Signalling, inflammation and arthritis: Crossed signals: the role of interleukin-15 and -18 in autoimmunity.

Several cytokines are involved in the complex processes ultimately leading to autoimmune diseases. In a preceding review, we have already discussed the role of the IL-12 and -17 families of cytokines. This review is focused on IL-15 and -18. Both these molecules have pro-inflammatory activity and act on many cell types and because of their broad spectrum of activity they play an important role in autoimmunity and disease pathogenesis. Their biological activity is ultimately regulated by the signalling cascades set into motion within their target cells. In this second review, we will, once again, describe the signal transduction pathways activated by these two cytokines and focus on how this relates to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. We will also describe some of the therapeutic approaches that are being investigated to curtail the pro-inflammatory activities of these two molecules.

Signalling, inflammation and arthritis: crossed signals: the role of interleukin (IL)-12, -17, -23 and -27 in autoimmunity.

Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis are the consequence of a persistent imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory immune mechanisms leading to chronic inflammation. The action of several cytokines is at the basis of this complex process. This review is focused on the signalling events triggered by two major groups of cytokines, namely the IL-12 and IL-17 families, which in the past few years have been shown to have a prominent role in the pathogenesis of such diseases. In particular, we will focus on the signalling cascades set in motion by such cytokines and how this may relate to the pathogenesis of human immune and inflammatory disorders as knowledge of such cascades may help in the development of novel therapeutic approaches for such diseases.

Multiple pathways contribute to the hyperproliferative responses from truncated granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptors.

Mutations in the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSF-R) gene leading to a truncated protein have been identified in a cohort of neutropenia patients highly predisposed to acute myeloid leukemia. Such mutations act in a dominant manner resulting in hyperproliferation but impaired differentiation in response to G-CSF. This is due, at least in part, to defective internalization and loss of binding sites for several negative regulators, leading to sustained receptor activation. However, those signaling pathways responsible for mediating the hyperproliferative function have remained unclear. In this study, analysis of an additional G-CSF-R mutant confirmed the importance of residues downstream of Box 2 as important contributors to the sustained proliferation. However, maximal proliferation correlated with the ability to robustly activate signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5 in a sustained manner, whereas co-expression of dominant-negative STAT5, but not dominant-negative STAT3, was able to inhibit G-CSF-stimulated proliferation from a truncated receptor. Furthermore, a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor also strongly reduced the proliferative response, whereas inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) or phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase reduced proliferation to a lesser degree. These data suggest that sustained JAK2/STAT5 activation is a major contributor to the hyperproliferative function of truncated G-CSF receptors, with pathways involving MEK and PI 3-kinase playing a reduced role.

Accelerating the induction of Fas-mediated T cell apoptosis: a strategy for transplant tolerance?

Acute allograft rejection is primarily a consequence of clonal expansion of donor-specific T cells with specificity for donor antigen. Immunosuppression current involves the administration of toxic drugs that limit lymphoproliferation, but this treatment is not antigen-specific and allows opportunistic infection. An ideal strategy would be production of donor-specific T cell tolerance in the presence of an otherwise intact and functional T cell repertoire. Methods to enhance normal apoptotic clearance of activated T cells might contribute to development of this state. This study focuses on manipulation in vitro of Fas-mediated T cell apoptosis and compares two methods to enhance the extent and kinetics for clearance of activated T cells. First, the CD4 coreceptor was cross-linked in the presence and absence of Fas-stimulation. It was found that CD4 cross-linking potently induced apoptosis, even in the absence of Fas stimulation. Resting and activated T cells were susceptible to this treatment, precluding the development of antigen-specific tolerance after T cell activation. In a second system, T cells were treated with two staurosporine analogues, Bisindolylmaleimide (Bis) III and VIII and apoptosis was induced by stimulation of Fas. Resting T cells remained resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis, but treatment of mitogen or alloantigen-activated cells with either Bis III or VIII caused a synergistic increase in apoptosis. These agents also reduced the period of resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis after T cell activation, possibly by reducing expression of c-FLIP, allowing early activation of caspase 8 in alloreactive T cells. Development of this strategy might provide a route to the induction of specific tolerance after organ transplantation.