Is phrenic nerve conduction affected in patients with difficult-to-treat asthma?

Objective The aim of this study was to obtain data on phrenic neuroconduction and electromyography of the diaphragm muscle in difficult-to-treat asthmatic patients and compare the results to those obtained in controls. Methods The study consisted of 20 difficult-to-treat asthmatic patients compared with 27 controls. Spirometry, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure, chest X-ray, phrenic neuroconduction and diaphragm electromyography data were obtained. Results The phrenic compound motor action potential area was reduced, compared with controls, and all the patients had normal diaphragm electromyography. Conclusion It is possible that a reduced phrenic compound motor action potential area, without electromyography abnormalities, could be related to diaphragm muscle fiber abnormalities due to overload activity.

Is phrenic nerve conduction affected in patients with difficult-to-treat asthma? / A neurocondução do nervo frênico está alterada na asma de difícil controle?

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to obtain data on phrenic neuroconduction and electromyography of the diaphragm muscle in difficult-to-treat asthmatic patients and compare the results to those obtained in controls. Methods The study consisted of 20 difficult-to-treat asthmatic patients compared with 27 controls. Spirometry, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure, chest X-ray, phrenic neuroconduction and diaphragm electromyography data were obtained. Results The phrenic compound motor action potential area was reduced, compared with controls, and all the patients had normal diaphragm electromyography. Conclusion It is possible that a reduced phrenic compound motor action potential area, without electromyography abnormalities, could be related to diaphragm muscle fiber abnormalities due to overload activity.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo do presente estudo foi obter dados da neurocondução do frênico e exame com agulha do diafragma em pacientes com asma de difícil controlee comparar com um grupo normal. Métodos O estudo consiste em realizar radiografia de tórax, espirometria, pressão máxima inspiratória e expiratória, neurocondução do nervo frênico e eletromiografia do músculo diafragma em 20 pacientes asmáticos de difícil controle e comparar com 27 controles. Resultados Encontramos redução da área do potencial de ação muscular composto do nervo frênico e a eletromiografia do musculo diafragma estava normal em todos os pacientes. Conclusão É possível que a redução da área do potencial de ação muscular composto do nervo frênico nos pacientes com asma de difícil controle associado a eletromiografia normal do músculo diafragma esteja relacionada as alterações da fibra muscular do mesmo devido à sobrecarga de atividade.

Phrenic nerve conduction studies: normative data and technical aspects.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to define normative data of phrenic nerve conduction parameters of a healthy population. METHODS: Phrenic nerve conduction studies were performed in 27 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: The normative limits for expiratory phrenic nerve compound muscle action potential were: amplitude (0.47 mv - 0.83 mv), latency (5.74 ms - 7.10 ms), area (6.20 ms/mv - 7.20 ms/mv) and duration (18.30 ms - 20.96 ms). Inspiratory normative limits were: amplitude (0.67 mv - 1.11 mv), latency (5.90 ms - 6.34 ms), area (5.62 ms/mv - 6.72 ms/mv) and duration (13.77 ms - 15.37 ms). CONCLUSION: The best point of phrenic nerve stimulus in the neck varies among individuals between the medial and lateral border of the clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and stimulation of both sites, then choosing the best phrenic nerve response, seems to be the appropriate procedure.

Phrenic nerve conduction studies: normative data and technical aspects / Aspectos técnicos e normatização da neurocondução do nervo frênico

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the present study was to define normative data of phrenic nerve conduction parameters of a healthy population. Methods: Phrenic nerve conduction studies were performed in 27 healthy volunteers. Results: The normative limits for expiratory phrenic nerve compound muscle action potential were: amplitude (0.47 mv - 0.83 mv), latency (5.74 ms - 7.10 ms), area (6.20 ms/mv - 7.20 ms/mv) and duration (18.30 ms - 20.96 ms). Inspiratory normative limits were: amplitude (0.67 mv - 1.11 mv), latency (5.90 ms - 6.34 ms), area (5.62 ms/mv - 6.72 ms/mv) and duration (13.77 ms - 15.37 ms). Conclusion: The best point of phrenic nerve stimulus in the neck varies among individuals between the medial and lateral border of the clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and stimulation of both sites, then choosing the best phrenic nerve response, seems to be the appropriate procedure.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi definir os dados normativos de condução do nervo frênico de uma população saudável. Métodos: Foram realizados estudos de condução do nervo frênico em 27 voluntários saudáveis. Resultados: Os limites normais do potencial de ação muscular composto do nervo frênico durante a expiração foram: amplitude (0.47 mv - 0.83 mv), latência (5.74 ms - 7.10 ms), área (6.20 ms/mv - 7.20 ms/mv) e duração (18.30 ms - 20.96 ms). E durante a inspiração os limites normais foram: amplitude (0.67 mv - 1.11 mv), latência (5.90 ms - 6.34 ms), área (5.62 ms/mv - 6.72 ms/mv) e duração (13.77 ms - 15.37 ms). Conclusão: O melhor ponto de estímulo do nervo frênico no pescoço varia entre a borda medial e lateral da cabeça clavicular do músculo esternocleidomastóideo. Estimular ambos os locais e escolher a melhor resposta do nervo frênico parece ser o procedimento mais adequado.

Combined exercise training reduces fatigue and modulates the cytokine profile of T-cells from multiple sclerosis patients in response to neuromediators.

Fatigue is a common and disabling symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS), a classical Th1- and Th17-mediated autoimmune disease. There is no effective pharmacological treatment for fatigue, but some reports point towards beneficial effects of physical activity on management of the fatigue in MS patients. As both MS and fatigue have been associated with dysregulated cytokine network production, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of a physical activity program consisting of a 12-week series of combining Pilates and aerobic exercises on fatigue severity, determined by FSS, and cytokine production, quantified by ELISA, by T cells from MS patients (n=08) with low disability (EDSS≤2). The results showed decrease in FSSs in all patients at the end of physical activity intervention. Regarding the cytokines, a significant reduction of IL-22 release was observed in polyclonally-activated T cells form MS patients post-training follow-up. Interestingly, while the physical activity attenuated the ability of dopamine in up-regulating Th17-related cytokines, it enhanced the anti-inflammatory effects of serotonin, evidenced by high IL-10 production. In summary, all results suggest that programmed physical activity has beneficial effects on management of fatigue in MS patients, and it could be related, at least in part, to its ability in regulating neuroimmune parameters into T cell compartment.

Central obesity and other factors associated with uncontrolled asthma in women.

BACKGROUND: Asthma remains an uncontrolled disease. The Comorbidities, particularly obesity, and several other factors have been identified as being individually associated with asthma control, and these factors vary among different countries and between sexes. Studies have suggested that the harmful effects of these factors are greatest among women. The aim of the present study was to identify associated factors with uncontrolled asthma in women at the outpatient clinic of a Federal University Hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with asthmatic women, older than 18 years old. All subjects were included according to stringent criteria. The study used a structured questionnaire with data about demographic variables, education level, comorbid conditions, and disease history. Anthropometric and spirometric measurements were obtained. Asthma control was assessed by three different tools: the Asthma Control Test (ACT), the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) and the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) criteria. RESULTS: A total of 124 women were included, and 57%, 38% and 21% were totally controlled according to ACT, ACQ and GINA criteria, respectively. A total of 31.5% were obese. According to the CI (Conicity Index) and WC (waist circumference) respectively, 84% and 68% were centrally obese. There was no association between asthma control and age, education, duration of the disease or BMI (Body Mass Index) in the three models, but there was a significant association between central obesity and asthma control with the ACQ and GINA assessment tools, controlling for explanatory variables such as GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease). Pre-bronchodilator percent predicted forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were significantly associated with age and FVC was also associated with central obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Asthma remains uncontrolled in women despite treatment, and central obesity seems to have a negative influence on the control of the disease. We believe that women should be studied as a separate group and suggest prospective studies with assessment of fat distribution and biomarkers, controlling for possible comorbidities associated with asthma control.

Does fatigue occur in MS patients without disability?

BACKGROUND: Motor dysfunction and fatigue are the most common impairments that are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). Walk tests and scales demonstrate the presence of fatigue in patients with MS with different levels of disability. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate objective and subjective fatigue in MS patients without disability. METHODS: Were selected MS patients with relapsing remitting clinical course, from 18 to 55 years old and EDSS 0 to 1.5; controls were paired for age, gender, body mass index, and physical activity level. Fatigue caused by pulmonary diseases, anemia, diabetes, thyroid disease, psychiatry diseases (except depression), and orthopedic and rheumatologic diseases are excluded. All participants performed the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), the MS Functional Composite (MSFC), and completed the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) and the Beck Depression Inventory. A multivariate model was applied to identify the variables associated with fatigue. RESULTS: 54 individuals were selected (31 patients; 23 controls). In the MSFC and 6MWT, no significant difference was observed between the groups. A MFIS total score indicated fatigue in 35% of the patients, 42% in the physical domain, 25.8% in the cognitive domain, and 29% in the psychosocial domain, which differed from the controls in all comparisons. Fatigue was associated with MS, low-physical activity, and mood disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Fatigue occurs in patients with MS in the absence of motor dysfunction and is associated with the disease itself, the sedentary lifestyle, and mood disorders. The 6MWT is not useful to demonstrate motor fatigue in subjects without neurological disability.

O impacto dos valores previstos nos testes de função pulmonar / The impact of predicted values in pulmonary function tests

A interpretação dos testes de função pulmonar é resultado da comparação de valores obtidos com valores previstos para um determinado indivíduo. Os valores previstos são obtidos através de equações de referência, sendo estas determinadas por dados antropométricos e demográficos dos indivíduos. A presente revisão de literatura pretende identificar quais as equações referência mais utilizadas para os testes de função pulmonar, comparar estudos entre equações com ênfase nas publicações de equações de referência brasileiras.

Lung function test interpretation is based on the comparison between values measured according to the predicted values for each individual. The predicted values come from reference equations, which depend on anthropometric and demographic data of individuals. The present review aims to identify the most commonly used reference equations for pulmonary function tests, interpret comparative studies between equations and emphasizes publications with Brazilian reference equations.

Is it useful to perform carbon monoxide diffusion capacity and respiratory muscle function tests in patients with multiple sclerosis without disability?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Impairment of respiratory function has been described in end-stage multiple sclerosis (MS), as well as in patients with mild to severe disability. No data are available regarding the respiratory function of MS patients without disability. The objective of this study was to assess the pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength and carbon monoxide diffusion capacity of the lungs (DL(CO)) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) without disability. METHODS: Twenty-seven RRMS patients and 25 healthy control subjects were recruited. All subjects underwent clinical and neurological examination, and spirometry; lung volumes, DL(CO) and maximal respiratory pressures were measured. All subjects were rated on the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale and Fatigue Severity Scale scales. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in age, gender, height, weight or body mass index between the groups. The mean duration of illness in the MS group was 5.44 ± 3.74 years, and the mean Expanded Disability Status Scale was 0.62 ± 0.65. The mean values for total lung capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) and FEV(1) /FVC were normal in both groups. Fifteen RRMS patients exhibited a reduction in maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), but only one patient exhibited a reduction in maximal inspiratory pressure. The mean values for DL(CO) were lower in RRMS patients (P = 0.0004) than in the control group. DL(CO) was decreased in 15 (55.55%), out of 27 RRMS patients. The fatigue scale results were not correlated with pulmonary function test results CONCLUSIONS: DL(CO) and MEP may be impaired in RRMS patients without disability.

Principais testes utilizados na avaliação de fadiga na esclerose múltipla: revisão sistemática / Main tools for fatigue assessment in multiple sclerosis: systematic review

Estudos recentes demonstram a alta prevalência da fadiga na esclerose múltipla (EM) e seu grande impacto sobre a qualidade de vida. No entanto, ainda não há consenso sobre as diferentes dimensões da fadiga na EM. É apresentada neste trabalho uma revisão sistemática da literatura de estudos publicados entre 1988 e 2010 utilizando uma combinação das palavras-chaves: multiple sclerosis, fatigue e scales com o objetivo de descrever os instrumentos utilizados para avaliar fadiga em pacientes com EM e discutir sua aplicabilidade. Foram selecionados 12 estudos que descreveram tanto escalas subjetivas quanto instrumentos para análise objetiva. Entre as escalas subjetivas, os auto- questionários que analisam o sintoma de forma unidimensional (escala de severidade de fadiga) ou multidimensional, incluindo itens sobre seu impacto nos domínios psíquico, físico, e psicossocial (escala modificada de impacto da fadiga), foram as mais amplamente difundidas. Os instrumentos de testagem objetiva foram desenvolvidos mais recentemente e demonstraram que a fadiga motora e mental ocorre com maior freqüência em pacientes com EM do que em controles e não se correlaciona com depressão, incapacidade ou tempo de doença.

Recent studies show a high prevalence of fatigue on multiple sclerosis (MS) and its enormous impact on daily life. Thus, there is no agreement on the multiple dimensions of MS fatigue. On this work, we present a systematic review of published literature between 1988 and 2010, using keywords combination: multiple sclerosis, fatigue and scales, in order to describe the tools to analyze fatigue on MS patients and discuss its applicability. Twelve studies were selected that described subjective scales, as well as tools for objective analysis. Among subjective scales, auto-questionnaires which analyze the symptom in a one-dimensional manner (fatigue severity scale) or multi-dimensional (modified fatigue impact scale), including items about the impact on psychic, physical and psycho-social domains were the most widely used. Objective testing instruments were developed more recently and showed that motor and mental fatigue occur more frequently on patients with MS thanon controls and are not related to depression, incapacity or length of illness

Which functional parameters can help differentiate severe asthma from COPD?

The aim of this study was to identify the respiratory function parameters that help in the accurate diagnosis of asthma and COPD. We studied 20 asthma and 30 COPD patients who underwent lung function tests including spirometry and plethysmography both with bronchodilator test and diffusion with carbon monoxide (DLCO). The tests were performed according to International Guidelines (ATS/ERS). The asthma patients were younger (mean age = 48) than those in the COPD group (mean age = 59) and this group also had more female patients (65%) than the COPD group (40%). The results showed a more severe obstruction in the asthma group: FEV1/FVC= 59% versus 66% for COPD. There was also a greater bronchodilator response as shown by changes in absolute and percentage values for FEV1 in the asthma group. Average DLCO values were normal in the asthma group (103%P) and lower in the COPD (69%). In plethysmography the asthma group had a higher residual volume (%P) and a higher airway resistance. We concluded that many functional parameters were useful in distinguishing the asthma and COPD groups. In individual analysis, DLCO was the parameter which best aided in an accurate diagnosis in both groups, with a higher specificity for COPD. The bronchodilator response measured by changes in FEV1 showed a higher sensitivity for asthma. Thus, these two tests are highlighted in the differential diagnosis of obstructive diseases.

Memória das águas da cidade de São Paulo / Memory of the water resources of the city of São Paulo

Este artigo é um registro dos depoimentos da Oficina de Memória das Águas da Cidade de São Paulo. Ao fazer memória, os velhos revelaram uma outra geografia do espaço urbano e outras formas de sociabilidade, resgatando a identidade da cidade e deles próprios. Por meio das histórias, vimos surgir um contato prazeroso com a água e a natureza e conhecemos um tempo em que, segundo eles, eram felizes e não sabiam (AU)

Memória das águas da cidade de São Paulo / Memory of the water resources of the city of São Paulo

Este artigo é um registro dos depoimentos da Oficina de Memória das Águas da Cidade de São Paulo. Ao fazer memória, os velhos revelaram uma outra geografia do espaço urbano e outras formas de sociabilidade, resgatando a identidade da cidade e deles próprios. Por meio das histórias, vimos surgir um contato prazeroso com a água e a natureza e conhecemos um tempo em que, segundo eles, eram felizes e não sabiam.

Comparison between total lung capacity and residual volume values obtained by pletysmography and single breath methods with methane.

We analyzed pulmonary function tests of twenty asthmatic patients from Gaffrée e Guinle University Hospital, classified according to Brazilian Guidelines for Asthma (2002), similar to GINA, into mild persistent or moderate (9) or severe (11) asthma. We obtained parameters from spirometry, plethysmograph (PL) and single breath technique for diffusion capacity (SB), with methane. Total lung capacity and residual volume were called TLC(PL) and RV(PL) when measured by pletysmography and TLC(SB) and RV(SB) when determined by single breath test. There were 13 women and 7 men with mean age of 47.6 years. The pulmonary dysfunction degree to FEV1/FVC was 58.8% with CI95=53.9 to 63.6. The mean values in litres for TLC(PL) (5.94) and RV(PL) (2.55) were significantly higher than for TLC(SB) (4.73) and RV(SB) (1.66). Multiple regression equations were determined for TLC(PL) e RV(PL) using only single breath values, TLC(SB) or RV(SB), and spirographic para- meters, with significant regression coefficients. However, the inclusion of spirometric parameters, except for FVC, did not improve the predicted capacity for the equations. Considering only the TLC(SB), r(2)=0.79, the equation is: TLC(PL)=(TLC(SB) *1.025)+1.088, with EPE=0.64. The regression for RV(PL), r(2) =0.23, is: RV(PL)=(RV(SB) *0.9268)+1.012. The results obtained after bronchodilation with 400 mcg of salbutamol did not improve the regression. We concluded that the SB technique did not obtain the same results as pletysmography for TLC and RV, but for TLC this difference can be predicted.

Teste do programa Spiromatic para Windows com as 24 curvas de simulação preconizadas pela American Thoracic Society / European Respiratory Society / Spiromatic for Windows evaluation with 24 volume-times American Thoracic Society / European Respiratory Society waveforms

Introdução: a espirometria mede os fluxos pulmonares e os equipamentos utilizados devem ser testados para garantir a acurácia dos registros espirométricos. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a qualidade do algoritmo de captura de dados do programa Spiromatic (SSE), para Windows. Metodologia: foram analisados os resultados obtidos pela leitura das 24 curvas de simulação preconizadas pela American Thoracic Society (ATS) e European Respiratory Society (ERS). A entrada de dados, em ASCII, foi efetuada de modo a simular uma freqüência de amostragem de 100 hertz. O filtro de polinômios quadráticos (smoothing) foi desabilitado. Resultados: foram expressos pelas médias e diferenças máximas, mostram que estas são mínimas, apesar da ampla faixa de valores testados. A maior diferença encontrada, de 20mL/s, foi para o FEF25-75%, parâmetro dependente da acurácia de aferição do volume e do tempo. Conclusão: o programa Spiromatic para Windows atende plenamente às exigências da ATS/ERS.

Elevação da pressão média na artéria pulmonar avaliada pelo ecocardiograma com Doppler no hipertireoidismo: estudo preliminar / Increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure evaluated by echodopplercardiography in hyperthyroidism: preliminary study

Introdução: os mecanismos responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento de hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP) associada ao hipertireoidismo não estão bem estabelecidos. Foram descritos relatos de casos sugerindo uma associação entre essas doenças e alguns pesquisadores verificaram que a HAP melhorava após tratamento do hipertireoidismo. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar a associação entre HAP e hipertireoidismo. Metodologia: estudo transversal, com 20 pacientes hipertireoideos, nos quais foi estimada a medida da pressão média na artéria pulmonar (PMAP) por meio da ecodopplercardiografia transtorácica. A prevalência de HAP (PAP >35mmHg) foi calculada e foram comparadas as médias da PMAP e dos níveis séricos de tiroxina livre (T4L), pelo teste T não-pareado, entre hipertireoideos com doença de Graves (bócio difuso-BD) ou bócio nodular (BN). A inter-relação entre T4L e PMAP foi testada pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: a prevalência de HAP foi de 50% (10 pacientes). As médias da PMAP e do T4L entre os subgrupos de hipertireoideos foram semelhantes. Houve correlação positiva entre o T4L e PMAP (r=0,6247, IC95% 0,2517-0,8361, p=0,0032). Conclusão: o alto percentual encontrado de HAP no hipertireoidismo e a existência de correlação entre níveis de T4L e a PMAP sugerem que o hipertireoidismo possa ser uma causa de HAP e fazer parte do seu diagnóstico diferencial. A autoimunidade presente nos pacientes com BD não parece ter interferido no agravamento da HAP; contudo, deve-se levar em consideração o pequeno tamanho amostral. Estudos adicionais são necessários para melhor compreensão dessa associação.

Alterações eletrocardiográficas em pacientes asmáticos / Electrocardiographic alterations in asthmatic patients

Introdução: a asma é uma doença inflamatória crônica cuja prevalência vem aumentando nos últimos 20 anos. Demanda grande utilização de recursos, principalmente no grupo grave. Neste, há consumo crônico de corticóides inalatórios e deβ2-agonistas, que podem produzir uma série de problemas. O objetivo deste trabalho é o de rastrear as alterações eletrocardiográficas e relacioná-las ao grau da asma. Metodologia: selecionamos 87 pacientes do ambulatório de asma do HUGG,que, de rotina, possuem uma espirografia e um eletrocardiograma (ECG) feitos com um intervalo máximo de um mês. As alterações eletrocardiográficas encontradas foram relacionadas com o grau da asma. Foram usadas estatísticas não paramétricas para essas comparações. Resultados: encontramos diferenças significativas (p≤0,05) quanto a idade, tempo de asma esaturação da hemoglobina (SaO2), entre os grupos leve e grave. Na amostra, foi identificada alta prevalência de BRD (46%) ede Onda U (42,5%). Conclusão: o ECG identificou uma série de anormalidades, dependentes ou não da gravidade da asma. A associação da Onda U à hipopotassemia deve ser avaliada.

Comparação dos valores da capacidade pulmonar total e do volume residual obtidos pelas técnicas pletismográfica e radiológica / Comparison between total lung capacity and residual volume values obtained by plethysmographic and radiographic techiniques

Introdução: a determinação dos volumes pulmonares é desejada como complemento da espirografia; contudo, o alto custo do equipamento faz com que seu uso seja restrito e que novas técnicas sejam investigadas. Metodologia: foram analisados 20 asmáticos, em acompanhamento no HU Gaffrée Guinle, classificados, segundo Consenso Brasileiro (2002), em asma moderada (n=9) e grave (n=11). Foram obtidos os valores da capacidade pulmonar total e volume residual pelas técnicas pletismográficas, CPTPL e VRPL, e radiológicas, CPTRA e VRRA, além dos parâmetros da espirografia. Resultados: a amostra foi constituída por 13 mulheres e 7 homens, sendo a média de idade de 47,6 anos. A intensidade da disfunção, medida pela relação VEF1/CVF foi de 58,8% (IC95% entre 53,9% e 63,6%). Os valores, expressos em litros e pela média, da CPTPL (5,94) e VRPL (2,55) foram significativamente diferentes daqueles valores de CPTRA (4,60) e VRRA (2,94). A prova broncodilatadora não produziu alteração na CPT, em nenhuma das técnicas; contudo, alterou significativamente o VR, em ambas. Foram determinadas equações de regressão para previsão dos valores de CPTPL e VRPL, a partir de parâmetros espirográficos e radiológicos. A melhor regressão linear univariada, com r2=0,88, é: CPTPL= (CPTRA*1,072)+0,9981, sendo o erro padrão de 0,48. A regressão para VR, com r2=0,76, é: VRPL=(VRRA*1,02)-0,4451. Conclusão: a técnica radiológica não dá resultados iguais aos da pletismográfica, para CPT e VR, tanto antes como após a broncodilatação.

[Airway responsiveness in sarcoidosis].

The purpose of this study was to measure airway responsiveness in patients with sarcoidosis using bronchoprovocation test with methacholine (BPT) in comparison to roentgenographic findings, respiratory symptoms, activity and duration of the disease. There were 17 patients with Sarcoidosis, 20 asthmatics and 21 assymptomatics. We used the tidal breathing method with standardizes output for the nebulizers. We administered increasing and successively concentrations of methacholine beginning with 0.125 to 16 mg/ml. The responses were measured by changes in FEV1 or the final concentration was reached. The results were expressed as the concentration of methacholine causing 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20). Aerosolized bronchodilator was given at the completion of all tests. There were 4 patients with sarcoidosis who had positive BPT, 3 of them with PC20<8 mg/ml associated with respiratory symptoms, bilateral hilar adenopathy, more than two-year duration and active disease. All the asthmatic subjects had positive BPT with CP20<8 mg/ml. The entire assymptomatic group had negative BPT. Positive bronchodilator response was reached in 6 patients with sarcoidosis, 20 asthmatics and 8 assymptomatic subjects. We concluded that: (a) airway responsiveness can be reached in 17.6% patients with sarcoidosis related to bilateral hilar adenopathy, chronic and active disease; (b) 50% of sarcoidosis patients with cough and/or wheeze had positive BPT, (c) the BPT was able to discriminate asthmatic from assymptomatic subjects.

[Tuberculosis profile in HIV+ patient before and after the use of high activity antiretroviral treatment]. / O perfil da tuberculose no paciente VIH+ antes e após a era dos anti-retrovirais de elevada eficácia.

The high activity antiretroviral treatment (HAART) induces the restoration of the number and function of CD4+ T lymphocytes and is changing the landscape of tuberculosis in patients HIV-infected. The objective of this study is to evaluate the clinical, radiographic features and evolution of these patients and compare to the results obtained in a previous study with patients with no HAART use. A retrospective transversal study (with HAART) was done with patients HIV-infected that began the tuberculosis treatment in the Gaffrée e Guinle University Hospital, from 1997 to 2001 and compared to a previous study (no HAART) that was done from 1989 to 1990. The population studied was: 107 patients (with HAART) and 152 patients (no HAART) and in both studies there were a higher frequency in young white males. The relevant results included: (a) an increase in bacteriology and histopathology diagnosis confirmation; (b) a decrease number of associated diseases during tuberculosis treatment; (c) a higher end-treatment and the death rate decreased from 55% (no HAART) to 8% (with HAART); (d) pulmonary tuberculosis was more frequent in both studies although extra-pulmonary forms were more common than in general population. We concluded that the use of HAART turned the history of tuberculosis in HIV patients getting similar to that non-immunosupressed.