¿Mides la velocidad de la marcha en tu práctica diaria? Una revisión / Do you measure gait speed in your daily clinical practice? A review

La velocidad de la marcha (VM) a paso habitual es una medida fácil, rápida, económica, fiable e informativa. Con un cronómetro, como los que actualmente se encuentran en todos los móviles, dos marcas en el suelo y una mínima estandarización, un profesional sanitario obtiene una medida más objetiva y rápida respecto a muchas de las escalas habituales de valoración de las actividades de la vida diaria, por ejemplo. La VM es uno de los pilares del fenotipo de fragilidad y está fuertemente relacionada con la sarcopenia. Es un potente marcador de caídas, discapacidad incidente y de muerte, útil sobre todo como cribado en el ámbito comunitario o de atención primaria. Paralelamente, en los últimos años empieza a tener evidencia también en el pronóstico de procesos médicos agudos o en el paciente posquirúrgico, y se está estudiando la utilidad de esta herramienta en los pacientes con demencia, a la luz de su relación con las alteraciones cognitivas. La VM cumple los requerimientos fundamentales para una buena herramienta de cribado. Sin embargo, no se utiliza en la práctica clínica. ¿Por qué? Esta revisión, que no pretende ser sistemática ni exhaustiva, tiene diferentes objetivos: 1)revisar la relación entre VM y fragilidad; 2)revisar las principales técnicas de mediciön; 3)aportar evidencia en diferentes perfiles clínicos (personas mayores aparentemente sanas, con deterioro cognitivo, con cáncer, con otras patologías o problemas de salud) y en diferentes ámbitos (comunitario, hospitalización, rehabilitación), y 4)reflexionar de manera crítica sobre por qué todavía no se utiliza de manera rutinaria y qué faltaría para potenciar esta utilización (AU)

Gait speed (GS), measured at usual pace, is an easy, quick, reliable, non-expensive and informative measurement. With a standard chronometer, like those that currently found in mobile phones, and with two marks on the floor, trained health professionals obtain a more objective and quick measurement compared with many geriatric scales used in daily practice. GS is one of the pillars of the frailty phenotype, and is closely related to sarcopenia. It is a powerful marker of falls incidence, disability and death, mostly useful in the screening of older adults that live in the community. In recent years, the evidence is reinforcing the usefulness of GS in acute care and post-surgical patients. Its use in patients with cognitive impairment is suggested, due to the strong link between cognitive and physical function. Although GS meets the criteria for a good geriatric screening tool, it is not much used in clinical practice. Why? This review has different aims: (I) disentangling the relationship between GS and frailty; (II) reviewing the protocols to measure GS and the reference values; (III) reviewing the evidence in different clinical groups (older adults with frailty, with cognitive impairment, with cancer or other pathologies), and in different settings (community, acute care, rehabilitation), and (IV) speculating about the reasons for its poor use in clinical practice and about the gaps to be filled (AU)

[Do you measure gait speed in your daily clinical practice? A review]. / ¿Mides la velocidad de la marcha en tu práctica diaria? Una revisión.

Gait speed (GS), measured at usual pace, is an easy, quick, reliable, non-expensive and informative measurement. With a standard chronometer, like those that currently found in mobile phones, and with two marks on the floor, trained health professionals obtain a more objective and quick measurement compared with many geriatric scales used in daily practice. GS is one of the pillars of the frailty phenotype, and is closely related to sarcopenia. It is a powerful marker of falls incidence, disability and death, mostly useful in the screening of older adults that live in the community. In recent years, the evidence is reinforcing the usefulness of GS in acute care and post-surgical patients. Its use in patients with cognitive impairment is suggested, due to the strong link between cognitive and physical function. Although GS meets the criteria for a good geriatric screening tool, it is not much used in clinical practice. Why? This review has different aims: (i)disentangling the relationship between GS and frailty; (ii)reviewing the protocols to measure GS and the reference values; (iii)reviewing the evidence in different clinical groups (older adults with frailty, with cognitive impairment, with cancer or other pathologies), and in different settings (community, acute care, rehabilitation), and (iv)speculating about the reasons for its poor use in clinical practice and about the gaps to be filled.

Psiquiatría y cambio en Colombia durante el frente nacional / Psychiatry and change in Colombia during the national front

Este capítulo intenta un acercamiento al proceso de transformación cultural de la psiquiatría y de outras disciplinas "psi", bajo el impacto de las transformaciones sociales y la asimilación en la medicina nacional de modelos teóricos externos, y la implementación de programas políticos de salud mental, introducidos como compromisos adquiridos, por los gobiernos del Frente Nacional en convenciones internacionales. De esta forma, trata sobre el cambio social, la locura, marginalid y exclusión, los nuevos problemas y nuevos objetos de la psiquiatría, la resistencias al cambio y malestar en psiquiatría, la formación en psiquiatría, pequeñas diferencias, la organización corporativa y la proyección social y teórica de la psiquiatría en Colombia hasta 1980.

Unidades de prevención de caídas y de fracturas osteoporóticas. Propuesta del Grupo de Osteoporosis, Caídas y Fracturas de la Sociedad Española de Geriatría y Gerontología / Falls and osteoporotic fractures prevention units. Proposed Osteoporosis, Falls and Fractures Group of the Spanish Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology

En el marco del Grupo de Osteoporosis, Caídas y Fracturas (GOCF) de la Sociedad Española de Geriatría y Gerontología (SEGG) se realiza una revisión de la epidemiología de las caídas, junto a la descripción de aquellas medidas que han mostrado cierto grado de efectividad en prevenirlas. También se expone la propuesta de un modelo básico común de actuación en las unidades de prevención de caídas, dirigido principalmente a la comunidad. Finalmente se presenta un modelo consensuado de registro de caídas, común a nivel de los ámbitos comunitario e institucional, con el objetivo de que sea útil y fácil de cumplimentar en cualquiera de los niveles asistenciales(AU)

Since forming the Osteoporosis, Falls and Fractures Group of the Spanish Society (GOCF) of Geriatrics and Gerontology (SEGG) a review was performed of the epidemiology of falls, along with a description of measures that have shown a degree of effectiveness in prevention. We also present the proposal of a common basic model of action in fall prevention units, mainly addressed to the community. Finally, a consensus model falls register is presented, common to community level and institutional areas, with the objective of being useful and easy to fill in at any care level(AU)

[Falls and osteoporotic fractures prevention units: proposed Osteoporosis, Falls and Fractures Group of the Spanish Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology]. / Unidades de prevención de caídas y de fracturas osteoporóticas. Propuesta del Grupo de Osteoporosis, Caídas y Fracturas de la Sociedad Española de Geriatría y Gerontología.

Since forming the Osteoporosis, Falls and Fractures Group of the Spanish Society (GOCF) of Geriatrics and Gerontology (SEGG) a review was performed of the epidemiology of falls, along with a description of measures that have shown a degree of effectiveness in prevention. We also present the proposal of a common basic model of action in fall prevention units, mainly addressed to the community. Finally, a consensus model falls register is presented, common to community level and institutional areas, with the objective of being useful and easy to fill in at any care level.

An objective scatter index based on double-pass retinal images of a point source to classify cataracts.

PURPOSE: To propose a new objective scatter index (OSI) based in the analysis of double-pass images of a point source to rank and classify cataract patients. This classification scheme is compared with a current subjective system. METHODS: We selected a population including a group of normal young eyes as control and patients diagnosed with cataract (grades NO2, NO3 and NO4) according to the Lens Opacities Classification System (LOCS III). For each eye, we recorded double-pass retinal images of a point source. In each patient, we determined an objective scatter index (OSI) as the ratio of the intensity at an eccentric location in the image and the central part. This index provides information on the relevant forward scatter affecting vision. Since the double-pass retinal images are affected by both ocular aberrations and intraocular scattering, an analysis was performed to show the ranges of contributions of aberrations to the OSI. RESULTS: We used the OSI values to classify each eye according to the degree of scatter. The young normal eyes of the control group had OSI values below 1, while the OSI for subjects in LOCS grade II were around 1 to 2. The use of the objective index showed some of the weakness of subjective classification schemes. In particular, several subjects initially classified independently as grade NO2 or NO3 had similar OSI values, and in some cases even higher than subjects classified as grade NO4. A new classification scheme based in OSI is proposed. CONCLUSIONS: We introduced an objective index based in the analysis of double-pass retinal images to classify cataract patients. The method is robust and fully based in objective measurements; i.e., not depending on subjective decisions. This procedure could be used in combination with standard current methods to improve cataract patient surgery scheduling.

Cause of monocular diplopia diagnosed by combining double-pass retinal image assessment and Hartmann-Shack aberrometry.

PURPOSE: To report an advanced optical procedure developed for the diagnosis of a particular case of diplopia. METHODS: This approach combined the quantification of the level of intraocular scattering by using an Objective Scatter Index provided by a double-pass instrument (Optical Quality Analysis System) with the analysis of higher order aberrations using a Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor. RESULTS: The value of the Objective Scatter Index revealed increased intraocular scattering; the Hartmann-Shack images showed the existence of an optically differentiated area at the upper region of both crystalline lenses. Simulation of retinal images computed from the wavefront maps confirmed that, under low luminance conditions, this inhomogeneous region of the lens was included in the pupil, generating a secondary image and therefore the diplopia. CONCLUSIONS: This report demonstrates the potential of combining two objective optical methods to show the presence of minor lens opacities that may severely degrade quality of vision.

Quantitative gait analysis under dual-task in older people with mild cognitive impairment: a reliability study.

BACKGROUND: Reliability of quantitative gait assessment while dual-tasking (walking while doing a secondary task such as talking) in people with cognitive impairment is unknown. Dual-tasking gait assessment is becoming highly important for mobility research with older adults since better reflects their performance in the basic activities of daily living. Our purpose was to establish the test-retest reliability of assessing quantitative gait variables using an electronic walkway in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) under single and dual-task conditions. METHODS: The gait performance of 11 elderly individuals with MCI was evaluated using an electronic walkway (GAITRite System) in two sessions, one week apart. Six gait parameters (gait velocity, step length, stride length, step time, stride time, and double support time) were assessed under two conditions: single-task (sG: usual walking) and dual-task (dG: counting backwards from 100 while walking). Test-retest reliability was determined using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Gait variability was measured using coefficient of variation (CoV). RESULTS: Eleven participants (average age = 76.6 years, SD = 7.3) were assessed. They were high functioning (Clinical Dementia Rating Score = 0.5) with a mean Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE) score of 28 (SD = 1.56), and a mean Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score of 22.8 (SD = 1.23). Under dual-task conditions, mean gait velocity (GV) decreased significantly (sGV = 119.11 +/- 20.20 cm/s; dGV = 110.88 +/- 19.76 cm/s; p = 0.005). Additionally, under dual-task conditions, higher gait variability was found on stride time, step time, and double support time. Test-retest reliability was high (ICC>0.85) for the six parameters evaluated under both conditions. CONCLUSION: In older people with MCI, variability of time-related gait parameters increased with dual-tasking suggesting cognitive control of gait performance. Assessment of quantitative gait variables using an electronic walkway is highly reliable under single and dual-task conditions. The presence of cognitive impairment did not preclude performance of dual-tasking in our sample supporting that this methodology can be reliably used in cognitive impaired older individuals.