Novel naphthoquinone-1H-1,2,3-triazole hybrids: Design, synthesis and evaluation as inductors of ROS-mediated apoptosis in the MCF-7 cells.

The search for novel anticancer drugs is essential to expand treatment options, overcome drug resistance, reduce toxicity, promote innovation, and tackle the economic impact. The importance of these studies lies in their contribution to advancing cancer research and enhancing patient outcomes in the battle against cancer. Here, we developed new asymmetric hybrids containing two different naphthoquinones linked by a 1,2,3-1H-triazole nucleus, which are potential new drugs for cancer treatment. The antitumor activity of the novel compounds was tested using the breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, using the non-cancer cell line MCF10A as control. Our results showed that two out of twenty-two substances tested presented potential antitumor activity against the breast cancer cell lines. These potential drugs, named here 12g and 12h were effective in reducing cell viability and promoting cell death of the tumor cell lines, exhibiting minimal effects on the control cell line. The mechanism of action of the novel drugs was assessed revealing that both drugs increased reactive oxygen species production with consequent activation of the AMPK pathway. Therefore, we concluded that 12g and 12h are novel AMPK activators presenting selective antitumor effects.

Merging 3D-printing technology and disposable materials for electrochemical purposes: A sustainable alternative to ensure greener electroanalysis.

3D-printing technology has revolutionized electrochemical applications by enabling rapid prototyping of various devices with high precision, even in highly complex structures. However, a significant challenge remains in developing less costly and more sustainable analytical approaches and methods aimed at mitigating the negative environmental impacts of chemical analysis procedures. In this study, we propose a solution to these challenges by creating a simple and versatile electrochemical system that combines 3D-printing technology with recyclable disposable materials, such as graphite from an exhausted battery and a stainless-steel screw. Our results demonstrate a novel strategy for developing electrodes and other laboratory-made devices that align with the principles of sustainability and green chemistry. Furthermore, we provide evidence of the effectiveness of the proposed system in an analytical application involving the simultaneous determination of tert-butylhydroquinone, acetaminophen, and levofloxacin using the voltammetric technique in lake and groundwater samples. The results indicate sufficient accuracy, with recovery values ranging from 91 to 110%. Additionally, we utilized the Analytical GREEnness calculator as a metric system to evaluate the environmental friendliness of the proposed electroanalytical protocol. The final score confirms a favorable level of sustainability, reaffirming the eco-friendly nature of our approach.

Superficial ulnar artery pseudoaneurysm.

The ulnar artery is the larger terminal branch of the brachial artery. It originates in the cubital fossa and is covered by the flexor muscles of the forearm. We report an anatomic variant in which the ulnar artery was in a superficial position in the forearm. Since this variant was unknown, an attempted venous puncture injured the artery, causing formation of a pseudoaneurysm.

Clinical efficacy of endodontic protocols on reducing cultivable bacteria and endotoxin in infected root canal in patients submitted to head and neck radiotherapy: a randomised clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: Assess the efficacy of biomechanical preparation using a reciprocating system followed by final irrigation protocols, then intracanal medication, on reducing endotoxins and cultivable bacteria of infected teeth in irradiated patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two infected single-rooted canals in patients submitted to head and neck radiotherapy were prepared by reciprocating motion and 2.5% NaOCl. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of 11 patients before the final irrigation protocol: apical positive pressure (APP) or passive ultrasonic activation (PUA). Both groups were treated in two sessions, using Ca(OH)2 as intracanal medication for 14 days. Root canal content sampling was performed after canal access (S1), after biomechanical preparation plus the irrigation protocol (S2), and after intracanal medication (S3). Chromogenic limulus amoebocyte lysate assay measured endotoxin levels (EU/mL), and bacterial load was determined by culture techniques (CFU/mL). RESULTS: Treatment protocols reduced bacterial counts after S2 in both groups (p = 0.01). S3 differed from S1 (p = 0.01), but not from S2 (p = 0.4). Endotoxin levels were reduced in both groups after S2 (P = 0.03) and were lower in S3 than in S2, with significant differences in the APP group (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Biomechanical preparation using a reciprocating system and 2.5% NaOCl in irradiated teeth, followed by the irrigation protocol (APP or PUA), demonstrated efficacy in reducing endodontic contaminants. Ca(OH)2 as intracanal medication should be performed in irradiated patients with infected root canals. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This clinical study demonstrated that endodontic treatment in irradiated patients is efficacious at reducing bacterial load and endotoxin levels.

Assessing the cyclic fatigue resistance and sterilization effects on replica-like endodontic instruments compared to Reciproc Blue.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the number of uses and autoclave sterilization on the cyclic fatigue resistance of four replica-like instruments RC Blue; Only One File Blue; Recip One Blue; and Micro Blue compared to the original system Reciproc Blue (VDW, Munich, Germany). The instruments were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) before being used in root canal instrumentation (baseline). Fifty molars were instrumented by ten instruments (n=10). After sterilization in an autoclave, the  instruments were analyzed by SEM. This procedure was repeated twice more using different molars, totaling 3 rounds of instrumentation, sterilization and SEM analysis. Then, ten different instruments from each brand were tested for cyclic fatigue resistance. Number of uses data were analyzed using Chi-squared analysis, and cyclic fatigue data were analyzed by one-way Anova followed by Tukey's test as the data had normal distribution. The fracture times for all systems had no significant difference, but Micro Blue had significantly lower values than the other systems (p < 0.05). The SEM analysis showed distortions in the instruments after the 3rd use. Therefore, all tested instruments except of Micro Blue have similar resistance to cyclic fatigue, and all are reliable for use in up to 2-cases.

Antifungal Action of Herbal Plants' Glycolic Extracts against Candida Species.

Candida spp. cause fungal infection that affects patients' oral health. This study aimed to evaluate the isolated and synergistic antifungal effect of Rosa centifolia L., Curcuma longa L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., and Punica granatum L. glycolic extracts against Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida tropicalis, and Candida krusei planktonic and biofilm forms. The plant extracts were chemically characterized and the main compounds were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) analysis. The minimum inhibitory and minimum fungicidal concentrations of the extracts were determined, and antibiofilm activity was evaluated by MTT assay. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests, and by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests, considering a significance level of 5%. The main compounds identified in each of the extracts were: p-coumaric acid (2153.22 µg/100 mL) in the rosemary extract, gallotannins (4318.31 µg/100 mL) in the pomegranate extract, quercetin derivatives (3316.50 µg/100 mL) in the extract of white roses, and curcumin (135.09 µg/100 mL) in the turmeric extract. The combination of R. centifolia and C. longa glycolic extracts was effective against C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, and C. tropicalis biofilms over different periods (p < 0.05). The combination of R. officinalis and P. granatum glycolic extracts was effective against C. albicans and C. krusei biofilms after 30 min, and against C. tropicalis after 24 h, with all combinations showing an average reduction of 50% in cell viability (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the combined plant extracts have antifungal and antibiofilm action against Candida spp. in different concentrations and times of action.

Antimicrobial action of four herbal plants over mixed-species biofilms of Candida albicans with four different microorganisms.

This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of four herbal plants glycolic extracts over mixed-species biofilm composed of Candida albicans (C. albicans) and another pathogenic bacterium as alternative therapy to be investigated. Four plants extract of Pfaffia paniculata roots; Hamamelis virginiana leaf, Stryphnodendron barbatiman tree bark and Gymnema sylvestre stem and leaves were tested over multi-species biofilm of C. albicans (ATCC 18804) and Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 35688), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 4083) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) for 5 min and 24 h and colony forming units per millilitre was calculated. The data were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's test (p ≤ 0.05). All tested extracts showed antimicrobial action over the mixed-species biofilms after 24 h. Some extracts eliminated totally the biofilms. The glycolic extract of P. paniculata, H. virginiana, S. barbatiman and G. sylvestre are effective over mixed-species biofilms and may be indicated as endodontic irrigant or intracanal medication.

Fracture resistance of weakened roots restored with relined or milled CAD-CAM glass fiber posts.

This in vitro study compared the fracture resistance of weakened roots restored with milled or relined glass fiber post (GFP). Seventy bovine incisors were divided into seven groups, according to the weakening protocol (none: control; medium-weakened: MW; highly-weakened: HW) and post anatomization technique (non-relined, relined with Bulk Fill or Z350 resin; milled GFP: M). Roots were thermomechanical cycled and submitted to compression. Frequencies and groups were compared by the chi-square test and two-factor ANOVA, Tukey's, and t-test (α=5%). The HW-M obtained the lowest values, showing significant differences compared to all groups (p<0.001). The highest value was HW-Bulk fill, with significant difference compared to MW-M (p=0.037) and HW-M (p<0.001). The frequency of repairable fractures was 100% in the control, 87%, and 63% in the MW and HW, respectively. Relined or milled GFPs can be considered to rehabilitate weakened teeth since failure patterns were predominantly repairable in all groups.

Neodexiopsis Malloch (Diptera, Muscidae) from Ecuador: description of new species and a key to the species

ABSTRACT Neodexiopsis Malloch (Diptera, Muscidae) is a member of the subfamily Coenosiinae, with more than a hundred species recorded in the Neotropical region. In Ecuador, it is known by four species, which may be an underestimated number. We describe five new species based on recently collected material: Neodexiopsis bicoloratta new species, N. longialata new species, N. nigrocalyptrata new species, N. plana new species, and N. secunda new species. A key to segregating all the recorded species from Ecuador is presented. The male and female terminalia of the new species were dissected and illustrated. Images of the habitus of the adult from the new species are presented.

The SISBIOTA-Diptera Brazilian Network: A long-term survey of Diptera from unexplored Brazilian Western Arc of Amazon, Cerrado, and Pantanal

ABSTRACT The SISBIOTA-BRASIL was a three-year multimillion-dollar research program of the Brazilian government to document plants and animals in endangered/understudied areas and biomes in Brazil. Distributional patterns and the historical events that generated them are extensively unknown regarding Brazilian fauna and flora. This deficiency hinders the development of conservation policies and the understanding of evolutionary processes. Conservation decisions depend on precise knowledge of the taxonomy and geographic distribution of species. Given such a premise, we proposed to research the diversity of Diptera of the Brazilian western arc of Amazon, Cerrado, and Pantanal in the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Rondônia. Three important biomes of the South American continent characterize these Brazilian states: Amazon forest, Cerrado (Brazilian Savannah), and Pantanal. Besides their ecological relevance, these biomes historically lack intensive entomological surveys. Therefore, they are much underrepresented in the Brazilian natural history collections and in the scientific literature, which is further aggravated by the fact that these areas are being exponentially and rapidly converted to commercial lands. Our project involved over 90 collaborators from 24 different Brazilian institutions and one from Colombia among researchers, postdocs, graduate and undergraduate students, and technicians. We processed and analyzed nearly 300,000 specimens from ~60 families of Diptera collected with a large variety of methods in the sampled areas. Here, we provide a detailed overview of the genera and species diversity of 41 families treated. Our results point to a total of 2,130 species and 514 genera compiled and identified for the three states altogether, with an increase of 41% and 29% in the numbers of species and genera known for the three states combined, respectively. Overall, the 10 most species-rich families were Tachinidae, Cecidomyiidae, Tabanidae, Psychodidae, Sarcophagidae, Stratiomyidae, Bombyliidae, Syrphidae, Tephritidae, and Asilidae. The 10 most diverse in the number of genera were Tachinidae, Stratiomyidae, Asilidae, Mycetophilidae, Syrphidae, Tabanidae, Muscidae, Dolichopodidae, Sarcophagidae, and Chloropidae. So far, 111 scientific papers were published regarding taxonomic, phylogenetic, and biogeographical aspects of the studied families, with the description of 101 new species and three new genera. We expect that additional publications will result from this investigation because several specimens are now curated and being researched by specialists.

Antimicrobial action of psidium guajava l. extract against enterococcus faecalis and candida albicans strains: a pilot study / Ação antimicrobiana do extrato de psidium guajava l. contra as cepas de enterococcus faecalis e candida albicans: um estudo piloto / Acción antimicrobiana de la extracción de psidium guajava l. contra los cepes de los enterococcus faecalis y los candida albicans: un estudio piloto

Endodontic treatment consists of decontamination of the root canal using irrigants like Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl). However, some microorganisms resist conventional therapies, causing relapse and secondary infections. Substances with microbicidal power and potential to become new irrigants need to be studied. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of Psidium guajava L. (guava tree) extract against clinical and standard (ATCC) strains of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. For this purpose, the extract was produced from the raw material (leaves and shoots) diluted in the hydroethanolic vehicle (EtOH: H2O / 50:50) for subsequent microbiological analysis. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Microbicidal Concentration (MMC) of the plant extract were tested, according to the Clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) guidelines, on four strains: E. faecalis (ATCC and clinic) and C. albicans (ATCC and clinic). The extract of P. guajava did not produce antifungal action on C. albicans, however, it showed microbicidal potential against strains of E. faecalis, showing MIC of 0.20%. This concentration was lower than the MIC of NaOCl which was 0.31%, a solution that is commonly used in dental clinics. In conclusion, the hydroethanolic extract of P. guajava presents bactericidal action against E. faecalis, being a natural product with potential for future studies regarding the development of new endodontic irrigants.

O tratamento endodôntico consiste na descontaminação do canal radicular com emprego de soluções irrigadoras, como por exemplo, o Hipoclorito de Sódio (NaOCl). Contudo, alguns microrganismos resistem as terapias convencionais, causando recidiva e infecções secundárias. Substâncias com poder microbicida e potencial para se tornarem novas soluções irrigadoras precisam ser estudadas. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o potencial antimicrobiano do extrato de Psidium guajava L. (goiabeira) contra cepas clínicas e padrão (ATCC) de Enterococcus faecalis e Candida albicans. Para tanto, o extrato foi produzido a partir da matéria bruta (folhas e brotos) diluído no veículo hidroetanólico (EtOH: H2O / 50:50) para posterior análise microbiológica. Foram testadas a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Microbicida Miníma (CMM) do extrato vegetal, de acordo com as normas da Clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI), sobre quatro cepas: E. faecalis (ATCC e clínica) e C. albicans (ATCC e clínica). O extrato de P. guajava não produziu ação antifúngica sobre C. albicans, contudo, apresentou potencial microbicida contra cepas de E. faecalis, exibindo CIM de 0,20%. Esta concentração foi menor que a CIM do NaOCl que foi de 0,31%, uma solução que é comumente utilizada nas clínicas odontológicas. Em conclusão, o extrato hidroetanólico de P. guajava apresenta ação bactericida contra E. faecalis, sendo um produto natural com potencial para futuros estudos quanto ao desenvolvimento de novos irrigantes endodônticos.

El tratamiento endotónico consiste en la descontaminación del canal raíz con el uso de soluciones de irrigación, como el Hipoclorito de Sodio (NaOCl). Sin embargo, algunos microorganismos se resisten a las terapias convencionales, causando recaídas e infecciones secundarias. Es necesario estudiar las sustancias con poder de microbicida y el potencial para convertirse en nuevas soluciones de riego. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el potencial antimicrobiano del extracto de Psidium guajava L. (guava) frente a cepas clínicas y estándar (ATCC) de Enterococcus faecalis y Candida albicans. Con este fin, el extracto se produjo a partir de la materia prima (hojas y brotes) diluida en el vehículo hidroetanólico (EtOH: H2O / 50:50) para análisis microbiológicos posteriores. La Concentración Mínima Inhibidora (CMI) y la Concentración de Microbicidas Minima (CCM) del extracto vegetal se probaron de acuerdo con el Clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) en cuatro cepas: E. faecalis (ATCC y clínico) y C. albicans (ATCC y clínico). El extracto de P. guajava no produjo acción antifúngica sobre C. albicans, sin embargo mostró potencial microbicida frente a cepas de E. faecalis, presentando CIM 0,20%. Esta concentración fue menor que la CMI de NaOCl, que fue del 0,31%, una solución comúnmente utilizada en clínicas dentales. En conclusión, el extracto hidroetanólico de P. guajava muestra una acción bactericida frente a E. faecalis, siendo un producto natural con potencial para futuros estudios sobre el desarrollo de nuevos irrigantes endotónicos.

Pseudoaneurisma de artéria ulnar superficial / Superficial ulnar artery pseudoaneurysm

Resumo A artéria ulnar é o maior ramo terminal da artéria braquial, ela apresenta origem na fossa cubital e é coberta pelos músculos flexores do antebraço. Reportamos uma variação anatômica, na qual a artéria ulnar situava-se em posição superficial no antebraço. Por falta de conhecimento sobre essa variação, ocorreu a lesão após uma tentativa de punção venosa, a qual levou à formação de um pseudoaneurisma.

Abstract The ulnar artery is the larger terminal branch of the brachial artery. It originates in the cubital fossa and is covered by the flexor muscles of the forearm. We report an anatomic variant in which the ulnar artery was in a superficial position in the forearm. Since this variant was unknown, an attempted venous puncture injured the artery, causing formation of a pseudoaneurysm.

Review of the endemic Neotropical genus Agenamyia Albuquerque (Diptera: Muscidae) with the description of new species from South America.

Agenamyia Albuquerque, an endemic neotropical genus with two species, has been revised to include three new species: Agenamyia colombiana de Carvalho, Wolff & Fogaa sp. nov. from Envigado; Agenamyia maculata de Carvalho, Wolff & Fogaa sp. nov. from El Retiro; and Agenamyia timida de Carvalho, Wolff & Fogaa sp. nov. from Sopetrn, all localities in Antioquia, Colombia. This review presents an identification key for all species, including color images and illustrations of male and female terminalia. The distribution of all species is mapped and discussed.

Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Effect of Brazilian Green Propolis Aqueous Extract against Dental Anaerobic Bacteria.

Green propolis may represent a promising therapeutic alternative against dental anaerobic pathogens because of its antimicrobial action. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm actions of Brazilian green propolis aqueous extract (BGP-AqExt) against dental anaerobic bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum microbicide concentration (MMC) of the extract were determined against the standard strains (ATCC) of Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Porphyromonas endodontalis. BGP-AqExt was chemically characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) analysis. Antibiofilm action was measured by MTT and crystal violet tests. The data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey (5%) tests. The extract had antimicrobial action against all tested anaerobic bacteria, with an MIC value of 55 mg/mL for all bacteria, an MMC of 27.5 mg/mL for F. nucleatum and P. micra and 55 mg/mL for P. intermedia. Chemically, BGP-AqExt is composed of quercetin, gallic acid, caffeic and p-coumaric acid, drupani, kaempferol and Artepillin C. Significant reductions in biomass and metabolic action of biofilms were found after BGP-AqExt application. Therefore, BGP-AqExt has an antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect against dental anaerobic bacteria.

Detoxification of LTA by intracanal medication: analysis by macrophages proinflammatory cytokines production.

The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX) on macrophages (RAW 264.7) to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide after pretreatment with lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Enterococcus faecalis. Forty-eight human single-rooted teeth were instrumented with R25.08 (RECIPROC) and sterilized by gamma irradiation. LTA was inoculated in the root canal of each specimen for 96 hours. Specimens were instrumented with 40.06 and 50.05 (RECIPROC) and medicated with: I) Pyrogen-free saline solution (SS); II) 2% CHX gel; III) Ca(OH)2 + SS; or IV) Ca(OH)2 + CHX for 14 days. Three samples (S) were performed of the root canal of each specimen at: S1) immediately after instrumentation; S2) after Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); S3) after intracanal medication removal. Subsequent quantification of cytokines (IL-1ß, TNF-α, MIP-1α, IP-10, G-CSF and IL-6) by immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and nitric oxide by the Griess method was carried-out. Data were submitted to a normality test and then analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey test with a significance level of 5% using GraphPad Prism 6. Ca(OH)2 + SS and Ca(OH)2 + CHX presented lower levels of TNF-α, TNF-α, IL-6, G-CSF and nitric oxide. Ca(OH)2 + SS was the most effective in reducing MIP-1α. CHX was effective in reducing IL-6 and G-CSF. Therefore, the combined intracanal medication of calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine is effective in reducing the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, G-CSF and nitric oxide.

Detoxification of LTA by intracanal medication: analysis by macrophages proinflammatory cytokines production

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX) on macrophages (RAW 264.7) to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide after pretreatment with lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Enterococcus faecalis. Forty-eight human single-rooted teeth were instrumented with R25.08 (RECIPROC) and sterilized by gamma irradiation. LTA was inoculated in the root canal of each specimen for 96 hours. Specimens were instrumented with 40.06 and 50.05 (RECIPROC) and medicated with: I) Pyrogen-free saline solution (SS); II) 2% CHX gel; III) Ca(OH)2 + SS; or IV) Ca(OH)2 + CHX for 14 days. Three samples (S) were performed of the root canal of each specimen at: S1) immediately after instrumentation; S2) after Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); S3) after intracanal medication removal. Subsequent quantification of cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, MIP-1α, IP-10, G-CSF and IL-6) by immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and nitric oxide by the Griess method was carried-out. Data were submitted to a normality test and then analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey test with a significance level of 5% using GraphPad Prism 6. Ca(OH)2 + SS and Ca(OH)2 + CHX presented lower levels of TNF-α, TNF-α, IL-6, G-CSF and nitric oxide. Ca(OH)2 + SS was the most effective in reducing MIP-1α. CHX was effective in reducing IL-6 and G-CSF. Therefore, the combined intracanal medication of calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine is effective in reducing the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, G-CSF and nitric oxide.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar in vitro o efeito do hidróxido de cálcio [Ca(OH)2], clorexidina gel a 2% (CHX) em macrófagos (RAW 264.7) na produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e óxido nítrico após pré-tratamento com ácido lipoteicóico (LTA) de Enterococcus faecalis. Quarenta e oito dentes humanos uniradiculares foram instrumentados com R25.08 (RECIPROC) e esterilizados por irradiação gama. LTA foi inoculado no canal radicular de cada espécime por 96 horas. Os espécimes foram instrumentados com 40.06 e 50.05 (RECIPROC) e medicados com: I) solução salina apirogênica (SS); II) CHX 2%; III) Ca(OH)2 + SS; ou IV) Ca(OH)2 + CHX durante 14 dias. Três amostras (S) foram realizadas do canal radicular de cada espécime em: S1) imediatamente após a instrumentação; S2) após ácido etilenodiaminotetracético (EDTA); S3) após a retirada da medicação intracanal. Foi realizada a quantificação subsequente de citocinas (IL-1β, TNF-α, MIP-1α, IP-10, G-CSF e IL-6) por imunoensaio (ELISA) e de óxido nítrico pelo método de Griess. Os dados foram submetidos a um teste de normalidade e então analisados com ANOVA one-way e teste de Tukey com nível de significância de 5% usando GraphPad Prism 6. Ca(OH)2 + SS e Ca(OH)2 + CHX apresentaram níveis mais baixos de TNF -α, TNF-α, IL-6, G-CSF e óxido nítrico. Ca(OH)2 + SS foi o mais eficaz na redução de MIP-1α. CHX foi eficaz na redução de IL-6 e G-CSF. Sendo assim a associação de hidróxido de cálcio e clorexidina é eficaz na redução das citocinas TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, G-CSF e óxido nítrico.

Biological and chemical properties of five mineral oxides and of mineral trioxide aggregate repair high plasticity: an in vitro study.

Calcium silicate-based cements have diverse applications in endodontics. This study aimed to evaluate the antibiofilm action, biocompatibility, morphological structure, chemical composition and radiopacity of Five Mineral Oxides (5MO), Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Repair High Plasticity (MTA Repair HP), and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) cements. MTT analysis was used to test the antibiofilm action of these cements against five anaerobic microorganisms, and test their biocompatibility with mouse macrophage (RAW 264.7) and osteoblasts (MG-63) cultures. Their morphological structure and chemical composition were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and the phase analysis was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Conventional radiography was used to assess the radiopacity of the cements. 5MO, MTA Repair HP and MTA were effective against Porphyromonas gingivalis, Parvimonas micra, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia, they were biocompatible with macrophages and osteoblasts after 5 min of contact, and they had adequate radiopacity to be used clinically. Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) is used as a radiopacifier in MTA and 5MO, and calcium tungstate, in MTA Repair HP. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) (ANATASE) is responsible for the antimicrobial action and biocompatibility of 5MO.

Curcuma longa L. Extract and Photodynamic Therapy are Effective against Candida spp. and Do Not Show Toxicity In Vivo.

Radiotherapy induces a higher level of Candida spp. colonization, resulting in oral candidiasis. This study aimed to evaluate the phototransformation potential of the glycolic extract of Curcuma longa (C. longa); the antifungal activity of C. longa, curcumin, and antifungal photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with blue light-emitting diodes "LED" on Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis in vitro; and the toxicity of C. longa and curcumin in Galleria mellonella model. In order to confirm the light absorption capacity of the C. longa extract, its phototransformation potential was evaluated. The antifungal effect of C. longa, curcumin, and aPDT was evaluated over Candida spp. Finally, the toxicity of C. longa and curcumin was evaluated on the Galleria mellonella model. The data were analyzed using the GraphPad Prism 5.0 software considering α = 5%. It was found that C. longa, curcumin, and aPDT using blue LED have an antifungal effect over C. albicans and C. tropicalis. The extract of C. longa 100 mg/mL and curcumin 200 µg/mL do not show toxicity on Galleria mellonella model.

Fracture resistance and biomechanical behavior of different access cavities of maxillary central incisors restored with different composite resins.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of three different access cavities on the tissue removal, deflection, fracture resistance, and stress distribution of extracted maxillary central incisors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty human maxillary central incisors were randomly assigned in four experimental group (n = 10) including conservative access cavity "CAC," traditional access cavity "TAC," invasive access cavity "IAC," and without access cavity (control group). Cone-beam computed tomography "CBCT" scans were used to evaluate the tissue removal during the different access cavities. All specimens were restored with composite resin (Admira Fusion, Voco, Cuxhaven, Germany) and embedded in acrylic resin blocks after simulating the periodontal ligament using red wax, then the specimens were submitted to the deflection test applying a load of 250 N and to the load-to-fracture test after artificial aging in a mechanical cycling machine (150 N, 5 × 106 cycles, 10 Hz). Lastly, stress distribution was assessed by three-dimensional finite element analysis (3D-FEA), simulating the specimens restoration by two types of composite resins of low and high elastic modulus (8 and 18 GPa respectively) after the access cavities. The data were submitted to Shapiro-Wilk and KS normality tests. Then, they were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests with a significance level (α ≤ 0.05). RESULTS: CBCT scans showed a significant difference of worn tissues in CAC and TAC when compared to the IAC (P < 0.0001). In deflection test, CAC showed lower deformation values than the TAC and IAC. Load-to-fracture test presented no significant difference among the three experimental groups (P = 0.6901). 3D-FEA showed that the more conservative the access cavity, the higher the stress magnitude. CONCLUSIONS: CAC promote less worn tissue; however, this does not improve the stress distribution or fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary incisors. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinicians should reconsider the pros and cons of the conservative access cavity.

Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) complexes based on new hybrid imine-pyrazole ligands: structural, spectroscopic, and electronic properties.

The present work reports the theoretical investigation of Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) complexes containing Schiff bases (used as ligands) derived from the reaction of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde with N-(2-aminoethyl) pyrazoles. The spectral analyses were carried out using infrared, Raman, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Vibrational analyses were performed in order to investigate the mechanisms involving metal-ligand and intra-ligand vibrations and indicated the possibility of charge transfer related to the transitions n[Formula: see text]* and [Formula: see text]*. Structure optimizations and normal coordinate force field calculations were performed via the density functional theory (DFT) method at the HSE06/6-311G(d,p)/LanL2DZ level. A thorough analysis was also conducted regarding the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties and the natural bond orbital (NBO) of the complexes. The results show that these complexes have prospective application as materials for NLO. Furthermore, the NBO analysis confirms the coordination between the lone pair (LP) electrons of the donor atoms (O and N) and the metal acceptors. Finally, studies were conducted regarding the electronic properties of the complexes; among the properties investigated included the frontier molecular orbitals (FMO) and the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), allowing to determine the energy gap and charge distribution.