RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) has been considered as a cardiovascular risk factor, mainly because of its strong association with insulin resistance. METHODS: To detect independent predictors of circulating PAI-1 levels in obese pediatric patients, we evaluated 86 subjects (mean age 10.7 +/- 2.8 years), 42 of whom were male (49%). Subjects were divided in two groups according to body mass index (BMI): obese subjects (n=61) and healthy non-obese controls (n=25). They were also divided by pubertal status. Besides anthropometric data, levels of PAI-1, leptin and biochemical markers of metabolic syndrome were measured. RESULTS: The obese group had higher levels of PAI-1, leptin and biochemical markers of metabolic syndrome than nonobese controls (p<0.05). However, multivariate regression analysis showed that only puberty progression (p=0.005) and abdominal circumference/height index (p=0.002) remained independent predictors of PAI-1 levels. CONCLUSION: In pediatric obesity, fat mass accumulation, mainly of visceral fat, and puberty progression were related to high PAI-1 levels, which might in turn contribute to cardiovascular risk.
Assuntos
Gordura Intra-Abdominal/metabolismo , Gordura Intra-Abdominal/patologia , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/patologia , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Pressão Sanguínea , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Insulina/sangue , Leptina/sangue , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/sangue , Síndrome Metabólica/complicações , Análise Multivariada , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Puberdade/sangue , Fatores de Risco , Caracteres Sexuais , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
This study aimed to identify noninvasive biomarkers of clinically significant nephrouropathies in patients with antenatal renal and/or urinary tract alterations. Spot-urine levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured in 100 patients with antenatal detected nephrouropathies. Patients were divided in idiopathic hydronephrosis (n = 47), urinary tract malformations (n = 35), and dysplastic kidneys (n = 18). Urinary concentrations of TGF-ß1, IL-6, and TNF-α were compared between groups according to clinical and image findings. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were analyzed for the overall diagnostic accuracy of TGF-ß1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in discriminating infants with nephrouropathies. No significant differences in urinary TGF- ß1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were found in the comparison between the groups. TGF-ß1 levels tended to be higher in patients with renal hypodysplasia compared to idiopathic hydronephrosis (p = 0.07). Twenty-nine patients had reduced DMSA uptake. In these cases, absolute urinary concentration of TGF-ß1 and levels standardized for creatinine were significantly higher than in patients with normal DMSA uptake, while IL6 and TNF-α did not differ between groups. Urinary cytokine measurements were not useful as a screening test for clinically significant nephrouropathies. Conversely, increased concentrations of TGF-ß1 pointed out to renal damage as indicated by reduced DMSA uptake.