The Long-Run Economic Consequences of Iodine Supplementation.

We present evidence on the impacts of a large-scale iodine supplementation program in Tanzania on individuals' long-term economic outcomes. Exploiting the timing and location of the intervention, we document that in utero exposure to the program increased completed years of education and income scores in adulthood. We find no increase in total employment, but a significant change in the occupational structure. Cohorts exposed to the program are less likely to work in agricultural self-employment and more likely to hold skilled jobs that typically demand higher levels of education. Together, these results demonstrate that iodine deficiency can have long-run implications for occupational choices and labor market incomes in low-income regions.

Avoidable environmental disasters and infant health: Evidence from a mining dam collapse in Brazil.

We study the health consequences of one of the largest environmental disasters of the world mining industry, which largely stemmed from regulatory failure. Exploiting the timing and location of the Mariana mine tailings dam collapse in Brazil, we show that in utero exposure to the tragedy significantly reduced birth weight and increased infant mortality. The adverse effects were stronger for infants born to less educated and nonmarried mothers. These findings indicate that poorly enforced environmental regulation may have long-term welfare impacts on local communities.

Provider supply, utilization, and infant health: evidence from a physician distribution policy

We analyze a policy that substantially expanded the supply of primary care physicians in Brazil. The program is associated with a significant increase in doctor visits across all age groups, and greater utilization of doctors as source of prenatal care. However, this increased used of doctors was accompanied by significant reductions in prenatal care from nurses. As a result of this shift in the provider of care, there were no gains in widely-used metrics of infant health, including birth weight, gestation and infant mortality. These findings suggest that physicians and nurses may be good substitutes in terms of neonatal health.

Este estudo analisa uma política que ampliou substancialmente a oferta de médicos de atenção primária no Brasil. O programa está associado a um aumento significativo de consultas médicas em todas as faixas etárias e `a maior utilização de médicos como fonte de assistência pré-natal. No entanto, esse aumento no uso de médicos foi acompanhado por reduções significativas no número de consultas pré-natais fornecidas por enfermeiras. Como resultado dessa mudança no provedor da atenção, não houve ganhos em métricas amplamente utilizadas de saúde infantil, incluindo peso ao nascer, gestação e mortalidade infantil. Esses resultados sugerem que médicos e enfermeiras podem ser bons substitutos em termos de saúde neonatal.

New evidence of the effect of body weight on labor market outcomes in a developing country / Nova evidência do efeito do peso corporal no sucesso no mercado de trabalho em um país em desenvolvimento

This paper provides new evidence of the effect of body weight on labor market outcomes in Brazil. The methodology uses the sibling's body mass index as an instrumental variable to deal with endogeneity issues. We found that body weight has a positive effect on wages and formal employment. Furthermore, we also find heterogeneous effects by sex, race, and residence area. The evidence also suggests that education is an important mechanism through which body weight affects labor market outcomes.

Este artigo fornece novas evidências do efeito do peso corporal sobre os sucessos no mercado de trabalho no Brasil. A metodologia usa o peso corporal de algum irmão como uma variável instrumental e mitiga potenciais fontes de viés. Os resultados mostraram que o peso corporal tem um efeito positivo sobre os salários e a probabilidade de emprego formal. Além disso, evidenciaram-se impactos heterogêneos por sexo, raça e área de residência. A evidência sugere também que a educação é um importante mecanismo por meio do qual o peso corporal afeta os sucessos no mercado de trabalho.

Attainments and limitations of an early childhood programme in Colombia.

The Growth and Development Monitoring Programme is a longstanding early childhood social intervention in Colombia. The programme's goal is the prevention and early identification of problems affecting children's health and nutrition. To achieve this aim, the programme's basic strategy is to educate parents about the overall health care of infants. The objective of this study is to measure the impact of this programme on children's nutrition and health status and maternal child-care practices. To address potential selection bias, we employ quasi-experimental techniques. This article uses data from the Demographic Health Survey of 2010. The evidence suggests that the programme improved immunization status and the likelihood of health care for acute respiratory infection or fever. As expected, the programme has a greater impact on children from among the poorest people in the country. In the most advanced regions and for the beneficiaries of private health care, the effects of the programme have tended to be negligible. In this sense, our central policy recommendation is to optimize the programme for the poorest households in the country.

Relationship between professional antenatal care and facility delivery: an assessment of Colombia.

The determinants of maternal and child health have been the recurrent topics of study in developing countries. Using the Demographic and Health Survey (2010) of Colombia, this study aimed to identify the determinants for professional antenatal care and institutional delivery, taking into account the interdependence of these two decisions, which we consider using a bivariate probit model. This study found that when certain factors affecting both the decision to seek prenatal care and giving birth in a hospital are neglected, the results of the estimates are inefficient. Estimates show that the effects of education, parity, regional location and economic status on institutional delivery tend to be underestimated in a univariate probit model. The results indicate that economic status, level of education, parity and medical-insurance affiliation influenced the joint likelihood of accessing professional antenatal care and delivering in a health facility. An important finding is that mothers with a higher level of education are 9 percentage points more likely to access these two health services compared with mothers who are illiterate. Another observed finding is the regional disparities. The evidence indicates that mothers in the Pacific Region, the poorest region of Colombia, are 6 percentage points less likely to access such services. Thus, the results indicate that the Colombian health policy should emphasize increasing the level of schooling of mothers and establish health facilities in the poorest regions of the country to ensure that women in need are provided with social health insurance.