians: A Cross-Sectional Study in Peruvian Adults.

Background: Vegetarianism is commonly associated with various health benefits. However, the association between this dietary regimen and aspects of mental health remains ambiguous. This study compared the symptoms of depression and anxiety, emotional eating (EmE), and body mass index (BMI) in Peruvian vegetarian and non-vegetarian adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 768 Peruvian adults, of whom 284 (37%) were vegetarians and 484 (63%) were non-vegetarians. The Depression Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2 (GAD-2), and an EmE questionnaire were applied; additionally, the BMI was calculated. Simple and multiple linear regression and Poisson regression models with robust variance were used to evaluate the association between depression, anxiety, EmE, and BMI with dietary patterns. Results: The vegetarians (Adjusted Prevalence Ratio [PR] = 0.24, 95% CI 0.16-0.31; p < 0.001) reported more depressive symptoms than the non-vegetarians. This trend persisted for anxiety, with an adjusted PR of 0.17 (95% CI: 0.01-0.29; p = 0.012). However, the vegetarians (adjusted PR = -0.38, 95% CI: -0.61--0.14; p < 0.001) reported lower EmE scores compared to the non-vegetarians. Likewise, the vegetarians had a lower mean BMI than the non-vegetarians (B = -0.16, 95% CI: -0.21--0.08; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Vegetarian diets are associated with increased symptoms of depression and anxiety, as well as lower EmE and BMI scores. Further longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate these associations and determine causality and the underlying mechanisms involved.

[Scientific production in Scopus on financial health: period 2011-2022]. / Producción científica en Scopus sobre salud financiera: periodo 2011-2022.

INTRODUCTION: Financial health is related to the overall health of an individual and their family. The objective of this study was to evaluate the scientific production on financial health in the Scopus database for the 2011-2022 period. METHOD: Scoping review of manuscripts published in journals indexed in the Scopus database between the years 2011 and 2022. The following search terms were used: "Financial obligations", "financial inclusion", "family economy", "financial education", "financial literacy", "financial wellness" and "financial stress", which were entered in the Scopus search engine together with the Boolean operators (AND, OR).  Results: A total of 6 940 publications were identified, of which 81.95% were original articles. The United States was the country with the highest scientific production (35.5%). We identified a trend of increasing number of papers during the study period, especially from 2016 onward, with an 860% increase in 2022 (n=1429) with respect to 2011 (n=165). The journals with the highest number of publications were Sustainability (Switzerland) and the Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning (USA). Finally, the key search terms with the greatest yield were "financial inclusion" through the use of technology, "financial stress", "financial education" and "financial health." CONCLUSIONS: Research on financial health has increased significantly. The new knowledge on the subject is mostly driven by authors and institutions from the United States, and finally, there is evidence of an increasing trend of pulbications related to financial inclusion and financial education.

Introducción: La salud financiera, determinada en buena parte por el salario, está estrechamente relacionada a la salud global del individuo y su familia. Por ello se tuvo como objetivo evaluar la producción científica sobre salud financiera en la base de datos Scopus: periodo 2011 - 2022. Método: Scoping review en la que se analizaron manuscritos publicados en revistas indexadas en la base de datos Scopus entre los años 2011 - 2022. Para la búsqueda se utilizó descriptores tales como financial obligations, financial inclusion, family economy, financial education, financial literacy, financial wellness y financial stress. Se realizó una síntesis narrativa. Resultados: Se incluyeron 6 940 manuscritos, de los cuales el 82,0% eran artículos originales. Se observó un crecimiento constante del número de artículos a lo largo del periodo de estudio, especialmente a partir de 2016, con un incremento del 860% en 2022 (n = 1429) respecto a 2011 (n=165). Estados Unidos fue el país con mayor producción científica. Las revistas con mayor número de publicaciones fueron Sustainability (Suiza) y el Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning (EEUU). Entre los descriptores de mayor impacto se encuentran la inclusión financiera a través del uso de la tecnología, estrés financiero, educación financiera y salud financiera. Conclusiones: La investigación sobre salud financiera ha tenido un aumento significativo. El nuevo conocimiento sobre el tema es impulsado por autores e instituciones de Estados Unidos en su mayoría, y finalmente, se evidencian tendencias de estudio relacionadas a la inclusión y educación financiera.

South American Validation of a Survey to Assess Eco-Anxiety in Adults (ECO-ANS-LATAM).

Background: climate change is a reality, and more and more people are becoming aware of this global problem, which has generated anxiety in some populations. To validate a short survey to assess eco-anxiety in adults in South America. Methods: It is an instrumental study, and the validation was based on a previous survey, which had six questions and was generated by 217 respondents in the USA in 2021. These questions were subjected to a validation process with expert judgment, pilot and application, and then statistics were obtained. It was validated with 1907 people in six countries in South America, where the mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis were adequate. Results: The initial confirmatory factorial model obtained unsatisfactory goodness-of-fit indices, so the indices were modified through a re-specification, where two items were eliminated, after which adequate values were obtained (χ2 = 22.34, df = 2, p = 0.00; RMR = 0.020; GFI = 0.990; CFI = 0.990; TLI = 0.990; and RMSEA = 0.070). Finally, the overall Cronbach's α was calculated to be 0.88 (95% CI = 0.86-0.89). Conclusions: The test was validated in a large South American population and found that only four questions can efficiently measure anxiety about the effects of climate change. The instrument can be used with other tests to screen different age groups, ethnicities and realities.

Gender-based differences in the impact of Dark Triad traits on academic dishonesty: The mediating role of moral disengagement in college students.

This study explores whether gender differences influence the components of the Dark Triad of personality and moral disengagement on the manifestations of dishonest academic behavior in Peruvian university students. Moreover, it evaluates how moral disengagement mediates the effect that the Dark Triad components have on academic dishonesty. The participants were 591 university students, aged between 18 and 40 years (women = 71.7 %; Mage = 21.5; SDage = 3.60), to whom the Dirty Dozen Dark Triad, the Propensity to Morally Disengage Scale, and the Scale of Academic Dishonesty, which has 3 dimensions (cheating on exams, plagiarism, and falsification) were applied. The results reveal that only Machiavellianism has a significant and consistent influence on all dimensions of academic dishonesty, in both men and women, while psychopathy influences the dimension of plagiarism in both men and women and falsification only in men. In addition, moral disengagement affects falsification in both groups, cheating on exams only in the men's group, and plagiarism in the women's group. Finally, the mediating role of moral disengagement between the effect of the Dark Triad and the manifestations of academic dishonesty was not demonstrated.

Preocupación por el contagio de la COVID-19 y carga laboral como predictores del malestar psicológico durante la emergencia sanitaria en personal de salud de Perú

Introducción: Durante la emergencia sanitaria, preocupan las repercusiones en la salud mental que pudieran estar experimentando los trabajadores sanitarios peruanos, quienes representan la primera línea de atención contra la COVID-19. Objetivo: Determinar si la preocupación por la COVID-19 y la carga laboral predicen el malestar psicológico en personal de salud. Métodos: Estudio predictivo en 367 trabajadores (enfermeros, médicos, técnicos en enfermería, obstetras, odontólogos, psicólogos, nutricionistas, entre otros) de ambos sexos en 12 redes de salud de la región de Puno, seleccionados a través de un muestreo no probabilístico intencional. Los datos se recogieron a través de la Escala de malestar psicológico de Kessler, la Escala de preocupación por el contagio de la COVID-19 y la Escala de carga de trabajo (ECT). Resultados: Se encontró que no hay diferencias significativas entre varones y mujeres en el malestar psicológico, la preocupación por el contagio de la COVID-19 y la carga laboral; además, se hallaron correlaciones muy significativas entre las variables de estudio (p < 0,01). El análisis de regresión múltiple demostró un ajuste adecuado para el modelo (F = 94,834; p < 0,001), en el que la preocupación por la COVID-19 (ß =-0,436; p < 0,01) y la carga laboral (ß = 0,239; p < 0,01) son variables que predicen significativamente el malestar psicológico (R2 ajustado = 0,33). Conclusiones: La preocupación por la COVID-19 y la sobrecarga de trabajo predicen el malestar psicológico en el personal sanitario de la región de Puno.

Introduction: During the health emergency, there is concern about the mental health repercussions that Peruvian health workers, who represent the front line of care for COVID-19, may be experiencing. Objective: To determine whether concern about COVID-19 and workloads predict psychological distress in healthcare workers. Methods: Predictive study in which 367 workers (nurses, doctors, nursing assistants, obstetricians, dentists, psychologists, nutritionists, among others) from 12 health networks in the Puno region participated, selected through intentional non-probabilistic sampling. The data were collected via the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, the COVID-19 Scale of Concern and the Workload Scale. Results: It was found that there are no significant differences between men and women in psychological discomfort and concern about COVID-19 infection and workload. Furthermore, highly significant correlations were found between the study variables (p <0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed an adequate adjustment for the model (F = 94.834; p <0.001), where concern about COVID-19 (ß = -0.436; p <0.01) and workload (ß = 0.239; p <0.01) are variables that significantly predict psychological discomfort (adjusted R2 = 0.33). Conclusions: Concern about COVID-19 and work overload predict psychological distress in health personnel in the Puno region.

Translation and validation of the satisfaction with life scale in the native Quechua (Collao variant) language of southern Perú.

Research on life satisfaction in indigenous populations is limited due to language barriers. Therefore, this paper aimed to translate and validate the Life Satisfaction Scale into the original Quechua language (collao variant) of southern Peru. The research was classified as instrumental and transversal and was conducted with the voluntary participation of 242 Quechua adults speaking the collao variant. The instrument that was translated was the 5-item SWLS, previously adapted to Peruvian Spanish. The internal structure was analyzed under an analytical-factorial approach, and the discrimination and difficulty of the items were evaluated from the item response theory (IRT). Expert judgment was favorable for all items (V > 0.70), confirming the 1-dimensional structure of the scale (χ2 = 8.972, df = 5, p = .000; CFI = 0.985; TLI = 0.970 and RMSEA = 0.057), with acceptable reliability (ω = 0.65). All the items of the scale presented adequate discrimination indices; in addition, the results of the evaluation of factorial invariance as a function of gender demonstrated configurational equivalence but an absence of metric invariance. In conclusion, the SWLS translated into Collao Quechua (collao variant) has a stable factorial structure and adequate internal consistency, although it was not possible to completely demonstrate the invariance by gender, it can be used for initial investigations to measure satisfaction with life of the Quechua-speaking indigenous population of southern Peru.

Concern about COVID-19 infection and workload as predictors of psychological distress during the health emergency in Peruvian healthcare personnel.

INTRODUCTION: During the health emergency, there is concern about the mental health repercussions that Peruvian health workers, who represent the front line of care for COVID-19, may be experiencing. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether concern about COVID-19 and workloads predict psychological distress in healthcare workers. METHODS: Predictive study in which 367 workers (nurses, doctors, nursing assistants, obstetricians, dentists, psychologists, nutritionists, among others) from 12 health networks in the Puno region participated, selected through intentional non-probabilistic sampling. The data were collected via the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, the COVID-19 Scale of Concern and the Workload Scale. RESULTS: It was found that there are no significant differences between men and women in psychological discomfort and concern about COVID-19 infection and workload. Furthermore, highly significant correlations were found between the study variables (P < .01). Multiple regression analysis showed an adequate adjustment for the model (F = 94.834; P < .001), where concern about COVID-19 (ß = -0.436; P < .01) and workload (ß = 0.239; P < .01) are variables that significantly predict psychological discomfort (adjusted R2 = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS: Concern about COVID-19 and work overload predict psychological distress in health personnel in the Puno region.

Validez y confiablidad de una escala para medir depresión, ansiedad y estrés aplicada a estudiantes de estomatología cubanos durante la COVID-19 / Validity and reliability of a depression, anxiety and stress scale in Cuban dental students during the COVID-19

Introduction: An indisputable consequence has to do with the psychological impact of the COVID-19 on health professionals and students. In Cuba, these psychological manifestations have scarcely been investigated, and there are no reports in the dental undergraduate program. Objective: To analyze the evidences of validity and reliability of a depression, anxiety and stress scale in Cuban dental students in the context of COVID-19. Methods: An instrumental and cross-sectional study was carried out, which included students of all years and Cuban universities. A documentary measurement instrument was validated, using its main psychometric evidence. Convergent validity was analyzed and reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results: 301 students were included, of which 74.09 percent were women and whose ages ranged from 17 to 30 years. The asymmetry and kurtosis values of all items were adequate. The confirmatory factorial analysis showed that the factorial structure of 21 items distributed in 3 factors is satisfactory. The goodness of fit indices was equally satisfactory. The scale factors are directly and significantly related with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (p<0.01) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (p<0.01); the scale shows evidences of convergent validity. With Cronbach's α coefficient, the scale scores were estimated to be reliable. Conclusions: The depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS-21) in Cuban dental students in the context of COVID-19 turned out to be valid and reliable, in addition to allowing the evaluation of the dimensions of these three factors in this sector of the society(AU)

Introducción: La COVID-19 produce un innegable impacto psicológico en estudiantes y profesionales de la salud. En Cuba, estas manifestaciones psicológicas apenas se han estudiado, y no existen informes al respecto en el programa de pregrado que corresponde a estomatología. Objetivo: Analizar las evidencias sobre validez y confiablidad de una escala para medir depresión, ansiedad y estrés en estudiantes de estomatología cubanos en el contexto de la COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio instrumental y trasversal con estudiantes de todos los cursos y universidades cubanas. Se validó un instrumento de medición de tipo documental mediante su principal evidencia psicométrica. Se analizó la validez convergente y se estimó la confiabilidad mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: Se incluyeron 301 estudiantes, el 74,09 por ciento de los cuales son mujeres y cuyas edades oscilan de diecisiete a treinta años. Los valores de la asimetría y la curtosis de todos los ítems fueron adecuados. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró que la estructura factorial de los 21 ítems distribuidos en tres factores es satisfactoria. La bondad de los índices de ajuste también fue satisfactoria. Los factores de la escala están directa y significativamente relacionados con la escala para medir el trastorno de ansiedad gefneralizas-2 (p<0,01) y con el cuestionario sobre salud del paciente-2. La escala muestra evidencias de validez convergente. El coeficiente alfa de Cronbach permitió estimar la confiablidad de las puntuaciones del instrumento. Conclusiones: La escala para medir depresión, ansiedad y estrés (DASS-21) aplicada a estudiantes de estomatología cubanos en el contexto de la COVID-19 resulto ser válida y confiable, además de permitir la evaluación de las dimensiones de estos tres factores en este sector de la sociedad(AU)

The Design and Validation of a Compassion Fatigue Scale in Peruvian Nurses.

The objective of this study was to design and validate the Compassion Fatigue Scale (EFat-Com) in Peruvian nurses. METHODS: A 13-item scale was designed using qualitative procedures and expert judgment. This version was administered to 201 nursing professionals using an electronic form along with two other measures: the Patient Health Questionnarie-2 and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis supported the existence of two factors with factor loadings > 0.54. Confirmatory factor analysis of the two-factor model yielded satisfactory fit indices after the elimination of two items. Regarding concurrent validity, a positive relationship was obtained between the EFat-Com and the measure of depression; however, no correlation was found with the measure of life satisfaction. The internal consistency was 0.807 for the total scale, 0.79 for Factor 1, and 0.83 for Factor 2. CONCLUSIONS: The EFat-Com showed adequate psychometric properties with respect to content-based validity evidence, internal structure, and reliability. Therefore, the instrument can be used in research and professional settings. However, it is essential to continue studying the validity evidence in other contexts.

Translation and validation of the WHO-5 General well-being index into native language Quechua of the Peruvian South.

To translate and validate the WHO-5 General Well-being Index for the people of the Peruvian South, a cross-sectional instrumental study was carried out with the voluntary participation of 186 people of both sexes between the ages of 18 and 65 years (M = 29.67 years old; SD = 10.94) living in the south region of Peru. The validity evidence was assessed based on the content using Aiken's coefficient V according to the internal structure through a confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability was calculated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The expert judgment was favorable for all items (V > 0.70). The unidimensional structure of the scale was confirmed (χ2 = 10.86, df = 5, p = 0.05; RMR = 0.020; GFI = 0.980; CFI = 0.990; TLI = 0.980 y RMSEA = 0.080), and it presents a suitable reliability range (α = > 0.75). This shows that the WHO-5 General Well-being Index for the people of the Peruvian South is a valid and reliable scale.

Revalidación de la Escala de Fatalismo Religioso ante la COVID-19 en adultos de Latinoamérica / Revalidation of the Religious Fatalism Scale before COVID-19 in Adults from Latin America

Introducción: Algunas creencias religiosas conflictivas se han convertido en una amenaza para la salud pública en América Latina en tiempos de COVID-19. Objetivo: Revalidar una Escala de Fatalismo Religioso ante el COVID-19 en adultos de Latinoamérica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio instrumental. Bajo un muestreo no probabilístico intencional participaron 6206 adultos, 60,1 por ciento mujeres de entre 18 a 60 años de edad (Media = 35,11; Desviación estándar = 9,59) de 14 países de Latinoamérica. El instrumento objeto de revalidación fue la Escala Modificada de Fatalismo Religioso ante la COVID-19 para adultos peruanos, la cual está compuesta por nueve ítems y cinco opciones de respuesta en formato Likert. La validez de contenido se analizó mediante el V de Aiken, la estructura interna a través del análisis factorial confirmatorio y la confiabilidad con el Alpha de Cronbach. Resultados: Todos los ítems obtuvieron una evaluación favorable (V > 0,70). En el análisis factorial confirmatorio, la falta de ajuste se mejoró con la técnica de modificación de índices, que orientó a eliminar los ítems 2, 7 y 8; de este modo se obtuvieron índices de bondad de ajuste satisfactorios, lo cual avala un modelo unidimensional conformado por 6 ítems. Por último, la confiabilidad fue aceptable (α = 0,89; IC 95 por ciento = 0,88-0,89). Conclusiones: La Escala de Fatalismo Religioso ante la COVID-19 es una medida breve que demuestra evidencias de validez y confiabilidad; por lo tanto, puede ser aplicada en investigaciones a nivel de Latinoamérica(AU)

Introduction: Some conflictive religious beliefs have become a threat to public health in Latin America in times of COVID-19. Objective: To revalidate a religious fatalism scale before COVID-19 in adults from Latin America. Methods: An instrumental study was conducted. Under a nonprobabilistic purposive sampling, 6206 adults participated, 60.1 percent of which were women aged 18-60 years (mean: 35.11; standard deviation: 9.59) from 14 Latin-American countries. The instrument to be revalidated was the modified religious fatalism scale before COVID-19 for Peruvian adults, which is made up of nine items and five response choices in Likert format. Content validity was analyzed using Aiken's V; internal structure, through confirmatory factor analysis; and reliability, with Cronbach's Alpha. Results: All the items obtained a favorable evaluation (V > 0.70). Concerning the confirmatory factor analysis, the lack of fit was improved with the index modification technique, which led to eliminating items 2, 7 and 8; thus, satisfactory goodness-of-fit indices were obtained, which supports a unidimensional model made up of 6 items. Finally, reliability was acceptable (α= 0.89; 95 percent CI: 0.88-0.89). Conclusions: The religious fatalism scale before COVID-19 is a brief measure that shows validity and reliability evidences; therefore, it can be applied in research at the Latin-American level(AU)

Producción latinoamericana sobre investigación formativa en Scopus / Latin American production on formative research in Scopus

Introducción: La producción científica latinoamericana aún no es la esperada. Por ello tiene importancia analizar la actividad científica sobre investigación formativa en esta parte del mundo. Objetivo: Evaluar la producción latinoamericana sobre investigación formativa en Scopus en el período 2010-2020. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo. Las unidades de análisis fueron publicaciones sobre investigación formativa en revistas indizadas en la base de datos Scopus durante 2010-2020, y cuya autoría hacía mención a filiaciones de entidades latinoamericanas. Resultados: Se encontró un total de 120 artículos publicados con autoría a afiliaciones de instituciones latinoamericanas. Colombia es el país que contribuye con mayor producción científica sobre este tema, seguido por México, Perú y Brasil, que sobrepasan el 10 por ciento de la producción latinoamericana. En cuanto a la productividad por institución, 83 instituciones internacionales han participado en la producción latinoamericana sobre investigación formativa, entre los que destacan instituciones de México, Perú y Colombia con 4 y más artículos publicados. Conclusiones: La producción latinoamericana sobre investigación formativa entre 2010 y 2020 fue de 120 artículos en revistas indizadas en Scopus, con un porcentaje mayoritario de artículos de investigación, procedentes de Colombia, México y Perú. La institución con más producción resultó el Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública de México, y como las revistas con mayor cantidad de artículos aparecieron Q1 y Q2, con presencia de autores peruanos, brasileros y mexicanos(AU)

Introduction: Latin American scientific production is not yet as expected. Therefore, it is important to analyze the scientific activity on formative research in this part of the world. Objective: To evaluate the Latin American production on formative research in Scopus in the period 2010-2020. Methods: Retrospective descriptive study. The units of analysis were publications on formative research in journals indexed in the Scopus database during 2010-2020, and whose authorship mentioned affiliations with Latin American institutions. Results: A total of 120 published articles were found with authorship to affiliations of Latin American institutions. Colombia is the country that contributes with the highest scientific production on this subject, followed by Mexico, Peru and Brazil, which exceed 10 percent of the Latin American production. In terms of productivity by institution, 83 international institutions have participated in the Latin American production on formative research, among which institutions from Mexico, Peru and Colombia stand out with 4 or more published articles. Conclusions: The Latin American production on formative research between 2010 and 2020 was 120 articles in journals indexed in Scopus, with a majority percentage of research articles, coming from Colombia, Mexico and Peru. The institution with the highest production was the National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, and the journals with the highest number of articles were Q1 and Q2, with the presence of Peruvian, Brazilian and Mexican authors(AU)

[Validity and Reliability of the Wong-Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS) in Cuban Dental Students in COVID-19 Times]. / Validez y confiabilidad de la Wong-Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS) en estudiantes cubanos de Estomatología en tiempos de COVID-19.

Introduction: The pandemic produced by SARS-CoV-2 impacted on educative systems, which justifies the necessity of research about the emotional capacities of the university students to face the challenges that COVID-19 imposes. Objective: To analyze the evidences of validity and reliability of the Wong-Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS) in Cuban dental students. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study with instrumental design. The scale was administered through a virtual questionnaire and later distributed by means of social networks to 307 students (81 male and 226 female). A confirmatory factorial analysis was performed and the intern consistency and the relation between the scale and other variables were evaluated. Results: Through the confirmatory factorial analysis, the model of four correlationated factors was evaluated and an adequate adjust was found, χ2(98) = 303.1, P < .001, CFI = 0.948, TLI = 0.937, RMSEA = 0.083 and SRMR = 0.064. The results of the Omega intern consistency are ωSEA = 0.84, ωOEA = 0.77, ωUOE = 0.83 and ωUROE = 0.91. With respect to the relation of WLEIS with other variables, we had correlations ranging from 0.22 and 0.51 with general well-being, and inverse correlations ranging from -1 and -0.29 of three of its dimensions with depression, showing evidences of convergent and discriminant validity. Conclusion: The WLEIS in Cuban dental students in COVID-19 times resulted be valid and reliable.

Academic self-efficacy, self-esteem, satisfaction with studies, and virtual media use as depression and emotional exhaustion predictors among college students during COVID-19.

The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between depression, emotional exhaustion, self-esteem, satisfaction with studies, academic self-efficacy, and the use of virtual media in Peruvian university students during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A total of 569 college students (61.9% female), with a mean age of 21.73 years (standard deviation = 4.95), responded to the following questionnaires: Academic Self-Efficacy Scale, Single Item Self-Esteem Scale, Brief Scale of Satisfaction with Studies, Scale of Use of Virtual Media, Patient Health Questionnarie-2, and Single Item of Academic Emotional Exhaustion. Correlation statistics, regression models, and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used for data analysis. The results demonstrated a direct and significant correlation between virtual media use, academic self-efficacy, self-esteem, depression, and emotional exhaustion (p < .01). In addition, satisfaction with studies (ß = -0.13), academic self-efficacy (ß = -0.19), self-esteem (ß = -0.14), and emotional exhaustion (ß = 0.19) predicted depression significantly, whereas virtual media use (ß = 0.17), study satisfaction (ß = 0.09), and depression (ß = 0.20) predicted emotional exhaustion associated with academics. The SEM model indicated that self-esteem, satisfaction with studies, and academic self-efficacy negatively predict depression, whereas academic self-efficacy positively predicts virtual media use. Finally, both virtual media use and depression positively predict emotional exhaustion. This model presents optimal goodness-of-fit indices (X2 = 8.926, df = 6, p = .178; comparative fit = .991, Tucker-Lewis = .979, root mean square error of approximation = .029 [confidence interval 90% = .000-.067], standardized root mean square residual = .022). Thus, academic self-efficacy, self-esteem, satisfaction with studies, and virtual media use predict depression and emotional exhaustion among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

[Design and validation of the telework perception scale (Tele-Cov-19) in Peruvian primary schoolteachers]. / Diseño y validación de la escala de percepción del teletrabajo (Tele-Cov-19) en docentes de educación básica peruanos.

INTRODUCTION: To design and validate a scale of perception of teleworking in Peruvian primary schoolteachers. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study of 400 primary schoolteachers (61.5% women) between 21 and 61 years of age, from six cities in Peru. Eight items were proposed, corresponding to indicators of training, safety, and flexibility of schedules, derived from the scientific literature. The scale was validated by seven experts who evaluated the relevance, representativeness and clarity of the items. Subsequently, we applied exploratory f (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), using the FACTOR Analysis program and SPSS AMOS version 21. RESULTS: The Aiken V indicators were statistically significant for the eight items. Before running the AFE, we calculated the KMO coefficient (0.93) and Bartlett's test (1832.9; gl = 28; p = 0.00). A single factor explained 62.27% of the total variance of the scale and its factor loadings ranged from 0.65 to 0.84. The CFA corroborated the internal structure of the scale (?2 = 58.24, df = 20, p < 0.01; RMR = 0.03; TLI = 0.97; CFI = 0.97; and RMSEA = 0.06) and the reliability was acceptable (? = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.89 - 0.92). CONCLUSIONS: The scale demonstrates evidence of content-based validity, internal structure and reliability.

Introducción: Diseñar y validar una escala de percepción acerca del teletrabajo en docentes de educación básica peruanos. Método: Estudio transversal, con 400 docentes de educación básica (61,50% mujeres) entre 21 y 61 años, de 6 ciudades del sur de Perú. Se propusieron 8 ítems que obedecen a los conceptos de capacitación, seguridad, flexibilidad de los horarios a partir de aspectos teóricos hallados en la literatura científica. La escala fue validada por 7 expertos que evaluaron relevancia, representatividad y claridad de los ítems. Posteriormente se aplicó el análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y el análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC), mediante el programa FACTOR Analysis y el SPSS AMOS versión 21. Resultados: Los indicadores V de Aiken fueron estadísticamente significativos para los 8 ítems. Previa ejecución del AFE se calculó el coeficiente KMO (0,93) y el test de Bartlett (1832,90; gl = 28; p = 0,00). Se evidenció la existencia de un solo factor que explica el 62,27 % de la varianza total de la escala y sus cargas factoriales oscilan entre 0,65 y 0,84. El AFC corroboró la estructura interna de la escala (?2 = 58,24, df = 20, p < 0,01; RMR = 0,03; TLI = 0,97; CFI = 0,97; y RMSEA = 0,06) y la confiabilidad fue aceptable (? = 0,93; IC 95% = 0,89 ­ 0,92). Conclusiones: La escala muestra evidencias de validez basada en el contenido, estructura interna y fiabilidad.

Anxiety and depression as predictors of life satisfaction during pre-professional health internships in COVID-19 times: the mediating role of psychological well-being.

Due to the emotional impact of COVID-19 on university students, the goal was to explore the relationship between anxiety, depression, psychological well-being, and life satisfaction among pre-professional interns. The research was carried out using an explanatory cross-sectional design, with the participation of 1011 pre-professional interns of 13 health networks from the department of Puno (Peru). Data were collected using the Satisfaction with Life Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2, Patient Health Questionnaire 2, and the Psychological Wellbeing Scale. The main data analysis was carried out using the R statistical software, and implementing the confirmatory factor analysis technique, which evidenced that the explanatory model provides an acceptable value. Based on the above, a negative relationship between depression and life satisfaction, (ß = -.60, p < .001) and a positive relationship between anxiety and life satisfaction (ß = .28, p < .001) was shown, in addition to a mediating effect of the psychological wellbeing related to depression and life satisfaction (p < .001). In conclusion, life satisfaction is explained concerning the degree of depression and anxiety, as well as the moderating effect of psychological well-being. Despite that, there is an urgent need to take preventive actions to strengthen the mental health of the pre-professional health interns, who have also been providing support during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Diseño y validación de una escala de autoeficacia en la evaluación de tesis de grado en ciencias de la salud

Introducción. Las tesis de grado requieren de una adecuada evaluación para asegurar la calidad metodológica y su potencial publicable. Objetivos. Diseñar y validar una escala de autoeficacia en la evaluación de tesis de grado en jurados dictaminadores de ciencias de la salud (EAE-Te). Métodos. Estudio instrumental y transversal, donde participaron 221 jurados de tesis de grado de medicina, odontología, enfermería, nutrición y psicología, quienes laboran en instituciones privadas y estatales de las tres regiones del Perú. La escala se diseñó en base a indicadores teóricos hallados en la literatura científica, teniendo como primera versión 16 ítems. La validez basada en el contenido se evaluó con el coeficiente V de Aiken, la validez de constructo con el análisis factorial exploratorio y la confiabilidad con el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach y sus respectivos intervalos de confianza. Resultados. Los valores V de Aiken fueron favorables para todos los ítems. El análisis factorial exploratorio evidenció un modelo unidimensional con 13 ítems (KMO = 0,868; Bartlett = 2302.1; gl = 66; p < 0,001), donde el factor alcanzado explica el 60,99% de la varianza total de la escala y sus cargas factoriales oscilan entre 0,605 y 0,872; finalmente, la confiabilidad fue aceptable (α = 0,943; IC95% = 0,92-0,95). Conclusiones. La EAE-Te es una medida unidimensional y demuestra evidencias psicométricas iniciales de validez basada en el contenido, de estructura interna y fiabilidad; por tanto, puede aplicarse para evaluar el nivel de autoeficacia de los jurados para evaluar tesis de grado.

Introduction. Graduate theses require adequate evaluation to ensure their methodological quality and publishable potential. Objectives. To design and validate a scale of self-efficacy in the evaluation of graduate theses in health sciences jurors (EAE-Te). Methods. Instrumental and cross-sectional study, with the participation of 221 medical, dental, nursing, nutrition and psychology graduate thesis jurors who work in private and state institutions in the three regions of Peru. The scale was designed based on theoretical indicators found in the scientific literature, with a first version of 16 items. Content-based validity was evaluated with Aiken's V coefficient, construct validity with Exploratory Factor Analysis and reliability with Cronbach's Alpha coefficient and their respective confidence intervals. Results. Aiken's V values were favorable for all items. The exploratory factor analysis evidenced a unidimensional model with 13 items (KMO = 0.868; Bartlett = 2302.1; gl = 66; p < 0.001), where the factor reached explains 60.99% of the total variance of the scale and its factor loadings range between 0.605 and 0.872; finally, reliability was acceptable (α = 0.943; 95%CI = 0.92-0.95). Conclusions. The SEA-Te is a unidimensional measure and demonstrates initial psychometric evidence of content-based validity, internal structure and reliability; therefore, it can be applied to assess the level of jurors' self-efficacy to evaluate graduate theses.

Validity of a scale of Latin American perception of fear and concern transmitted by the media during the pandemic (MED-LAT-COVID-19).

Introduction: The pandemic has caused fear, especially due to the daily disseminated news; however, there is not an instrument to measure this fear in multiple realities. Objective: To validate a scale for Latin American perception of fear and concern transmitted by the media during the pandemic. Methodology: This is an instrumental study. The survey was based on an instrument which was pre-validated in Peru and submitted to 15 experts in almost 10 countries. Subsequently, thousands of people were surveyed in 13 Latin American countries, whose answers were used for descriptive statistics for validation. Results: Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) generated two re-specifications, where four items were eliminated from the original scale. With these changes, the global goodness of fit (absolute and incremental) were satisfactory (CFI = 0.978; TLI = 0.964; GFI = 0.976; AGFI = 0.949; RMSEA = 0.075 and RMR = 0.029). The first factor measures the media exaggeration (three questions); the second, the fear transmitted by the media (three questions); and the third, the fear transmitted by others different from the media (two questions). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was higher than 0.70 for the scale and its factors. Conclusion: The MED-LAT-COVID-19 scale reported a good adjustment. It has eight items in three factors, which could be measured in an isolated way, or along with other tests that assess mental health in the current pandemic context.

Revalidation of an ultra-short scale for the measurement of perceived job security in Latin America. / Revalidación de escala ultracorta para la medición de la seguridad percibida para conservar el trabajo en Latinoamérica.

Introduction: Due to the measures imposed by governments to reduce the spread of this new virus, the economic sector was one of the most affected during the COVID-19 pandemic. Several labor sectors had to undergo a virtual adaptation process resulting in job instability and job loss. The objective of this study was to revalidate an ultra-short scale for measuring perceived job security in Latin America. Methods: A revalidation study was done on a short scale that measures worker's perceived security about losing or keeping their job in the near future. Results: The four items remained on the revalidated scale, where all four explained a single factor. The goodness-of-fit measures confirmed the single-factor model (χ: 7.06; df: 2; p = 0.29; mean square error: 0.015; goodness-of-fit index: 0.998; adjusted goodness-of-fit index: 0.991; comparative fit index: 0.999; Tucker-Lewis index: 0.997; normalized fit index: 0.998; incremental fit index: 0.999; and root mean square error of approximation: 0.036). The scale's reliability was calculated using McDonald's omega coefficient, obtaining an overall result of ω = 0.72. Conclusions: The scale was correctly revalidated in Latin America, and the four items were kept in a single reliable factor.

Introducción: El sector económico fue uno de los más afectados durante la pandemia de COVID-19, debido a las medidas impuestas por los gobiernos para reducir la propagación de este nuevo virus. En consecuencia, varios sectores laborales tuvieron que pasar por un proceso de adaptación virtual, resultando en la inestabilidad o pérdida de empleos. El objetivo fue revalidar una escala ultra corta para la medición de la seguridad percibida para conservar el trabajo en Latinoamérica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de validación de una escala corta que mide la seguridad percibida por el trabajador acerca de poder perder o mantener su trabajo en un corto tiempo. Resultados: Los cuatro ítems se mantuvieron en la escala revalidada, también estuvieron en un único factor. Los índices de bondad de ajuste confirmaron dicho factor único: χ2: 7,06; df: 2; p = 0,29; junto a los índices de error de cuadrático medio: 0,015; de bondad de ajuste: 0,998; ajustado de bondad de ajuste: 0,991; de ajuste comparativo: 0,999; de Tucker-Lewis: 0,997; de ajuste normalizado: 0,998; de ajuste incremental: 0,999 y el error cuadrático medio de aproximación: 0,036. En todo momento se mostró un ajuste adecuado. Posterior a eso se midió la confiabilidad, la cual se calculó con el coeficiente de Ω de McDonald, obteniendo un resultado de 0,72.

Revalidación de escala ultracorta para la medición de la seguridad percibida para conservar el trabajo en Latinoamérica / Revalidation of an ultra-short scale for the measurement of perceived job security in Latin America

Introducción: El sector económico fue uno de los más afectados durante la pandemia de COVID-19, debido a las medidas impuestas por los gobiernos para reducir la propagación de este nuevo virus. En consecuencia, varios sectores laborales tuvieron que pasar por un proceso de adaptación virtual, resultando en la inestabilidad o pérdida de empleos. El objetivo fue revalidar una escala ultra corta para la medición de la seguridad percibida para conservar el trabajo en Latinoamérica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de validación de una escala corta que mide la seguridad percibida por el trabajador acerca de poder perder o mantener su trabajo en un corto tiempo. Resultados: Los cuatro ítems se mantuvieron en la escala revalidada, también estuvieron en un único factor. Los índices de bondad de ajuste confirmaron dicho factor único: χ2: 7,06; df: 2; p = 0,29; junto a los índices de error de cuadrático medio: 0,015; de bondad de ajuste: 0,998; ajustado de bondad de ajuste: 0,991; de ajuste comparativo: 0,999; de Tucker-Lewis: 0,997; de ajuste normalizado: 0,998; de ajuste incremental: 0,999 y el error cuadrático medio de aproximación: 0,036. En todo momento se mostró un ajuste adecuado. Posterior a eso se midió la confiabilidad, la cual se calculó con el coeficiente de Ω de McDonald, obteniendo un resultado de 0,72. Conclusiones: La escala se revalidó de forma correcta en Latinoamérica y se mantuvieron los cuatro ítems en un único factor, siendo fiable.

Introduction: Due to the measures imposed by governments to reduce the spread of this new virus, the economic sector was one of the most affected during the COVID-19 pandemic. Several labor sectors had to undergo a virtual adaptation process resulting in job instability and job loss. The objective of this study was to revalidate an ultra-short scale for measuring perceived job security in Latin America. Methods: A revalidation study was done on a short scale that measures worker's perceived security about losing or keeping their job in the near future. Results: The four items remained on the revalidated scale, where all four explained a single factor. The goodness-of-fit measures confirmed the single-factor model (χ: 7.06; df: 2; p = 0.29; mean square error: 0.015; goodness-of-fit index: 0.998; adjusted goodness-of-fit index: 0.991; comparative fit index: 0.999; Tucker-Lewis index: 0.997; normalized fit index: 0.998; incremental fit index: 0.999; and root mean square error of approximation: 0.036). The scale's reliability was calculated using McDonald's omega coefficient, obtaining an overall result of ω = 0.72. Conclusions: The scale was correctly revalidated in Latin America, and the four items were kept in a single reliable factor.