Rhizosphere microorganisms enhance in vitro root and plantlet development of Pyrus and Prunus rootstocks.

MAIN CONCLUSION: The in vitro application of rhizosphere microorganisms led to a higher rooting percentage in Pyrus Py12 rootstocks and increased plant growth of Pyrus Py170 and Prunus RP-20. The rooting of fruit tree rootstocks is the most challenging step of the in vitro propagation process. The use of rhizosphere microorganisms to promote in vitro rooting and plant growth as an alternative to the addition of chemical hormones to culture media is proposed in the present study. Explants from two Pyrus (Py170 and Py12) rootstocks and the Prunus RP-20 rootstock were inoculated with Pseudomonas oryzihabitans PGP01, Cladosporium ramotenellum PGP02 and Phoma sp. PGP03 following two different methods to determine their effects on in vitro rooting and plantlet growth. The effects of the microorganisms on the growth of fully developed Py170 and RP-20 plantlets were also studied in vitro. All experiments were conducted using vermiculite to simulate a soil system in vitro. When applied to Py12 shoots, which is a hard-to-root plant material, both C. ramotenellum PGP02 and Phoma sp. PGP03 fungi were able to increase the rooting percentage from 56.25% to 100% following auxin indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) treatment. Thus, the presence of these microorganisms clearly improved root development, inducing a higher number of roots and causing shorter roots. Better overall growth and improved stem growth of treated plants was observed when auxin treatment was replaced by co-culture with microorganisms. A root growth-promoting effect was observed on RP-20 plantlets after inoculation with C. ramotenellum PGP02, while P. oryzihabitans PGP01 increased root numbers for both Py170 and RP-20 and increased root growth over stem growth for RP-20. It was also shown that the three microorganisms P. oryzihabitans PGP01, C. ramotenellum PGP02 and Phoma sp. PGP03 were able to naturally produce auxin, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), at different levels. Overall, our results demonstrate that the microorganisms P. oryzihabitans PGP01 and C. ramotenellum PGP02 had beneficial effects on in vitro rooting and plantlet growth and could be applied to in vitro tissue culture as a substitute for IBA.

Registro de pacientes y tratamientos de medicamentos hospitalarios en Cataluña: 10 años de datos clínicos / Registry of patients and treatments of hospital medicines in Spain: 10 years of clinical data

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Mejorando la atención del paciente mayor ingresado por fractura de cadera. ¿Hemos de avanzar? / Improving the care of the elderly patient admitted for hip fracture. Should we move forward?

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ß-Glucosidase involvement in the formation and transformation of oleuropein during the growth and development of olive fruits (Olea europaea L. cv. Arbequina) grown under different farming practices.

The present study investigates oleuropein metabolism, as well as the involvement of ß-glucosidase during the growth, development, and ripening of olive fruit. The results show that in olive fruit the in vivo formation and transformation of oleuropein takes place in three different stages. The first one is characterized by a net accumulation of oleuropein and occurs in the immature fruit. In the second stage, associated with the green and light-green fruits, oleuropein content is maintained practically constant, and finally, a third stage that begins in the green-yellow fruit is characterized by a progressive decline of the oleuropein concentration. Our findings confirm that in the absence of ß-glucosidase the Damtoft-proposed pathway is active and that net synthesis of oleuropein is unquestionable. ß-Glucosidase activity plays a key role in the oleuropein metabolism catalyzing its in vivo hydrolysis.

Metabolites involved in oleuropein accumulation and degradation in fruits of Olea europaea L.: Hojiblanca and Arbequina varieties.

The biosynthetic pathway of oleuropein (from 7-ketologanin, oleoside-11-methyl ester, 7-ß-1-d-glucopyranosyl-11-methyl oleoside, and ligstroside to oleuropein) was investigated in two fruit species of Oleaceae, namely, Arbequina and Hojiblanca. Main oleuropein precursors and their metabolites, produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis mediated by ß-glucosidase, were identified and quantified to establish the oleuropein transformation pathway. Changes in the concentration of these compounds were measured by direct control of in vivo fruit tissue during their ripening. High contents of aglycones at the initial stage of the process were caused by the high activity of ß-glucosidase, which supports that oleuropein biosynthesis is coupled with enzymatic hydrolysis, producing its aglycone form. The low oleuropein content at this initial stage was caused by the imbalance between catabolic and anabolic pathways, favoring the former ones. Once the main polyphenol synthesis phase was completed, the biosynthetic capacity diminished and the content of all compounds decreased. Mass balance revealed that precursors of oleuropein, which are rapidly transformed by ß-glucosidase and esterases, scarcely contributed to the accumulation of oleuropein. The biosynthetic pathway proposed by Damtoft applies for both varieties, but our study reveals that the ß-glucosidase enzyme is involved in oleuropein synthesis. This enzyme shows high substrate specificity to oleuropein, which consequently is degraded to its aglycone form, with diminished efficacy of oleuropein biosynthesis. Different enzymatic activities of varieties will result in oleuropein accumulation and metabolic transformation of phenols.

Pigment profile and colour of monovarietal virgin olive oils from Arbequina cultivar obtained during two consecutive crop seasons.

Monovarietal virgin olive oils are labelled with the olive varieties giving them their distinctive character. There are numerous studies focussed on the characterisation and quantification of the minor fractions of virgin olive oils that have generated databases on varietal olive oils. However, few studies have focussed on the components of the pigment fraction of virgin olive oils. The aim of this work was to quantify the components of the chlorophyll and carotenoid fractions of the monovarietal virgin olive oils from the Arbequina cultivar, growing in the Spanish area of Catalonia, during two consecutive crop seasons. Additionally the pigment changes occurring during 24 months of oil storage were evaluated. The results of this study showed minor qualitative differences between monovarietal virgin olive oils from two consecutive seasons. The quantitative differences could be attributed to the harvest period in each season rather than to the year's weather conditions. Storage of the monovarietal virgin olive oils probably caused an important loss of the chlorophyll fraction, mainly chlorophyll a, during the first 6 months of storage. On the other hand, the carotenoid fraction was very stable and the retention of provitamin A was close to 80%, even after 24 months of storage.

[Clinical autopsy: a useful tool in the emergency department of teaching hospitals]. / Autopsia clínica: una herramienta más en el servicio de urgencias hospitalario.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We aimed to know the usefulness of clinical autopsy at the medical room of an emergency department in a teaching hospital. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Retrospective study of clinical autopsies performed in the emergency department of a teaching hospital between 1995 and 2000. We explored the correlation between clinical emergency and autopsy diagnosis. RESULTS: The number of deaths was 1,484 (0.9%) among 165,662 patients attended in the emergency medical room in the study period. Of 281 autopsies (18.9%), 227 (15.3%) were judicial. Only 54 clinical autopsies (3.6%) were included. Dyspnea and chest pain, the two more frequent guide symptoms, were in concordance with the two more prevalent initial clinical diagnoses: respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. 38.9% (21 cases) of autopsies agreed with the clinical diagnosis and 14.8% (8 cases) did not agree with it. 25.9% (14 cases) of autopsies were diagnostic since the clinical diagnosis, both initial and final, was unknown. Moreover, 14.8% (8 cases) autopsies were explanatory. Furthermore, 5.6% (3 cases) of autopsies were undetermined. With regard to the main cause of death, there were 9 (16.7%) cases of previously unknown neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study confirm the need and usefulness of autopsy in patients dying in the medical room of emergency departments, as well as the crucial role of the clinico-pathological exercise in the definitive diagnosis of the postmortem examination.

Fenciclidina, PCP o "polvo de ángel": la droga olvidada / Phecyclidin, a dangerous and forgotten drug

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Investigación sobre infecciones intrahospitalarias / Research on hospital cross-infections

Se realizó un estudio prospectivo sobre infecciones intrahospitalarias en el Hospital del Niño de la ciudad de La Paz, entre el 1§ de março y el 30 de septiembre de 1981. Se obtuvo un porcentaje de 11,00% y una tasa de 18,29% de infecciones nosocomiales: la incidencia de éstos procesos fue mayor en desnutridos. La patología más frecuente correspondió a amebiasis intestinal, moniliasis oral y bronconeumonía. Se resalta la mayor mortalidad en este grupo especial de pacientes en relación a población global (26.17% vs. 18,70%), generalmente en relación a la infección cruzada. Los datos obtenidos son comparados con la literatura médica occidental y se emiten algunas recomendaciones tendientes a controlar éstos cuadros

Neumopericardio como complicacion de absceso pulmonar informe de un caso / Pneumopyopericardiun how complication of the pulmonary abscess information about a case

Se presenta un caso de neumopericardio secundario a un absceso pulmonar en una paciente del Hospital del Nino de la ciudad de La Paz, se senalan los hallazgos clinicos y se revisa la literatura acerca de absceso pulmonar y neumopericardio, remarcando la falta de informes que comenten esta complicacion.